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37 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Define: Brachiation

the movement in which the suspended body swings between trees by the arms


which two primates are particularly good brachiators?

Gibbons and siamangs

Which apes are knuckle walkers?

Gorillas and chimpanzees

Which apes are fist walkers

chimpanzee

what are the 4 uses of the upper limb in humans?

locomotion (infants only)


climbing


manipulation


throwing


What are the 4 similarities between the ape and human pectoral girdle?

-apes and humans have equal freedom of movement


-the scapular is not fixed in apes or humans


-long clavicle acts as a strut for arms


-the scapular is positioned dorsally

what is the advantage of a dorsally positioned scapula?

good for:


-manipulation


-climbing


-swimming


-throwing

similarities of human and ape humerus

greater and lesser tubercle are positioned well below the humeral head thus allowing upward movement

similarities of ape and human glenoid fossa

-wide, round and flat


-lack supraglenoid tubercles which limit upward movement

the main difference between human and ape pectoral girdle and shoulder joint

humans lack strength in extended position

list 2 differences in the human and ape clavicle

-ape clavicle has cranial twist where atlantoclavicularis attaches


-ape clavicle is more superiorly oriented at lateral end

what is the function of the atlantoclavicularis muscle?

elevates the clavicle

What is the difference between the human and ape supraspinus fossa, what is the significance of this?

ape supraspinus fossa is larger allowing for a larger suprispinatus

what is the difference between the human and ape orientation of the glenoid fossa

glenoid fossa is oriented more cranially in chimps

What are the three differences between the ape and human proximal humerus?

-ape has deeper bicipital groove


-ape has more medially facing head


-ape has an attachment for pectoralis abdominis muscle, which humans don't have

name this muscle

name this muscle

Pectoralis abdominis

the two major evolutionary changes to the upper limb (broadly speaking)

-those associated with loss of strength in extended position


-those associated with increased ability to manipulate objects

What do Ardipithicus' pectoral girdle remains tell us about its method of locomotion?

-no pectoral girdle remains were found however forearm remains sugest Ardipithicus was arboreal

What do Australipithicus afarensis' (Lucy) pectoral girdle remains tell us about its method of locomotion?

very little clavicle was preserved however scapular and humerei were. Cranially oriented glenoid fossa suggests the upper limb was used in an elevated position.

What shape is the head of Australipithicus afarensis' (Lucy) humeral head compared to that of an ape?

less spherical

What is the nature of Paranthropus' humerus? what does this indicate about its method of locomotion?

-very robust


-very powerful muscle attachment sites, especially deltoid indicating arboreal locomotion.

what does Australopithicus sediba's pectoral girdle tell us about its locomotion

cranially oriented glenoid fossa and prounouced attachment for the conoid ligament on the clavicle indicate Australopithicus sediba was aboreal

What is the nature of Homo erectus' pectoral girdle

similar to H. sapiens

What is the 'hunting hypothesis'

the theory that the human pectoral girdle and shoulder joint evolved as it is suited to throwing

what 5 characteristics make the human pectoral girdle and shoulder joint suited to throwing?

-dosally located scapula


-humeral torsion


-long clavicle


-lateral glenoid fossa


-storage of elastic energy in the ligaments of the shoulder

What effect did the evolution of the modern H. sapiens shoulder have on the lifestyle of humans?

-better hunters


-ate more meat


-larger bodies and brains

how fast can modern humans throw relative to apes

modern humans=145 km/h


apes=32km/h

what is the fastest movement the human body can produce?

throwing at 145km/h

what are the 4 medial rotators of the humerus?

-pectoralis major


-deltoids


-teres major


-latisimus dorsi

What are two characteristics of the Homo neanderthalensis scapula relative to human scapula?

-neanderthal scapular is much more robust


-there is a dorsal sulcus on the axillary border for the insertion of teres minor

what is the significance of the Neaderthal's dorsal sulcus on the axillary border for the insertion of teres minor

-stronger teres minor=stronger medial rotation

which is longer, human or H. Neaderthalensis clavicle?

Neaderthal clavicle is longer providing greater strut for a large thorax

What is the difference between the neanderthal and human infraspinus fossa? what is the significance of this?

neaderthal infraspinus fossa is larger allowing greater lateral humus rotation. this is needed to counter the effects of large adducter muscles.

what are three characteristics of neanderthal's humerus, what does this indicated about how it used its arms?

-crests of pectoralis major and deltoid are very well developed


-very robust shaft and greater cortical thickness than humans


-this indicates that the neaderthal was a very good thrower

does Homo floresiensis have a cranial twist in its clavicle?

no, it is similar to a human clavicle

in which direction is the glenoid fossa of the Homo floresiencis oriented? what form of locomotion does this suggest?

H. floresiensis glenoid fossa is oriented laterally. This indicates that it was not aboreal

What is Homo floresiencis humeral torsion? what does this suggest about activities carried out by the arms?

Homo floresiencis humeral torsion=115 degrees compared to human 140 degrees. this indicates that it would have held its arms differently and may have had trouble manipulating objects