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353 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Power State S1
Monitor and HDD off
Power State S2
Monitor HDD CPU off
Power State S3
Whole PC off except for memory AKA "Sleep Mode"
Power State S4
Powered off and RAM copied to HDD
ATX size
12 by 9.6 (rectangle)
ATX description
Memory perpendicular to expansion cards
Uses P1 (20pin) connector
Version 2.1 introduced a 4pin connector to provide an additional 12 volts
Called ATX12v
ATX Version 2.2 enhancements
For PCI Express slots
Required a 24 pin P1 connector
Called Enhanced ATX
Mini ATX Enhancements
11.2 x 8.2
Uses ATX cases and power supplies.
Extended ATX Size and use
12 inches by 12 inches
For rack mounted servers
Micro ATX size and case availabililty
6.75 x 6.75 to 9.6 x 9.6
Can be installed in ATX 2.1 or higher cases
Mini ITX size
6.7 x 6.7
FlexATX size and use
9 x 7.5 in
Used in All in one or slimline cases
ATX 2.03 or higher
Less features and smaller
Cheaper
NLX size and specs.
8 x 10 to 9 x 13.6
Upgraded from LPX
Uses ATX power supply
Has single expansion slot
Bus Riser
Daughter Board
Daughter card
Expansion cards are mounted on the bus riser
Has connections for disc drives
BTX size and specs
12.8 by 9.6 (rectangle)
Improved fans and cooling
Memory parallel to expansion cards
Hot components between air intake and power supply
Provides stronger structural support for the mobo than ATX
Uses ATX power supply
MicroBTX size and specs
up to 10.4 in wide
Up to 4 expansion slots
PicoBTX size and specs
Up to 8 in wide
One or no expansion slots.
Define ISA slots
Black with two sections
up to 8MB/s
Define PCI slots
Usually Plug and Play
White/cream
Two sections
3 inches long
up to 133 MB/s
32 bit data path at 5v
64 bit data path at 3.3v
What is PCI X used for?
An expansion card used for servers to run at different speeds.
32 or 64 bit
What is Mini PCI?
An expansion card dedicated to one purpose (in a laptop usually)
What is PCIe?
A Yellow 164 pin card slot.
Uses up to 16 lanes
look like PCI
Vary in size
1.1 = 250MB/s transfer rate per lane
2.2 = 500 MB/s transfer rate per lane
Up to 16GB/s
What is AGP?
An expansion card for video
Dark brown
Shorter than PCI (but farther from the back of the case)
up to 2GB/s
2x=533 Mbps
4x=1.07 Gbps
8x=2.1G b/s
What is a Riser card?
It plugs perpendicularly into the motherboard allowing other expansion cards to be plugged in to save space
What is a CNR card?
An expansion card that extends the functionality of the MOBO
A CNR can contain onboard components or have additional slots for CPUs RAM or expansion cards.
How many pins in SIMM?
Single Inline Memory Modules have 30 or 72 pins, and were used in earlier Pentium compatible systems.
Uses metal clips
An entire bank of SIMMs needed to be filled (2 at a time)
How many pins in DIMM?
Dual Inline Memory Module
168 pin older
184 pin DDR DIMM
240 pin DDR2 & DDR3
How many pins in RIMM (Rambus)?
A more expensive memory solution that Generated more heat
168/184/242 pin
How many pins in SODIMM (Small Outline)?
72/100/144/200/204 pin
used in laptops and laser printers
How does SDRAM Work with the Processor?
Interface is aligned with the processor and FSB reducing time for memory to catch up with the CPU
What are SDRAM clock rates?
66 100 and 133 MHz
What are SDRAM transfer rates?
528 MB/s - 1.1 GB/s
What is the voltage for SDRAM?
2.2v
What package does SDRAM use?
DIMM @ 168-pin
What are RDRAM clock speeds?
300 MHz and 800 MHz
What are RDRAM data rates?
1.2GB/s and 6.4 GB/s
What are special considerations for RDRAMM?
Uses metal-covered RIMMs. Requires sets of 2. Open slots require a Continuity RIMM

(CRIMM). High heat output sometimes requires a heat sink. More expensive than DRAM.
How does DDR SDRAM increase the speed over SDRAM?
Double data rate - Data transferred on the rise and fall of the clock signal.
What is the clock speed of DDR SDRAM?
100 - 250MHZ
What is the data transfer rate for DDR SDRAM?
1.6 GB/s - 4 GB/s.
What is the voltage for DDR SDRAM?
2.5V
How many pins for DDR SDRAM?
184-pin
What is the clock speed of DDR2 SDRAM?
200 - 533 MHZ
How does DDR2 SDRAM increase the performance of memory?
DDR2 SDRAM doubles the I/O Bus Clock speed of the module to double

performance again.
What is the transfer rate of DDR2 SDRAM?
3.2 GB/s - 8.53 GB/s
What is the voltage of DDR2 SDRAM?
1.8v
How many pins for DDR2 SDRAM?
240-pin
How many pins for DDR3 SDRAM?
240-pin (not backwards-compatible with DDR2 SDRAM)
What is the clock speed of DDR3 SDRAM?
400-800 MHz
What is the throughput of DDR3 SDRAM?
6.4 - 12.8 GB/s
What is the voltage of DDR3 SDRAM?
1.5v
How many pins does SO-DIMM for the DDR/DDR2 package?
200-pin
How many pins does SO-DIMM use for the DDR3 package?
204-pin
How many ppins does MicroDIMM use for the DDR package?
172-pin
How many ppins does MicroDIMM use for the DDR2 package?
214-pin
What RAID levels use striping?
All RAID levels except RAID 1 use striping.
What are the 2 ways to stripe data in RAID?
Bit level
Block Level
Name the 7 RAID Levels.
0
Disk striping
1
Disk Mirroring
2
Disk striping with multiple parity drives
3
Bit-level disk striping with dedicated parity
4
Block-level striping with dedicated parity
5
Disk striping with distributed parity
6
Disk striping with extra parity
Define Raid 0
Disk striping
Requires 2 drives at minimum
Provides no redundancy
One drive fails and all data is lost
Define Raid 1
Disk Mirroring
Requires 2 drives at minimum
Requires an even number
Provides redundancy but requires an extra drive for storing backed-up data
Define Raid 2
Disk striping with multiple parity drives
Stripes data at the bit level
Uses complicated error correction.
Quickly replaced due to impracticality and high cost.
Define Raid 3
Bit-level disk striping with dedicated parity
Uses dedicated data and parity drives
Replaced by RAID 5
Define Raid 4
Block-level striping with dedicated parity
Uses dedicated data and parity drives
Replaced by RAID 5
Define Raid 5
Disk striping with distributed parity
Works by gathering data and parity information and spreading it evenly across the drives in the RAID 5 setup.
Faster than the usual method of storing data and parity information on separate dedicated drives.
Uses a minimum of 3 hard drives - one of which is used for parity.
Define Raid 6
Disk striping with extra parity
Works like RAID 5 but adds extra parity information.
Requires at least 5 drives.
Useful for larger arrays
Can continue to function if up to 2 disks fail
RAID on SCSI vs. SATA.
RAID used to be just for SCSI but is now able to be used on SATA.
SATA supports Hot swapping
SATA can support up to 15 drives
Define SCSI priority
Priority starts at 7 and goes to 0
How is SCSI priority affected on a 16-bit bus?
Can continue from 15-8 on a 16-bit bus.
What are SCSI speeds and widths?
Speeds range from 5mbps to 640 mbps and bus widths range from 8-16 bits.
What is HVD on SCSI?
HVD was Created to reduce noise on SCSI bus circuits
Allows for cables of up to 25 meters
Uses 2 circuits per data signal - one of which replaces the ground wire.
Uses the difference between the 2 signals to reject noise.
Attaching a single-ended (SE) SCSI device to a HVD-based controller can damage a computer)
What is LVD on SCSI?
Compatible with SE controllers and devices
Less expensive than HVD devices
Use less power than HVD devices
Allow up to 12 meters of cabling.
LVD device will run as SE when in a SE chain
What is MMX or 3DNow!?
Improves the performance of multimedia applications and communications
by allowing a single instruction to work on multiple data items.
What is MMX/3DNow! also known as?
Single Instruction Multiple Data or SIMD
How is MMX/3DNow! currently incorporated into modern CPUs?
Changes have been incorporated
into Streaming SIMD Extensions, or SSE
What is the current version of MMX/3DNow?
4.2
What is 3DNow! vs MMX?
3DNow is AMD's implementation of MMX and it is incorporated into most
modern CPUs
What are the forms of simulaneous multithreading provided by AMD and Intel?
Hyper-Threading, or
HyperTransport (AMD)
What is throttling vs overclocking?
Throttling is lowering voltage to reduce heat and power
consumption, while overclocking is setting higher processor speed and voltage than recommended.
What are the dangers of overclocking?
Produces high heat and can void the warranty, so it requires
more cooling.
What is Multi-Core?
More than one CPU on the same die. It is faster than single-core CPUs
Do all modern processors support virtualization?
No.
What provided virtualization support after VT-X?
Second generation pentium support was through
EPT, or Extended page tables.
What does AMD call the version of virtualization support it provides with the Athalon 64?
AMD-V
What does AMD use for Page-table virtualization?
Rapid Virtualization Indexing
What are benefits of using a 64-bit processor?
Larger registers and data busses
More address space
Larger floating point means increased precision
Can handle files larger than 4GB easily
Describe L1 cache
Very fast
Built into the CPU
Data is stored here as it waits to be processed.
Describe L2 cache
Not as fast as L1
Larger than L1
Built into the CPU
Describe the L3 cache
Resides between L2 cache and system memory
Speeds up the processing queue.
Located either on the motherboard or CPU itself
What is UART?
Converts serial data to parallel
Required for modems.
What are the specs for the Pentium (original)?
64-bit data bus
32-bit address bus
60-233 mhz
What are the specs for the Pentium Pro?
36-bit address bus
150-200 mhz
For server market
What are the specs for the Pentium II?
Uses Single Eged Connector Cartridge (SECC)
Fits into Slot 1
What are the specs for the Pentium III?
Originally had SECC but was changed to 370-PIN PGA
Speeds up to 1.4 GHz
What are the specs for the Pentium 4?
423-pin and 478-pin PGA or 775-node LGA (Land Grid Array)
Up to 3.8 GHz
Increased the power requirements of motherboards
Motherboards required supplemental connections with 4- to 8-pin 12v connections
What are the specs for the Pentium M?
Introduced in 2003 specifically for use in laptop computers.
Bundled with motherboard and wireless technology
Branded as Centrino
What are the specs for the Pentium D?
2 cores
Intel's first multi-core processor
Speeds between 2.8 and 3.2 GHz/core
What are the specs for the Pentium Extreme Edition (EE)?
Only worked with intel 955X or NVidia nForce 4 SLI Pentium edition chipsets.
What are the specs for the Intel Core?
First Intel processor to be used in Apple Mac computers
Core Duo features a dual-core CPU
Clock speed has been deemphasized, in favor of FSB speed, size fo the L2 cache, and IPC (instructions
per cycle)
What are the specs for the Core 2?,
Featured Core 2 Solo, Core 2 Duo, and Core 2 Quad
Core 2 extreme ran at a higher clock speed
What are the specs for the Nehalem processor microarchitecture?
Not compatible with older motherboards and processors.
Had a 256-bit level 2 cache
Large level 3 cache
Up to 12 MB
What are the specs for the i3 processor?
2 cores W/ speeds up to 3.2 GHz
Turbo-Boost (Dynamic overclocking) disabled
Had mobile versions
Ran slower and used less power.
What are the specs for the i5?
Had 4 cores
Some supported hyperthreading (8 virtual cores)
Mobile versions had 2 cores
What are the specs for the i7?
High-end processors with 2, 4, or 6 cores.
What are the specs for the Sandy Bridge line of processors?
Kept i3, i5, and i7 names
Use a different socket arrangement
All use a 32-nm fabrication process
Low-cost 2-core Celeron G and Pentium G processors are available in this micro-architecture
What are the specs for the Sandy Bridge i3?
has 2 cores and 3 MB level 3 cache, but Turbo-Boost is disabled.
What are the specs for the Sandy Bridge i5?
has 2-4 cores and a 6 MB lvl 3 cache
What are the specs for the Sandy Bridge i7?
High-end processors
Up to 6 cores
15 MB lvl 3 cache
What are the specs for the Sandy Bridge i7-3820 Extreme Edition?
runs at 3.3 GHz, and up to 3.9 GHz,
with Turbo Boost and Hyper-Threading.
How did AMD get their start?
Started by cloning Intel 8080
Continued with AM386 and AM486
Real competition for intel's 80386 and 80486
What are the specs for the AMD K5
Alternative to Pentium
296-pin PGA
75 MHz to 133 MHz
What are the specs for the AMD K6?
Alternative to Pentium II
Used Super Socket 7
296-pin PGA
166 MHz to 550 MHz
What are the specs for the AMD K6-2?
Had 3DNow!
AMD's response to MMX
What are the specs for the AMD K6-III?
First CPU with a L3 cache
Intel created the Celeron as an alternative
What are the specs for the AMD K7?
Named Athlon
AMD's first non-Intel clone
Faster than the Pentium III
500 MHz - 1.4 GHz
First processor to stop using actual clock speed to indicate CPU power
PR (Performance Rating) gives an Intel-equivalent power of the CPU
What are the specs for the AMD Athlon XP?
a competitor to the Pentium 4
1.3 - 2.16 GHz
What are the specs for AMD Duron processors?
Low-cost K7 processors
Compete with Intel's Celeron processors
Limited L2 cache and ran at speeds of 600-1.8 GHz
No longer manufactured
What are the specs for the AMD K8?
Athlon 64
AMD's answer to Intel's Pentium D and Core series CPUs
Sempron
Succeeded the Duron
Competes with Intel's Celeron D
Runs between 1.8 and 2 GHz
Carries a L2 cache of 256 KB
Some models are K8, and some are K7
What are the specs for the AMD K9?
Base for the Athlon 64 X2 and Turion 64 and Turion 64 X2
The Athlon 64 X2 is Dual-core, 64-bit, and runs between 800 MHz and 1 GHz.
The Turion 64 and Turion 64 X2 are direct competitors to Intel's Pentium M and Core series
Run at speeds between 1.8 and 2.4 GHz
L2 cache between 512 KB and 1 MB
What was the result of AMD's success with 64-bit?
It resulted in Intel licensing their standards --
AMD64
These standards were adopted by Microsoft, Sun Microsystems, and Linux
What are the specs for the AMD K10 Athlon X2?
512 KB of L2 cache/core
1.9 - 2.9 GHz
Introduced a shared 2MB L3 cache
What are the specs for the AMD K10 Athlon II X2?
Has 3 GHz
What are the specs for the AMD K10 Phenom
Had 2-, 3-, 4, and 6-core models
Compete with Intels Core2 and Core i7
Range from 1.8 GHz to 3.3 GHz
What are the specs for the AMD K10 Phenom II X6?
6 cores
9 MB L3 cache
3.3 GHz
What kind of jacks are used for audio jacks?
Tip Ring Sleeve (TRS) jacks
How many pins in a combined game/MIDI?
15
Given a choice
is onboad or discrete graphics better?,
Onboard usually doesn't compare to AGP or PCIe cards
What might one have to do in order to use a discrete video card?
Disable integrated video but most modern boards defer to the card
Describe a VGA port
Blue DE-15 (female)
What is the maximum number of USB devices that can be connected to a system?
127 devices per
controller
Define USB A
Most common
Square
Define USB B
Rounded and square-shaped
Define Standard mini-USB B
About 1/3 the width of type A
Define Alternate mini-USB B
About 1/4 the width of type A
How fast is USB 1.0?
Low Speed
1.5 MBit/s
187KB/s
How fast is USB 1.1
Full Speed
12 MBits/s
1.5 MB/s
How fast is USB 2.0
High Speed
480 MBits/s
60 MB/s
How fast is USB 3.0
Super Speed
5 GBits/s
625 MB/s
Define Serial ports
Sends data 1 bit at a time
DE-9 male
DB-25 male
Used for modems, mice, and routers
Teal
Define Parallel ports
DB-25 Female
8 bits at a time
Used for printers and external drives
Most functions have been replaced by USB
Burgandy
Define IEEE1394/Firewire
D-shaped with 6 pins
4- and 9-pin varieties exist
Competes with USB
Faster than older USB standards
Used for audio and video data
Gray
May be labeled
FireWire
IEEE1394
FireWire Symbol
Looks like a Y with 2 striped arms and all arms detached.
What is a PS/2 Mouse port?
Green round 6-pin mini-DIN
What is a PS/2 keyboard port?
Purple round 6-pin mini-DIN
What do ohms measure?
Resistance to electricity
What do amps measure (ampere)?
measurement of current
What do volts measure?
Measurement of the difference of electrical potential between 2 sides of a circuit
What voltages do ATX and BTX both use?
+12v, -12V, +5v, and +3.3v. -5 is specified, but not used
What does the Watt measure?
Measures electrical power
Volts times amps
How do you handle Power requirements when selecting a power supply?
Be sure to check the capacity for the 12V rail
Peak rating is at room temperature
Continuous, or actual rating, is at operating temperature
If only one is listed, it is usually the peak rating.
Difference is between 10-15%
Video cards draw the most power, and draw from the 12V output
Be sure to factor in at least 33% more power than the initial rating.
prevents overheating because power supply does not run at maximum output.
Be aware of Power loss over time.
Define Ad Hoc WiFi networks
Devices are connected directly to each other
AKA peer-to-peer mode
2 or more devices are known as an Independent Basic Service Set IBSS
Used for temporary networks (file and print sharing) of 12 or less devices
How does WiFi work in Infrastructure mode?
Requires more planning, building, and maintenance
Allow more control over network operations
Requires an Access Point (AP)
What type of wireless network do you have only One AP?
Basic Service Set (BSS)
What type of wireless network do you have Multiple access points?
Extended Service Set (ESS)
What Security precautions can one take with wireless security?
Change default SSID, admin username, and admin password
Hide SSID
Use MAC filtering
What considerations surround MAC filtering?
Requires manual configuration
usually only for networks with a small number of authorized users.
What is WEP?
Wired Equivalent Privacy
Original WiFi standard
Only encrypts between AP and wireless device
Numerous flaws, and has been depreciated.
Same key for all sessions
How many bits in the standard WEP standard
and how is it broken down?,
64-bit key
40 bits for encryption.
24 bits for an initialization vector.
How many bits in the expanded WEP key?
WEP was expanded to a 128-bit key.
104 bits are for the encryption key
24 bits are for the initialization vector.
What is WPA?
Wi-Fi Protected Access
Uses TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol)
128-bit encryption key and a 48-bit initialization vector
The TKIP key for the network is automatically changed after 10,000 packets have been sent
If attackers manage to obtain keys, they will usually have expired.
What is WPA2?
AKA IEEE802.11i
Uses AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)
Can also use TKIP, or both.
Best to use just AES, but TKIP is faster.
What is AES?
A symmetrical cypher that uses symmetrical encryption keys.
Has a block size of 128 bits, and supports keys of 128, 192, and 256 bits
Defines a procedure, with a series of steps, for encrypting and decrypting data.
Used by the US government, and is extensively evaluated by US Secretary of commerce, as well as the
NSA.
What are special considerations for WiFi?
Attenuation increases over distance
Interference from electrical devices and large objects.
4 standards, A B G N
Only expect the range to be effective for 50% of the specified range.
Uses 5.8 and 2.4 GHz
What is the biggest drawback of WiFi technologies that use 2.4 Ghz?
Lots of interference
What band does 802.11a transmit on?
5GHz
How many channels does 802.11 a transmit on?
8 channels
What is the speed of 802.11a?
Up to 54 Mbps
What is the range of 802.11a?
Maximum indoor range, up to 115 ft
Maximum outdoor range 330 ft
In practice, up to 25 Mbps
What channel does 802.11b run on?
2.4 GHz
How many channels does 802.11b use?
14 channels
What speed does 802.11b use?
Up to 11 Mbps
125 ft indoor
460 ft outdoor
reality is 4-6 Mbps
What channel does 802.11g use?
2.4 GHz
What speed does 802.11g use?
Up to 54 MBps
How many channels does 802.11g use?
14 channels
Range of 802.11g?
125 ft indoor
460 feet outdoor
What other standards does Wireless G support?
Can support 802.11b
What channels does 802.11n use?
Provides 2.4 and 5 GHz support simultaneously.
Dual-band transmission
What is the speed of 802.11n?
Throughput of 72 and 150 Mbps
Range of 802.11n?
230 ft indoor
820 ft outdoor
What special feature of 802.11n relates to multiple connections to an access point?
Supports MIMO
(multiple in/multiple out)
Uses multiple antennas to make many simultaneous connections to an access point
Can increase speeds of up to 600 Mbps
What other standards does 802.11n support?
Backwards-compatible with G and B
Not compatible with A
What typically constitutes a SOHO Router?
All-in-one router and Wireless access point
What WiFi channels should one typically use channels to avoid interference?
1, 6, or 11
What is WPS?
WiFi Protected Setup
Allows devices to connect to each other automatically, taking care of the security.
What protocol does WPS use for authentication and Encryption key integrity-checking?
WPS uses EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) for this.
What are limitations of WPS?
Can't be used in ad-hoc networks
Requires one-time user intervention (a user must press a key to complete the connection
Not supported by all vendors.
What is a WIPS?
Wireless intrusion Protection system
What is a WIDS?
Wireless intrusion detection system
What is Infrared used for?
file transfers between older devices
What is the theoretical speed infrared?
4 Mbps
What is the useful range of infrared?
1 meter
What are the limitations of infrared?
Requires line of site
Can be obstructed by bright lights
Only works in ad hoc mode
Can you use infrared to access the Internet?
Yes, you can use an infrared access point to access Ethernet
Only communicate in half duplex
IrDA protocol provides a mode that enables full duplex to be emulated
What is the throughput of 3G?
1.5 Mbps
What is the expected throughput of 4G?
High mobility 100 Mbps
Low Mobililty 1Gbps
What does LTE stand for?
3GPP Long Term Evolution
What is the throughput of LTE?
Uplink capacity of 50Mbps
Downlink speed of 100 Mbps
Not technically 4G
Doesn't meet the requirements of the IMT-Advanced standard
What is LTE Advanced?
An enhancement of LTE that uses additional spectrum and multiplexing.
Uses Coordinated Multi-point Transmission
Release 10 should meet these standards
Regarded as 4g, but it does not meet IMT-Advanced requirements
What is the throughput of LTE Advanced?
Release 8 has a download speed of 300 Mbps
What is the range of WIMAX (IEEE802.16e-2005)?
Has a range of 30 miles from the base station
What is the throughput of WIMAX?
Maximum data rate of 56Mbps for uploading
Maximum download speed is 128 Mbps
Reaches speeds of 70 Mbps
What frequency does WiMAX use?
Operates between 2-11 Ghz, or between 10 and 66 GHz
What are the 2 types of wireless Internet service WiMAX provides?
Line-of-sight and Non-line-of-site
How does Line-of-Sight WiMAX occour?
Between WiMAX antenna and a fixed dish
Dish needs to be pointed directly at the tower
What frequency does Line-of-Sight WiMAX use?
up to 66 GHz
What are the benefits of Line-of-Sight WiMAX?
Less interference and more bandwidth
Enables users to make stronger connections with fewer errors.
How does Line-of-Sight WiMAX support SOHO networks?
Can send data to SOHO networks w/WiMAX-enabled computers and routers within 30-miles
Equivalent to cable Internet
Computers can communicate via WiMax via encrypted radio signals
How does Non-line-of-site WiMAX occour?
WiMAX tower to small antenna on a device
What frequency does Non-line-of-site WiMAX use?
Happens at 2-11 GHz
How does Non-line-of-site WiMAX handle obstructions?
Transmissions can bend around physical obstacles in their path.
What frequency does Bluetooth use?
Bluetooth Uses frequency-hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) to switch between 70 frequencies in the 2.45 GHz range
What is the throughput of Bluetooth 1.1 and 1.2?
Supported speeds of up to 1 Mbps
Which bluetooth version is the base for the IEEE 802.15 standard for wireless PANs?, 1.1 and 1.2
What is the throughput of Bluetooth 2.0 and 2.1?
Support speeds of up to 3 Mbps
Uses Enhanced Data Rate (EDR)
Backwards-compatible with previous versions
3 classes
What is the range of Class A bluetooth?
100m range
What is the power usage maximum of Class A bluetooth?
100 mW
What is the range of Class B bluetooth?
10m range
What is the power usage maximum of Class B bluetooth?
2.5 mW
What is the range of Class C bluetooth?
1m range
What is the power usage maximum of Class C bluetooth?
1 mW
What is CAT 3 cabling made of?
4 wire pairs
What is the max speed of CAT 3 cabling?
10 Mbps Ethernet
4 Mbps Token Ring
What is CAT 3 cabling used for primarily?
Used for telephone
What is CAT 4 cabling made of?
4 wire pairs
What is the maximum speed of CAT 4 cabling?
16 Mbps Token Ring
10 Mbps Ethernet
What is the advantage of CAT 4 cabling over CAT 3 cabling?
Offers more protection against attenuation/crosstalk
What is CAT 5 cabling made of?
4 wire pairs with 3 twists/inch
What is the max speed of CAT 5 cabling?
Up to 100 Mbps, but specifications exist for 1000 mbps
What is CAT 5e cabling?
4 wire pairs
High-quality copper
High twist-ratio
Improved crosstalk/attenuation properties
What is the speed of CAT 5e cabling?
Up to 1 Gbps
What are the properties of CAT 6 cabling?
4 wire pairs
Each wrapped in foil insulation
Central bundle is covered in additional foil insulation
Ensures resistance to crosstalk
Has a fire-resistant plastic sheath around the second layer
What is the speed of CAT 6 cabling?
specifications exist for 1000 mbps
What are the properties of CAT 6e cabling?
Reduces attenuation/crosstalk
Supports data transfers over greater network lengths than other cable types.
What is Loss factor in Fiber Optic Cable?
Amount of degradation a light signal experiences before reaching the destination.
What types of loss factors exist in fiber optic cabling?
Connector loss
Attenuation
Microbending
Macrobending
Define the loss factor Connector loss in fiber optic cabling
slight loss of signal from being joined to a connector.
Define the loss factor Microbending in fiber optic cabling
light source is distorted by a slight distrotion
Causes attenuation
Define the loss factor Macrobending in fiber optic cabling
Light is leaking through fiber cladding
Happens when cable is bent too much
Use optical amplifiers to minimize the effects
How do optical amplifiers prevent the effects of signal loss
amplify light directly, without having to convert them to electrical signals.
What is the width of Single-mode fiber?
Core less than 10 microns wide
How does single-mode fiber transmit?,Uses a laser to transmit light
Why is single-mode fiber not typically used for data networks?
It is expensive
What is the frequency used by single-mode fiber?
1300 or 1550 nm wavelengths (by laser)
What is the data transmission rate of single-mode fiber?
up to 100 GB/s over 6 miles (10km) without repeaters
What is the diameter of Multi-mode fiber?
between 50-100 microns, including core and cladding. typically 62.5 microns
How is the signal usually sent using multi-mode fiber?
Laser or LED generates light that travels in pulses at different angles, sometimes using infra red
How is multi-mode fiber usualy used?
typically used for cabling that connects a router to a server, or a switch to the backbone
What wavelength does multi-mode use?
light at 850 or 1200 nm wavelengths
What are the speeds of multi-mode fiber?
speeds vary between 100 Mbps to 1Gbps, depending on distance.
What does multi-mode fiber use to carry 2 or more signals at a time?
Wave division multiplexing
What does multi-mode fiber use to carry 200 or more signals at a time?
Dense Wave division multiplexing
What are the benefits of using Dense wave divison multiplexing?
Allows different signal types to be sent
Provides flexibility to traffic and protocols
How does a CRT work?
Beam comes from cathode at back of vacuum tube.
Beam strikes phosphorous coating
Color CRTs use 3 beams, and use the shadow mask to create pixels.
What do you do if the image on a CRT looks distorted?
use degauss to demagnetize the dots (realigning them)
Most monitors degauss at power on.
How is Screen size on a CRT measured?
by the tube, which is partially hidden behind the bezel.
Look for viewable area.
What are the benefits of LCD over CRT?
Use less power
create less heat
emit less radiation
use less desk space
can produce less glare.
How does a LCD function?
Uses layers of liquid crystals, a fluorescent light source, and polarizing filters.
A transistor controls each pixel's transparency.
In a color LCD, each pixel is made of 3 subpixels.
Each subpixel has a RG or B filter
Each subpixel has its own transistor.
How does Passive matrix in a LCD screen work?
series of intersecting circuits.
Each intersection has a single LCD element.
OIder and poorer image quality.
How does Active Matrix in an LCD screen work?
Sharper images and higher refresh rates
Each pixel has a transistor that stimulates electrodes, stimulating the crystals.
AKA TFT (Thin Film Transistor)
Define Contrast Ratio in LCD screens
Static contrast ratio is ratio of brightest and darkest colors that can be produced at the same time
Dynamic contrast ratio is the ratio of brightest and darkest colors that can be produced over various intervals.
How does a LED monitor compare to a LCD monitor?
Used for low-energy lighting purposes
Uses LEDs as a light source
vs fluorescent
Some are edge-lit
More efficient
Usually thinner.
Easy to install
Use less power than LCD or plasma
Can produce a brighter picture than LCD
Have a longer life span
Can produce an enhanced picture, with better contrast/color
Can have local dimming capabilities
Can have RGB LEDs
What is an OLED monitor?
(Organic Light Emitting Diode)
Light-emitting polymer containing organic compounds that emit red, green, and blue lights when
stimulated by electicity.
Don't use a backlight
Use less power, and can have a very thin profile
Are faster than LCD monitors
Can produce more realistic-looking movement
Provide a larger viewing angle, and less distortion
Can support a full spectrum of visible light
better contrast
higher refresh rates
can create more realistic-looking virtual images
How does Plasma provide light and color?
Use gas plasma cells
What are the advantages of using plasma?
Better at large sizes because they can support better contrast and brighter picture
much wider viewing angles
What is the life span of plasma displays?
half-life of 60k hours
How does a LCD projector work?
Has a lamp beam-splitting mirrors, and 3 polysilicone panels
Mirrors split beam to RGB, the light is passed through a panel with pixels, combined through the prism,
and then projected through the lens
Transmissive technology.
How does a DLP projector work?
Digital Light Processing
Developed by Texas Instruments
Uses semiconductor chip with miniature pivoting mirrors to reflect pixels through a screen to form
pixels.
Also called DMD, Digital micromirror device
How does a LCoS projector work?
Liquid crystal on silicon
Combines LCD and DLP
uses one LCoS for each color
Has a mirror behind each LCD
What is DVI-A?
Analog only
12 pins
one set of 4 and one set of 8
Additional 4 pins surrounding the grounding blade.
What is DVI-D?
Digital-only
Dual-link DVI-D
contains 24 pins in 3 rows plus grounding blade
Single link only has 18
What is DVI-I?
Supports analog and digital
Has 4 more pins than DVI-D
Analog pins surround the grounding blade.
What port provides the service: (FTP) Description: Optimized for file download
PORT 20 & 21
What port provides the service: Telnet Description: Terminal emulation-logging in remotely to a Terminal Server
PORT 23
What port provides the service: (SMTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Description: Sending Email
PORT 25
What port provides the service: (HTTP) Hypertext Transfer Protocol Description: Web (Internet) Traffic
PORT 80
What port provides the service: (DNS) Domain Name Services Description: Resolves hostnames to IP Addresses
PORT 53
What port provides the service: (DHCP) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Description
PORT 67
What port provides the service: (POP3) Post Office Protocol Description: Receiving Email
PORT 110
What port provides the service: (HTTPS) Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure Description: Secure Internet Traffic
PORT 443
What are the properties of a Laser printer?
Use electro-photographic imaging
Uses a laser to make an image on a photoconductive drum to create the image
Toner is charged, then applied to the drum
Toner is passed from the drum to the paper.
What are the Steps for black and white printing?
Cleaning
Conditioning
Writing
Developing
Transferring toner
Fusing
Describe the Cleaning step for laser printing
Rubber cleaning blade removes any residual toner from the drum
Fluorescent erase lamp removes any electrical charge from the drum (making it neutral)
Describe the Conditioning step for laser printing
Drum is uniformly coated with a negative charge using the charge corona (AKA primary corona)
Usually in the toner or drum cartridge
Has a voltage of about 600 volts
Describe the Writing step for laser printing
laser discharges a lower charge to sections that will receive the toner
motors and mirrors move the laser
Laser passes across the drum service multiple times
1600 dpi means 1600 passes per each inch the drum rotates.
Areas that are hit by the beam are less negatively charged, creating an image of the print.
Describe the Developing step for laser printing
Toner is attracted to the drum by the negative sections
A magnet in the developing cylinder causes toner to be attracted to it
A control blade is used to control the level of toner being applied.
Describe the Transferring toner step for laser printing
A positive charge is applied to the paper, which pulls the toner to it
Afterwards, a static charge eliminator reduces the positive charge of the paper.
Stiffness of the paper and radius of the drum move it to the fusing assembly
Use correct paper weight to avoid paper jams at this step.
Describe the Fusing step for laser printing
Toner is fused with the paper to make the image permanent
Uses pressure and heat
Moves between a fusing roller and a compression roller
Fusing roller melts the toner
Compression roller compresses the particles onto the page to make it permanent
If these rollers overheat, the printer will automatically stop printing until the rollers cool down.
Which laser printing steps are most stressful?
Cleaning
Conditioning
Writing
Developing
They are usually performed in the cartridge
This allows these components to be replaced often, prolonging the lifespan of the printer.
A color printer can go through this process up to 4 times, once for each color, and once for black.
Describe the stepts to replacing a laser printer's toner cartridge
Turn off unplug, and wait for it to cool
Open printer cover
may need a button
Remove empty cartridge
may also have a button
Remove cartridge by grasping both sides
be careful, it can spill
Gently shake new cartridge from left to right to loosen the toner
Remove protective tape and insert the new cartridge
Insert one side, then the other
May need to lock it in place
Close the printer cover
Describe the steps for replacing an image drum
Unplug printer and let it cool
Remove drum and cartridge from printer
Put aside for recycling.
Unpack replacement drum
Keep away from direct sunlight, or prolonged light
Don't spill the toner
Insert new drum
Insert new cartridge
A replacement may also come with new cartridge(s)
Describe the steps for replacing a fuser in a laser printer
Unplug printer and let cool
Fuser gets very hot (200 degrees)
release fuser
may require pulling two levers
remove with handle
Unpack new fuser and reinsert.
What do you use to clean the outside of a printer?
Clean outside with a damp cloth
Don't use ammonia, it can damage plastic
What do you use to clean the inside of a printer?
Use dry cloth for inside
Remove bits of paper dust, and toner dust from inside
If vacuuming, use a vacuum that is certified for toner dust, or an extension magnet brush
Do not use a regular anti-static vacuum.
Can wipe fuser rollers with a dry cloth
Do not touch image drum.
Do not use compressed air (at all)
What do you use to clean toner dust off clothes?
compressed air -- Do it outside
What do you use to wash spilled laser toner off your body?
cold water
How does an inkjet printer print?
Uses ink dispersion
What are the differences between laser and inkjet printers?
Lower quality than laser printers
Take up less space, and are less expensive
What can you do to extend the life of a photo printed with an inkjet printer?
Use premium photo-quality paper and fade-resistance inks
Keep photos away from sunlight, heat, and humidity
What resolutions can an inkjet printer print up to?
4800 by 3600 dpi
What can you do to avoid smudges when printing to an inkjet printer?
Wait until the print dries
What is the maximum number of times you should refill an inkjet cartridge?
shouldn't refill a cartridge more than 3 times.
How does a Bubble-jet printer work?
Ink is heated at the end of the ink tube by a resistor
Ink is ionized, and sprayed onto the paper
Has 64 or 128 nozzles that can all spray ink
Extremely high quality printers can have up to 3000 nozzles
Magnetic charges guide the ink drops to form images and text
How do you maintain an inkjet printer?
Should be cleaned and aligned using maintenance software
Cleaned more often when unused to avoid clogged nozzles
How does a thermal printer work?
Use heat to generate printed documents
Commonly used to print bar codes, receipts, and price tags
Some burned dots onto thermally-sensitive paper.
Some can heat wax and place it on the paper
Use print heads as wide as the paper
Printer heats specific pins to create the output
How does a Thermal Dye sublimination printer work?
Uses transparent films, each with a color embedded into it
Films are heated onto the print head
Dye is vaporized onto glossy paper
Vaporizing effect ensures that the images are higher quality.
Often used to create ID cards
How does a Solid Block printer work?
Blocks of ink are melted onto the print head, and the liquefied ink is sprayed onto the paper.
Simple design, high quality, easy to start and maintain
can take up to 15 minutes or more to heat up
Might be able to program the printer to heat up before being used.
How does a Dot matrix printer work?
Tightly-grouped pins strike an ink ribbon
Pins are on the print head which moves back and forth.
Can have 9-24 pins
more pins = more quality
Also called line printers
Used for receipts, multi-part forms, and invoices
How does a Daisy Wheel printer work?
Uses a wheel with letters embossed into it
Wheel spins, hammer hits, letter is imprinted
What is a PCMCIA card?
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
AKA PC Card
Older
Not plug and play
need to safely remove
How big is a Type I PCMCIA card?
3.3 mm thick
What is a Type I PCMCIA card typically used for?
Typically used for memory
Not used often in favor of SODIMMs
How big is a Type II PCMCIA card?
5 mm thick
What is a Type I PCMCIA card typically used for?
Typicaly used for network ports and modems, as well as adding ports
How big is a Type III PCMCIA card?
10.5 mm thick
What is a Type III PCMCIA card typically used for?
Used for storage, such as small hard drives
Not widely used
What are the advantages of using an ExpressCard over a PCMCIA card?
2.5 times faster than PC cards
Smaller and less expensive
Used either PCIe or USB 2.0 interfaces
What are the dimensions of an ExpressCard 3/4?
34 mm wide x 75 mm long x 5 mm thick
Can use either a 34 or a 54 mm slot
What are the dimensions of an ExpressCard 5/4?
54 mm wide x 75 mm long x 5 mm thick
has an L shape
Only fits in a 54 mm slot
How many pins does an ExpressCard have?
26-pin connector
What are the dimensions of a SODIMM?
6.76 cm long x 3.175 cm wide x 0.38 cm thick
How does a SODIMM compare to a standard DIMM?
Match the performance of a standard DIMM
Similar power requirements of standard DIMM
What are the clock rates of DDR2 SODIMM?
comes in speeds of 200 MHZ to 800 MHZ
What are the clock rates of 204-pin (DDR3) SODIMM?
include PC3-6400, pc3-10600, and PC3-12800
How many notches do 100-pin SODIMMs have?
2 notches
How many notches do 144-pin SODIMMs have?
one notch near the middle.
How many notches do 200-pin SODIMMs have?
one notch on the left or right side
How many notches do 204-pin SODIMMs have?
one notch near the middle
How many pins does DDR Micro DIMM RAM have?
172-pin
What is DDR Micro DIMM RAM used for?
Originally used in netbooks and ultraportable devices
An expensive option
What types of laptops will have DDR memory?
Found in laptops that predate 2006
What was the form factor of DDR memory in laptops?
Came in the form of a 200-pin SODIMM
Available in 3 speeds and configurations
What was the benefit of using DDR2 in laptops?
Increased bandwidth over DDR
Improved speed and performance
Faster data transfer rate
Lower memory usage
What was the benefit of using DDR3 in laptops over DDR2?
Similar to DDR2
Different pin placement
Significantly faster
Helps reduce a system's overall power consumption.
What is the difference between Mini-PCI in a laptop and standard PCI?
Approximately 1/4 the size of a regular PCI card
Lay flat
usually don't have external connectors
Shared parralel communication
What is the benefit of using PCI Express in a laptop?
smaller
higher maximum bus throughput
point to point serial connection to the northbridge
doesn't share the bus
What is the size of a XGA
eXtended Graphics Array
1024x768
What is the size of a SXGA display?
Super eXtended Graphics Array
1280x1024
What is the size of a SXGA+ display?
Super eXtended Graphics Array Plus
1400x1050
What is the size of a WSXGA+ display?
Widescreen Super eXtended Graphics Array Plus
1680x1050
What is the size of a UXGA display?
Ultra eXtended Graphics Array
1600x1200
What is the size of a WUXGA display?
Widescreen eXtended Graphics Array
1920x1200
How does a LCD control the strength of the light?
Uses a light valve
Achieved using a polarizing filter
What are the Light Sources of a laptops screen?
Incandescent bulb
LED
Electroluminescent panel (ELP)
Cold cathode flourescent lamp
Hot cathode flourescent lamp
What are the drawbacks to using a Ni-Cd battery?
Toxic
Short memory
Gradually lose their ability to hold a charge
Suffer from false-bottom
Can last to about 1000 charges
Sensitive to high temperatures and overcharging.
What is a NiMH battery?
Nickel-metal hydrite
What are the benefits of using a NiMH battery over Ni-Cd?
less-succeptible than Ni-Cd to memory and overcharging
Have twice the capacity of Ni-Cd
nontoxic
What are the drawbacks of using a NiMH battery?
sensitive to high temperatures
Have limited charging capacity
What are the benefits of using a Li-Ion battery?
Not susceptible to short memory or false bottom
Retain their charge longer than Ni-Cd or NiMH
Have built-in safety devices to prevent overcharging
What are the drawbacks of Li-Ion batteries?
Expensive, and must be handled with care.
How should you care for rechargable batteries?
All batteries must be stored in cool places
Should use conditioning chargers for Ni-Cd and NiMH
Keep contacts clean using alcohol or a dry cloth
Replace and recycle ruptured/damaged/old batteries
Why would you use an Auto-switching power adapter?
Can work with multiple voltages and can be used in different countries.
What is a Fixed input power adapter?
Typically either 100 or 240v
Which is safer plugging a 100v adapter to a 240 volt outlet, or vice-versa?,
CANNOT PLUG IN 100 TO A 240, IT WILL BE DAMAGED
Nothings happens when plugging a 240 into a 110
What is an example of a DC to DC adapter for a laptop?
One example is the car adapter
Changes the DC voltage to the correct amount.
What are things to keep in mind when using a laptop's power adapter?
Please ensure that the power source is providing the correct Amperage and voltage
Use a multimeter
Each laptop can take a specific amount.
Adapters are not interchangable between brands, and not always between models.
What is the size of a WXGA display?
Wide eXtended Graphics Array
16:9
1366x768
16:10
1280x800
When and how did Pentium processors begin supporting Virtualization?
Began support with the
Pentium 4 using VT-X
What are the speed expectations of CAT 6e cabling?
Multiple GB/s