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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Long, slow path to democracy: the steps! UK
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-Challenges to monarchial authority
-Extension of Civil Liberties -Expansion of Suffrage in the 19th Century |
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UK, Challenges to monarchial authority
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1) Magna Carta (gives people some powers vis-a-vis still thinking King is main executive. 1215)
2) Parliament (landholders and property owners, petition king for grievances...House of Commons, House of Lords) 3) "Glorious Revolution" (People ousted Catholic king, Parliament appointed Protestant William and Mary) 4) Steady erosion of the power of the House of Lords (Lords subordinate to Commons) |
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Style of UK politics
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No written constitution, heavy reliance on TRADITION.
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Westminster model
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-parliamentary supremacy (governing power comes form the parliament)
-no checks and balances (fusion of branches) -majoritarian electoral system (SMD...squeezes out the small parties) |
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House of Lords
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-no real power (NOT like the Senate!)
-Can revise legislation (commons can ignore this) -Fox-hunting -> Lords want to keep it around! And that's...about all they do. |
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House of Commons
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-Basis of forming government
-One party, enormous! About 100 people. ("back bencher" = everyone in party that isn't in government...can lead to a backbencher revolt) -Opposition: not much influence..."shadow government -95% of government proposed legislation is passed. They do a lot of talking. That's basically what Parliament does. |
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Class in British politics
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Driving force of political parties. Aristocrats versus commercial bourgeoise. Rise of the working class. End of the 19th century, conservatives, liberals, labour.
Conservatives v. liberals when working class had no vote. Things changed when they could vote. |
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backbenchers
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People in the party who aren't in Government
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Old Labour
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-emerged out of developing representation of working class
-close with trade unions -fairly moderate, not really socialist (but they do like redistribution) -state intervention in the economy -social reforms improve well-being |
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Conservatives ("Tories")
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-less state-interventionist
-initially not THAT favorite to markets -reverential toward past institutions -maintain status quo -free markets can revolutionize how people gain status -more common ground on redistribution -more amenable to using state to take rough edges out of economy |
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Changes to British political parties in the 1970s
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-economic termoil! oil shocks, high inflation, union-based conflicts (strikes, etc.)
-Maggie Thatcher |
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Maggie Thatcher
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PM from 1979 - 1990
-radical! no attachment to the status quo -HATED state intervention in the economy, lurffed on free markets (reduce taxes, privatize stuff, etc.) -skeptical of state intervention in economy...wtf didn't I just say this? -cut welfare state -political liberty can only come from economic liberty! -Not a fan of the Soviets, was Ronald Reagan's secret under-the-table lover. |
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Policy successes of Maggie
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Reducing social benefits, cut state, had unified party around her. Transformed the party to be wicked market-based. Backbenchers threw her out of office (Backbencher revolt!)
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"Third Wave" or "New Labour"
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-championed by Tony Blair
-reflective of changes in British society Changes in british society: Faced decline in significance of working class in post-war. Rise of white collar workforce, higher education. Rise of middle class, less wedded to unions. |
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Positions of New Labour
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1) Rejection of left/right division, move beyond old class divisions
2) Embrace free markets. Take a more pragmatic approach. Acceptance of Thatcher's cuts to taxes and services. 3) Still argued for social justice. Role of state to protect from people. Old Labour blamed capitalist market for unemployment. New Labour advocates personal responsibility (reduce social welfare dependency, people became full of sense of entitlement). BUT, still invest in human capital, invest in job training, childcare, etc. |
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Reasons for New Labour success
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Struck a balance between Thatcher and welfare state.
Been in power since 1997. Conservavtives have had a hard time retaliating. |
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Gordon Brown
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New PM
Up against David Cameron -> effective, flashy, etc. Brown is less charismatic, but effective. Glasgow airport terror attacks, dealt with them very effectively. If win elections in 2010, could potentially be in power for a very very long time. |
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Pathway to French democracy
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Turbulent! More realistic with how we've seen democracy evolve. Similar to Latin America.
Very old monarachy, French revolution, political instability. |
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La monarchie française très vieille
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No checks were developed against the monarchy. Early somewhat representative branch tried to check power, but it didn't really work. Developed into ABSOLUTISM, very centralized power, squished opposition like a bug stuck in silly putty.
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La Revolucion Française - 1789
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Considerable violence - all monarchs lost their heads.
More liberal ideals at the beginning of revolution...maybe turn into a system like the British? Nope. Revolution generated into an orgy of bloodletting. |
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Style of French Politics
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-confrontation, violent
-not as pragmatic approach to dealing with differences like Britain -French more prone to expression of really radical ideas -"Street politics", demonstrations, strikes, protests -Labour unions constantly strike 9(transit strikes, stop trains!) -They paralyze the entire country! Willingness to rethink structure of institutions on a regular basis |
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French willingness to rethink structure of institutions on a regular basis
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Current republic is 5th republic, which means that there were four previous republics.
Philosophical debates...what should democracy be? Political debate highly intellectual -> politicians write books! and not just about themselves! |
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Centralized French State
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-traced back to absolutism
-each regime sought to suppress opposition -very large (proportion of population in civil service, etc.) state! STATE SCOPE -welfare state, cradle to grave coverage -authority goes from center out -Prefecture system |
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French Prefect system
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Percy! <3
-center appoints prefects. Prefects govern provinces. Prefects appoint subprefects. That's basically how it works. -They administer territory, local government stuff, public safety, internal security, police, etc. |
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French National Identity
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-represents birth of CIVIC NATIONALISM
-intensified over 19th century...culture and civic ideals! -Revolution incarnates universal principles - The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (influenced all over the world, internationalist ideals) -sees self as bringing ideals to world, kinda like US. They think they're a pretty big deal. |
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French Political Institutions
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-Reflection of ongoing experimentation with regimes
-Failures of systems in past helped them structure -3rd republic, weak parliamentary regime, collapsed with German invasion -4th republic, couldn't produce stability, couldn't pass policy |
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Why have French governments been so damn weak?
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1) No disciplined political parties like Britain. Endless squabbling WITHIN parties. Parties very radical. If PM can't count on party behind them, then it's hard to pass policy.
2) Parliamentary systems designed with weak executive. Historical ties, feared strong executive. Parliaments were similar US Congress, but with no effective executive 3) Decolonization in the 1950s. France unwilling to give up Africa. Very brutal conflict...Battle of Algiers. Algerians used terrorist tactics. French eventually lost the colony |
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French 5th Republic Institutions
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Response to all of the previous problems!
-strong executives! Led to semipresidentialism system -Changes to weaken Parliament -Direcly elected president, only person elected by WHOLE population Cohabitation: only time where president power wanes. PM rises to power, informal shifting of weight. Discovered in 1986 when this first happened. |
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Cohabitation
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(one party in parliament, other in executive) Only time where president power wanes. PM rises to power, informal shifting of weight. Discovered in 1986 when this first happened.
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French electoral system?
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SMD!
Used PR system before, but there were too many crazy parties. SMD is majoritarian. Party system became fragmental. |
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French Political Fettes!
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Left: Socialist Party, Communist Party, Other.
Rights: Gaulist Party (UMP), National Front |
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French Socialist party
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-been around for a long time
-always more radical/revolutionary than the Labour Party -still calls itself socialist to preserve its image as a radical party |
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French Commie Party
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-split off in 1917 with Russian revolution
-advocated Russian-style revolution, broke off from socialists -largest party in France after WW2 (stood up to Germans during occupation) |
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Other French Lefty Parties
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-Trotskiest parties, Green Parties, Worker's Party
-Fragmentation of left parties -This destroyed the Socialist party in 2002 election. -runoff style election. Socialist candidate Jospin lost votes to other candidates. Chirac and LePan in second round. |
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Gaulist Party (UMP)
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Founded by Charles de Gaulle (military hero, war hero, designed new government. Threat of military takeover)
-espouses de Gaulle's ideas. -Very strong nationalism, French style. -Foreign policy: Thumbed nose at Soviet AND US in Cold War -Extensive state intervention in the economy (state-owned enterprizes, economic planning, development of large welfare state) -still favored PRIVATE markets as driving force as opposed to socialized, BUT it's not a free-market party. It's become more so with Sarkozy, though. |
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National Front - The Far Right
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-expel all foreigners
-white French people have advantages -anti-Semetic, anti-Islam |
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Why are parties so fragmented in France?
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Run-off!
Run originally as small parties, then ally with people who go to second round of voting. Characteristic of French parties. |
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Current Developments in France
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-Sarkozy presidency: Gaulist, repair relations with US. Charming white house. Devisive, charismatic.
-Challenge: economic stagnation, make it more like US model. Improve relations with minority communities. |
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Paris on Fire!
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Oct. 2005 - Boys killed by police, cars on fire, blamed it on radical ideas and high diversity, but it was really about economics.
March 2006 - university students didn't like increasing insecurity of jobs, easier to fire people, etc. Two major issues: economic stagnation, immigration/diversity |
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European social model (welfare state crisis)
France |
generous welfare state (social services to reduce anxieties, national health insurance, unemployment, public housing, etc., = HIGH TAX RATES)
-regulated labor markets (regulated contracts and wages. Higher wages. Harder to hire, harder to fire) -high role of state in industry (steel, automobile industries state-owned) -aging of population makes social model really expensive |
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Economic boom! (europe)
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1945 - 1975
welfare state gave working and middle classes consumer power. rebuilding Europe after the war! |
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1970s - economic crisis (europe)
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-oil shocks
-higher unemployment rates. Why? Deindustrialization of industries, haven't replaced them. |
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Aging population in Europe
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Replacement rate is 2.1 children per woman. % of population over 60 is growing!
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Diversity
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1) Three waves of migration
2) Political and social reverberations -Conflict -Far-right parties -Economic concerns -Integration -Terrorism/Islamophobia |
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First Wave of Migration
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Labor migration, 1945 - 1973.
"Guest workers" help deal with albor shortage France: We don't need to make them really comfortable. Not looking to settle in France, but to send money back to their families. |
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Second wave of migration
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Families reunification, 1970s
After gust worker programs shut down, workers did not leave their families. Whole families moving. Countries had to integrate populations (education, et cetera) |
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Third wave of migration
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-asylum-seekers, 1980s to present
-large refugee populations in 80s and 90s |
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Political and social reverberations of immigration: conflict
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Lots of concern about immigration (34% of Germans think immigrants should go back home!)
-Discrimination (hate crimes, employment practices) |
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Political and social reverberations of immigration: Far-right parties
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Jean-Marie Le Pan
Switzerland sheep poster |
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Political and social reverberations of immigration: economic concerns
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Immigrants used as scapegoats for things like unemployment. Switch far left voters to far right.
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Political and social reverberations of immigration: Integration
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How much to accept multicultural practices and cultures
Hijab debate: separation of church and state in France (laicité). Religion a private source of identity, leave it in the private sphere. Treat everyone equally, but ignore other cultures. Illegal to collect data based of religion, ethnicity et cetera. |
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Political and social reverberations of immigration: Terrorism/Islamophobia
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Even before 9/11, in the 90s
Many are Muslims or from Muslim countries (north Africa, middle east) Very small minority actually sympathetic to terrorism Really is rooted in socioeconomic disadvantages |
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Historical background, soviet systems
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Leninism, Stalinism, Krushchev
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Leninism
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-Party state (wooooo paaaarty!)
-Bolshevik party became basis of communist party -became fused with the institutions of the state_built a very powerful state -still some pockets of private sector |
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Stalinism
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-totalitarianism
-agricultural collectivized -ALL economic activity came from above -Tightening of security, lots of people killed |
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Krushchev
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-not totalitarian, but still authoritarian
-KGB still around -no political freedoms or pluralism -government still ran economy |
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Successes of soviet systems
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-went from being agricultural to industrial really quickly
-lots of economic growth -rising standard of living -gave system some legitimacy |
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Failures of soviet systems
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-human costs very high
-economy failed at later stages -inefficient, led to economic stagnation -costly system (KGB costs lots of resources, keep international satellites in check) |
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Collapse of the CCCP
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-Economic stagnation: economic and political sphere were fused. everyone blamed the government for economic failure instead of the markets. even those within the party questioned it.
-Political system: stagnated this -Declining power of the central state: no more totalitarianism, growing discontent among people. shadow economy. -Cold War - west and soviet union improved relations in the 70s, Reagan and Thatcher started arms race in 80s, very costly. |
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Chain of events in Soviet fall
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Split in party - hard-liners versus reformers.
Gorbachev: put some market reforms, reduced control over media, gave republics autonomy, reduced military. System unravelled! Alienation of hard-liners, didn't give enough for the reformers. So everone hated him! Hardliners toppled Gorb, reformers took over. |
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Yelstin Era
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economics: shock therapy (destabilizing, led to corruption, oligarchs)
politics: democratic institutions, but he undermined his own institutions |
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Yelstin Era economic sphere
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lacked private property institutions (regulation of banks, bankrupcy, etc)
going from system of total control to market economy |
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Shock therapy
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-jumpstart market economy
-rapid change -liberalizing prices suddenly, rapidly rising prices -liberalizing trade/exchange rate liberalization -privatization -macroeconomic stability - take hard action to control everything above, no cushions! |
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Effects of shock therapy
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-destabilizing for many people
-high prices savings lost -privatization took place before legislative and judicial in place to manage -led to CORRUPTION, oligarchs -very little control over what happened -monopolies flourished |
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Democratic institutions in the Yelstin Era
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-semipresidential system
-bicameral parliament -electoral system, mixed SMD/PR -decentralize Russia! Yelstin undermined his own institutions -dissolved parliament when tehy disagreed with him -chaotic rule...he was an alcoholic! -Made Vladdy Putin PM in 1999 |
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Putin Era
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economic sphere: recovery of economy, reigned in oligarachs, recentralization of economy, corruption
political sphere: competitive authoritarian |
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Putin Era economy: recovery of economy
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his influence? luck?
benefits from high oil prices |
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Putin Era economy: reigned in oligarchs
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-represented a threat to Putin's control
-ex. Mikhail Khodorkousky -gained favor with ordinary Russians |
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Putin Era economy: recentralization of economy
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-increasing control through bureaucratic oligarachs
-use positions of power to reassert control over large sectors of economy -"Siloviki", former KGB, military officials. Run government, and also runs companies |
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Putin Era economy: corruption
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-you have to pay bribes to get ANYTHING done
-get pulled over by police on false charges, and have to pay bribes -organized crime is widespread. pay mafia groups for protection -becomes very costly for economy -sapped a lot of popular support from Putin |
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Putin era competitive authoritarianism
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-institutions of democracy in place (Duma parliament up for election), limited in ability to protest Putin's power
-State control of the media, accepts no criticism (two dead reporters) -declining political freedoms (electoral system now PR, district vote create more districts, harder for smaller parties to get in [raised threshold to 7%]) -reduce power of regional governors |
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Oligarchs
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"rule by a few"
-in Russia, individuals who became very wealthy in privatization -with collapse of communism, NO experience with capitalism -They had banks, but no system for credit or anything |
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The Washington Consensus
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Privatization, remove any government regulation that restricted the flow of capital. Basically, shock therapy.
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How did Putin come to power?
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-2 term limit AT A TIME
-Yelstin constantly switched his PMs -3 months before he resigned, he appointed Putin -set a standard where he picks his successor -Nobody really knew what Putin was all about -BUT, shortly after Putin was appointed, Yelstin got really ill, so Putin got really powerful. |
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Putin's served his two terms. What's he gonna do?
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a) change the constitution
b) name a weak person that he could control c) become PM and change semiprez system to parliamentary system d) call ghostbusters |
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Why Russian democracy fail?
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-Values and culture
-Institutions -Economic instability/recovery -Political transition |
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Failure of Russian democracy: values and culture
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-no tradition of political institutions and liberalism
-went from czar to commies -public supportive of Putin Do Russians lack democratic values, or did Putin just come in at a good time? |
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Failure of Russian democracy: institutions
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-semiprez system has lots of failints
-VERY strong prez, weak leg with no real check on prez -lack of coherent party system |
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Failure of Russian democracy: economic instability/recovery
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-shock therapy extremely destabilizing
-recovery through natural resource exploitation and corruption |
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Failure of Russian democracy: political transition
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-one set of elites changed hands with another set of elites
-no mobilization from down below -lack of civil society 2 |
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Mao! Rise to power.
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-Marxist-Leninist supporter
-Revolutionary potential of the peasantry -Permanent revolution -Influential all over the world |
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Mao! Marxist-Leninist supporter
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feudal -> capitalist -> socialist -> communist utopia
class conflict governed by powerful political party |
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Mao! Revolutionary potential of the peasantry
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Marx/Lenin liked the urban industrial worker
Mao focused on agrarian issues (land reform, mobilize peasantry through military) |
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Mao! Permanent revolution
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Russia became alienated from ideals of revolution. We have to keep revolutionary fervor alive!
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Mao! Influential around the world.
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Asia and Latin America, very agrarian with uneducated peasantry. Mao's military guerilla tactics used as well
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Life under Mao
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Conflict between economic development and radicalization...red versus expert debate
-Initial pragmatism -Great Leap Forward (1958 - 1959) -Relaxation of social control (100 flowers) -Cultural revolution (1966 - 1976) |
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Life under Mao: Initial Pragmatism
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-redistribution of land to peasants
-not full seizure of private enterprize -as party moved to power, collectivized land |
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Life under Mao: Great Leap Forward
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1958 - 1959
-forcefully mobilize economy -propaganda, ideological appeals -communes became production centres with quotas -collectivized life -led to tremendous economic failure (led to famines, killed 20 - 30 million people) |
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Life under Mao: Cultural Revolution
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1966 - 1976
-party elites becoming too technocratic -ideological purposes -give young people revolutionary experience (Red Guards) |
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Reform Period
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1977 - present
Deng Xiaoping, continued economic reform |
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Deng Xiaoping
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1978 - mid90s
-economic reform: allowed market forces to work, opening Chinese economy to foreign investment. -limited political opening (more room for thinking, with writers, free discussion, etc.) -modernize the party -concerned about unraveling of party, like Soviet Union -Tiennamen Square |
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Chinese political system
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Party state, authoritarian regime
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Chinese party state
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-intertwining of party institutions and state institutions
-highly centralized -reaches deep into society |
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Chinese authoritarian refime
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-no representative bodies
-people play no role in electing leaders -repressive state apparatus -tight control over internet, media, etc. -widespread human rights abuses -torture, lack of trial, arbitrary arrests, etc. -lack of religious freedom, repression of ethnic minorities |
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Communist China economic system
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-command economy
-state sets prices, controlled means of production -very soviet-style -China industrialized very rapidly by 70s -economic model no longer working |
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Chinese economic reforms
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-introduce market mechanisms
-profits, prices dictated by supply/demand, privatization -SOEs |
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SOEs
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State-Owned Enterprises
-once main form of production -give subsidies to enterprises -sharp decline in SOEs in 70s -COllectively-owned, (owned by gov't, but operate according to market village) -individually owned |
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Reform in Chinese countryside
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-end land collectivization
-end of cultural revolution, land contracted back to families -townships and village enterprises (TVEs), helped standard of living skyrocket |
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International Openings in China
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-China was closed economy pre-1970s
-Foreign trade in 1980s -FDIs |
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Foreign trade in 1980s in China
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-goal: economic growth through exports
-large supply of cheap labour -went from 10% to 50%, trade is enormous % of GDP -very large trade surplus with US and western countries |
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FDIs
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Foreign directed investments
-foreign investors got special privileges in special zones -went from $0 to $650 billion -especially impacted costal cities -manufacturing wages was about 60 cents an hour -Led to craaaaazy income inequality |
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Why hasn't political liberalization followed economic growth in China? Optimistic view
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econ. growth conducive to democratization. as high level of econ., government harder for auth. to manage. Can't contain pluralistc results
-middle class gros, they have democratic values -emergence of civil society as a result of econ development -evidence: South Korea, and Taiwan -pressures for change |
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Pressures for political change in Chinese government (Optimism!)
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-rural protest!
grievances: lack of local representation, heavy tax burden, high level of corruption Try to seek redress through system, usually doesn't work. In democracy, they can be heard, so not as violent protest. -environmental: Atrocious! Crazy impact on peoples' lives, food, water supply. Fishermen's lakes die out. Seems like Chinese state could redress, but regime is legitimized by economic growth, so it won't crack down on anyone. |
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Political liberalization in China (Optimism!)
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-Changed since the 50s, 60s, and 70s
-more free expression -proliferation of internet. Blog culture, 40 million people online -elections at local village level, more accountability in system |
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Why hasn't political liberalization followed economic growth in China? Pessimistic view
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econ. growth can solidify an authoritarian regime
-middle class, industrialists only want to make money, and THAT is more important than democracy -unions down, keep laborers down so they can make more money -degree of liberalization not that great -one party still in power, party co-ops opposing forces, can't make eg. more powerful than...something (JWL? jool?) |
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Common elements of Latin American politics
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-colonial history
-inequality -prevelance of authoritarianism, rise of demoracy |
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Origines historicales de latinoamérica
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-colonizado de los españoles y portugués
-poblacones indígenas -30 millón de indígenas -civilizaciones - Aztec, Maya, Inca -enslaving natives, imported Africanos donde le faltaba el labor manual (Brazil, Caribbean) |
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Sistemas politicales y económicos, de la historia
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-feudal societies economically
-monarachy -viceroy ruled colonies -número pequeño de gente tenía sus propias tierras muy grandes |
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las revoluciones de independencia del siglo 19
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-elites movements, they wanted more political power
-not popular uprising (exception, Haiti, slave rebellion) -no transfer of power to ordinary people economic: slavery vanished throughout 19th century, slow to change, peasants continued to work on large plantations religion: católico, se convertieron a mucha gente los misionarios, fureza muy poderosa |
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Legacies of Latin America
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-lack of democratic institutions
-nature and intensity of class divisions -heterogeneous population |
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Latin American Legacies: lack of democratic institutions
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-US rebellion against monarchy
-Latin American political systems didn't change! |
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Latin American Legacies: Nature and intensity of class divisions
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Social structure: small # of land owners with all the power. Large población de pobreza.
TOday's inequality result of historic inequalities. New sources of wealth, people who benefit are still at the top. Ethnic homogeneity and racism contributed in difficulties in social mobility |
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Heterogeneous population - Latin America
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Población grande indígena. Slaves de Africa
Settlers did not bring wives, lots of intermarriage -Mucha gente mestiza (europeano y indígena, europeanos y africanos) -no sharp devision between whites and blacks like in US, but there are still inequalities |
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Trends in Latin American politics
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-prevalence of auth.
-nature of political ideals -economic tendencies -corruption |
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Prevalance of Authoritarianism, Latin American style
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-long history of authoritarianism
-bureaucratic authoritarianism -third wave of democracy -economic situation -Cold War |
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History of Authoritarianism in Latin America
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-some competition in 50s and 60s (second wave)
-collapsed in the 60s |
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Bureaucratic authoritarianism in Latin America
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-military dictatorship
-technocrats/bueaucrats run day-to-day business -focus of resume: economic stability (control inflation, techs, can make decisions to restore stability), economic modernization (too many conflicting interest in a democracy) Examples: Brazil 1964 - 1985, Argentina in the 60s |
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Third Wave of Democracy (LA)
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Took place mostly in LA
-Freedomhouse map, mostly free -BUT, it's fragile |
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Why prevalence of dictatorship?
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-lack of historical precedent
-no democratic traditions, no democratic tension with independence -strength of class conflicts -some of the most unequal in the world -hard to develop foundations for democracy -not in rich elite's interests to promote democracy -can't promote modernization, trust, these sorts of qualities -no pragmatic compromise - radical lefts versus reactionary rights |
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Economic situation in Latin America (authoritarianism)
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-countries very poor
-democracies more likely in more developed countries? -economic instab ility caused by political upheaval |
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Cold war (Latin America, authoritarianism)
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-ideological conflict became global one
-proxy wars, Latin America fueling civil wars -US stood behind dictatorships in capitalist countries -Cuba did opposite |
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Extreme political ideologies in Latin America
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Right wing, Christian Democrats, left wing, populism
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Right wing political parties in Latin America
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-very alluring
-rich elites want to keep power -jostling international role of military -moved toward more moderate positions with democratization |
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Christian Democrats in Latin America
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At centre-right
Embracing democracy within a context of Christian ideals |
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Left-wing parties in Latin America
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-strength throughout region
-reflect the growing class conflict and income inequality -original, more Marxist or Maoist -revolutionary, radical left -CUBA, influentail in leftist latin american movement. Now looks increasingly like social democrats. MOre moderate. "Lula" da Silva of Brazil |
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Populism
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-rule by a charismatic leader appealing to "the people" and institutiong programmes for lower class
-us versus them -mobilize ordinary people against political and social elites -can be either leftwing or rightwing -more authoritarian in practice -rule directly based on support from the people |
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Why has populism taken root in Latin America?
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-region characterized by political and economic inequality
-high, high amount of corruption -weak democratic tradition, ruled by "strong men" |
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Juan Perón of Argentina
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-many social programs for working class
-jailed many enemies -views resembled Mussolini -got support from workers -Nazi war criminals in Argentina |
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Hugo Chavez of Venezuela
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-vast majority of Venezualanos son pobres
-a ellos le gustan mucho dinero para programas sociales -tiene mucho éxito en el "nosotros versus ellos" -position bolstered by high oil prices -not democratic...only "partly free" -Chavez makes all decisions -Legislature is mere appendage -free speech impaired -Why don't you SHUT UP? |
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Economic challenges of Latin America
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-how to promote modernization
-how to promote themselves in world economy without being destabilizing? -They export raw materials. V. destabilizing. -Export dependent in late 19th century, early 20th century -dependent on demand for supplies -demand DROPPED in depression |
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ISI
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Import Substituting Industrialization (1930s - 1970s)
-reverse strategy -instead of relying on exports, rely on INTERNAL economy -Create protections and set of walls -State was CRITICAL of industrialization -overvalued currency -exports no longer motor of growth -initial success |
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Problems with ISI
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-states don't make good decisions
-protections and overvalued currency make exporting REALLY hard -Their good were too expensive with overvalued currency -public debt crisis in 1980s, IMF bailed out LA countries |
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Neoliberal economic policies in Latin America
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1980s +
-open up trade barriers -cut state spending -selling SOEs, cutting social programs -Chile had lots of success -some experienced economic PAIN -People lost jobs, benefits cut, couldn't see political gains -Leaders like Chavez take advantage of discontent |
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Corruption in Latin American politics
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-Cause or consequence of weak democracy?
-forms of corruption (bribes, clientalism) |
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Corruption is the CAUSE of weak democracy
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-corruption undermines work of democracies
-people lose power to rich elites -saps democratic legitimacy -Contributes to reputations for strong men like Chavez |
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Corruption is a CONSEQUENCE of weak democracy
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-Kurt Whalen
-corruption flourishes without strong democracy -media and judiciary are lacking -populist regimes can be highly corrupt -Who benefits from corruption? |
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Forms of Latin American corruption: bribes
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-take bribes from businessmen
-Like Soviet Union, people with $ gain control of resources |
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Forms of Latin American corruption: clientalism
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-related to workings of politics
-patrion-client elections -in return for voting for me, you get access to resources -U.S. in 19th century and machine politics |
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Differences between Brazil and rest of Latin America
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-largest country (populationwise and landwise)
-colonized by Portugal -industrial -8th or 9th largest economy en el mundo |
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Similarities between Brazil and the rest of Latin America
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-real transition only took place in 80s
-how to promote modernization -place in world economy -very pronounced racial heterogeneity |
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Is Brazilian democracy consolidated?
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Successful transfer of power from president to president, without military intervention, is a positive sign.
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Lula da Silva
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-humble origins, shoeshine boy
-union politics, then workers' party -man of the people -campaign promises frightened the right -instead, more representative of the center-left |
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Concerns about the consolidation of Brazilian democracy
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-quality, not stability
-rampant clientalism and corruption -undermines institutions -one of the most unequal distributions of wealth in the world, not conducive to a middle class -criminality |
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Criminality in Brazil
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-response of police
-highest gun-related homicide rate, related to drug trade -utter lawlessness -torture and death squads common in police -corruption in legal system makes it useless |
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Economics in Brazil
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-Pre-1930s: export-led growth
-1930s - 80s: ISI crucial strategy, protective barriers around country, worked tremendously, but ran into same problems as rest of LA -Neoliberal economic policy (opposite of ISI, reintegrating back into world economy) -Lula hasn't changed much |
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How have economic challenges shaped politics in Brazil?
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-undermined prospects of democracy
-frequent periods of economic termoil -sympathy for strong leader to impose order -role of labor union military -street politics, striking, etc -Vargas: contain labor unrest |
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Race relations in Brazil: racial heritage
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-European immigrants (Portuguese, Spanish, Italian)
-Slavery (1/3 of slaves in the Americas!) -Mixed with one another, no sharp separation -Not many European women in colony -very diverse racial breakup |
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Brazilian response to racial diversity: 1930s
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-Racial democracy
-Brazil = hybrid, mestizo civilization -absence of formal separation (no apartheid, Jim Crowe laws) -Rejection of racism in Brazilian society -Identities were seen in terms of CLASS, not race |
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Brazilian response to racial diversity: 1990s
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-notion of "no racism" challenged
-Cardoso took a personal interest -Disproportionate share of poor are darker -Racial quotas in ministries, government agencies, universities, etc. -who fits in the quota? |
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Why the change in racial policy in Brazil?
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-Emergence of social market
-International pressure -2001 conference on racism -Elites, Cardoso |
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Weak state scope and strength in Africa
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-scope is limited, doesn't provide lots of services
-strength is lacking -can't expand scope since they have no strength -Rule of law, effectiveness, autonomy, and legitimacy are all lacking |
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State authority in Africa
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-many neopatrimonial states
-Richard Joseph article -Prebendalism |
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Prebendalism
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-extreme form of clientalism
-use distribution of resources to ethnically-based clients -specific targeting ethnic groups -contributes to societal ethnic and religious devisions -term coined for Nigerian case |
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Historic state-building processes in Africa
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Herbst!
-Ethnic diversity, product of colonization, people forced together -weakened legitimacy -fostered prebendalism colonials did not build effective administrative apparatuses, only wanted to export resources. Brought Christianity, and jumbled together ethnic groups. |
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Predatory state in Africa (corruption!)
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-state elites use state power to advance themselves instead of enriching country
-Mobutu in Zaire -exploiting mineral and oil wealth |
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Economic development in Africa
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-grim picture (haven't grown relatively to world, even compared to themselves, some have lower standards of living than 20, 30 years ago)
-UN Human Development Index (infanticide, literacy, GDP, etc. subsaharan Africa at bottom of pack) -HIV/AIDS crisis (Good news! UN overstimating number of infections. Government workers, urban workers. 30% of school teachers affected with AIDS in some African countries) |
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Why has economic development in Africa been so grim?
|
-governance/nature of the state
-geography, disease -international economy |
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Why bad economy: Governance/nature of the state.
Africa!! |
-corruption and clientalism
-foreign aid gets sideline (oil resources in Nigeria!) -state weakness -lacks full control of borders (rule of law) -ineffective, can't provide public goods (clean water, roads, schools, etc) |
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Why bad economy: geography, disease
Africa!! |
-poor resource base, arid climate, landlocked
-tropical Africa, malaria (bill gates and mosquito netting) -AIDS crisis |
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Why bad economy: international economy
Africa!! |
-primary resources to export is agriculture
-disadvantaged by the terms of trade (tariffs, subsidies for our own farmers, etc.) -World Bank pressures Malawi not to subsidize fertilizer...result? famine. -Bono is really attractive (DATA) |
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African regimes: competitive authoritarianism!
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-thriving in Africa
-progress in 3rd wave of democracy -lack of reliance on military coops -civilian leaders bribing military? political regimes gaining legitimacy? -Freedom house: widespread elections, but corrupt ones -repression of human rights and lack of civil liberties |
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Ethnicity in Africa
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Ethnic diversity: Many different ethnic groups in state boundaries
-heterogeneity in states and ethnic groups divided by state lines -difficult to deal politically with so many ethnicities Religion: Islam, Christianist, and animist |
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State formation in Nigeria
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-same aspects as state formation in rest of Africa
-fashioned out of colonial designs -many different languages, ethnicities, etc. -division between north and south -British created political problems out of social ones |
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Ethnic diversity in Nigeria
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-510 living languages, over 200 ethnic groups
-50% Islam, 40% Christian, 10% African traditional religion -didn't generate sense of "Nigerian" |
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Biafrin War
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-1967 - 1970
-Ibo ethnic group tried to secede and make Biafra |
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Problematic/unfinished state in Nigeria
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-corruption/clientalism
-Transparency International says Nigeria is one of the most corrupt in the world -term 'prebendalism' specially coined for Nigeria -lack of strong national identity |
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The Resource Curse
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"Dutch disease"
-discovered natural gas -undermined economic growth -when you sell resources, you increase demand for your currency -Your currency becomes wicked valuable -and everything else becomes with expensive |
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The Resource Curse: Nigeria
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-First had been agricultural
-By 1980, agriculture went from being 80% of exports to 2% -They found lots of oil. -Went from self-sufficient in food to under-sufficient -When you are dependent on only one resource, your country is sitting on the busts and booms of the market |
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Political dimension - why are mineral-rich countries not democratic?
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-resource dependence (government becomes totally dependent on oil or mineral...don't need to tax, no accountability!)
-military build up (use revenues to build up military, frequent reliance on military rule) -corruption: SONI ABACHA - amassed $4 billion in Nigerian oil. Its oil refining capacity collapsed. -political conflicts (with so much $, political power highly coveted. tempting for military powers to intervene) -ethnic conflicts (Niger Delta, long history of ethnic groups wanting more control over the area. People who live in Niger Delta got jack shit...led to Biafrin War. Wanted to secede the Niger Delta) |
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Nigerian regimes
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Frequency of dictatorships, but decline of military rule since 90s
-Obasanjo -Umaru Musa Yar’Adua |
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Obasanjo
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-military general, but elected!
-came from South, reversed rule from North -Christian -elections were reasonably okay -emphasizing fight against corruption -In 2006, maybe not follow term limits? Stepped aside |
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Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
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-From North, is Muslim
-civilian, no military connections -peaceful transition from one leader to the next |
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Limits to Nigerian democracy
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-fraud in elections
-marked by violence -irregularities in voting process -free media, but in journalists go to far... -human rights abuses (police force, torture, death squads, etc.) |
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Ethnic divisions of Nigeria
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-3 dominant groups
-Ibo in the east, Yoruba in the west, Hausa and Fulani in the North -small groups frustrated with lack of representation -Since 1999, between 11k and 15k people have been killed in local ethnic skirmishes |
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Geographical divisions of Nigeria
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North versus South
South: east versus west |
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Religious divisions of Nigeria
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Christianity versus Islam
increasing religious intensity Evangelical Christianity |
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Managing tensions in Nigeria
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-consociational strategies (devolve power to local governments, make 36 new states, BUT federal system not as much squiggle. President must get 25% of votes in at least 2/3 of state. Prez appoint as minister from squiggle)
-limited success (tensions still obviously there) |
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What defines the middle east?
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-geography (confusing, not clearly defined boundaries)
-arabic language (spread around wide geogrpahic sphere. other languages too...farsi, turkish) -religion (Islam dominant form, takes many different forms. Christian and Jewish minotiries) -History (The Ottoman Empire, kicked out by Brits and French, outside influences, late creation of states) -regimes (weakness of democratic governments, only one "free") |
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Forms of Middle Eastern regimes
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1) Repressive monarchy (no system of meaningful consultation, Saudi Arabia. lack of liberal freedoms)
2) Constitutional monarchy (Britain in 17th century, regimes institution that squiggle squiggle) 3) Repressive dictatorship (Syria, limited political contestation) 4) Less repressive dictatorship (Morocco, Egypt. Not same extent of human rights) 5) Theocracy. Iran. |
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Is Iran moving away from theocracy?
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Islamic republic: supreme leader, political and spiritual leader. clerical forces are very powerful.
Revolutionary guard: 1979, made by clerics, wanted to help squigglthy of squigglthy How changed? Article! growing power of the president. |
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Explanations for lack of democracy in the middle east: state formation
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Like Africa, cramming together very diverse regions. Iraq. Strong man helped country stay together.
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Explanations for lack of democracy in middle east: oil!
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Resource curse
1/3 of world's oil production Saudi Arabia produces 25% of all of the world's oil Look at Nigeria! leads to corruption. Raises stakes for political control. Strong military. Do the Iran reading! |
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Explanations for lack of democracy in the middle east: US role!
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-US policy in Israel
-regions steer troubles to whip up fervor against Israel -US claims democracy? Done a lot to prop up dictatorships that are beneficial to US financial interests. |
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Explanations for lack of democracy in the middle east: Culture (muslim exceptionalism)
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Huntington, reading for last week
-Islam incompatible with democracy? -lacks separation between political and religious spheres -freedom of religion not protected -individualism not favored -doesn't foster political pluralsm |
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Counter arguments to muslim exceptionalism
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-too simplistic
-religions all have multiple dimensions -actions of human beings instead of whole religion -Iran: doesn't represent only representation of Islam -remember the article: Muslim Democracy and Islamists |
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Historical background for Iraq
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-shaped by outsiders (Ottomans, then British, British occupied for 12 years, and determined boundaries. Combined people from different religions, clans, etc. Formal independence in 1932)
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Nature of Iraqi state (basically, history after independence)
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-like Africa, Brits not there for very long time, not a lot of time to construct meaningful apparatus
-Brit decision to favor Sunnis created LOTS of ethnic resentment -Installed regime, chose monarch, not legitimate with the people! Chose a Sunni. Regime from beginning was seen as a tool of British -Thrown out by 1958, unstable governments, Saddam in late 1960s, totalitarian |
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Democratization in Iraq: effective state
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-lack of state (legitimate means of coersion)
-militias, Kurds running their own government -never had a bureaucratic rational state...no Max Weber -not legitimate! |
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Democratization in Iraq: economic development
|
-Eva article
-relation between wealth and democracy -Iraq hasn't reached threshold -resource curse (overlaps with ethnic conflicts) |
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Democratization in Iraq: Ethnic heterogeneity
|
0ethnic cleansing in Baghdad
-oil-producing region are basically in Kurdish and Shi'ite region -Sunnis concerned about being minorities -consociational mechanisms (federalism, PR, parliamentary, 2/3 something support) |
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Democratization in Iraq: leadership
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Elites dedicated to democracy? Absense of POPULAR and POWERFUL people interested in democracy
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Democratization in Iraq: Culture
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-Lakoff, Huntington
-Public opinion, people like democracy! -Will that bitch stop loudly sucking on her candy cane!!! -in Baghdad, people starting to identify with Iraqi identity (but only 28% throughout the country in 2006) -people increasingly supporting separation of church and politics EXCEPT for Shi'ites -Differences of role of religion and politics. |
