Comparative Anatomy - Test 2

Front 1

Skeletal muscle

Back 1

Striated and voluntary

Front 2

Cardiac muscle

Back 2

Striated and involuntary

Front 3

Smooth muscle

Back 3

Unstriated and involuntary

Front 4

Neurogenic

Back 4

Signal originates from neuron

Front 5

Myogenic

Back 5

Signal originates within muscle tissue

Front 6

Syncytium

Back 6

A single cell that contains hundreds of nuclei

Front 7

Multiunit

Back 7

Contraction requires more than one muscle system to control and complete

Front 8

Unitary

Back 8

Controlled by only one system to contract

Front 9

Endomysium

Back 9

Layer of connective tissue that surrounds skeletal muscle fibers

Front 10

Fasciculus

Back 10

Bundle of muscle fibers

Front 11

Perimysium

Back 11

Connective tissue that surrounds fasciculus

Front 12

Epimysium

Back 12

Connective tissue that surrounds entire skeletal muscle

Front 13

Tendon

Back 13

Connective tissue that connects muscles to each other, at the ends of muscles

Front 14

Origin

Back 14

Muscle attachment site that is stationary

Front 15

Insertion

Back 15

The attachment at a site that moves as the muscle contracts

Front 16

Lever

Back 16

Rigid structure that moves around a fixed point, bone

Front 17

Fulcrum

Back 17

Pivot point. Joints

Front 18

Effort

Back 18

Causes movement

Front 19

Load

Back 19

Resists movement

Front 20

Patterns of fascicles

Back 20

Parallel, fusiform, circular, triangular, and pennate

Front 21

Agonist (muscle)

Back 21

Prime mover. Contracts and pulls

Front 22

Antagonist (muscle)

Back 22

Stretches and yields

Front 23

Synergists

Back 23

Assist prime mover and stabilize intermediate joints to prevent unwanted movement

Front 24

Fixators

Back 24

Stabilize the origin of the prime mover to increase efficiency

Front 25

A bands

Back 25

Dark fibers

Front 26

I bands

Back 26

Light fibers

Front 27

Motor unit

Back 27

One nerve cell and all skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates

Front 28

H zone

Back 28

Myosin only. Narrow center with only thick filaments.

Front 29

Z line/disc

Back 29

Actin only. Dense protein that separates one sarcomere from the next.

Front 30

M line

Back 30

Supporting protein in H zone, middle of sarcomere.

Front 31

Concentric (Isotonic) Contraction

Back 31

Contraction inducing a movement of the body

Front 32

Isometric Contraction

Back 32

Tension with no or little shortening

Front 33

Eccentric (Negative Work) Contraction

Back 33

Increase in length as tension develops

Front 34

Tonic muscles

Back 34

Multiple motor end plates. The extent and force of contraction are graded by the frequency of nerve stimulation. Slow. Eye muscles.

Front 35

Twitch (phasic) muscles

Back 35

Each muscle has only one motor end plate.

Front 36

Myoglobin

Back 36

Slow twitch, red.

Front 37

Glycolysis

Back 37

Fast twitch, white.

Front 38

Somatic mesoderm

Back 38

Skeletal muscle

Front 39

Splanchic mesoderm

Back 39

Visceral/smooth muscle. Digestive and circulatory system.

Front 40

Lateral plate mesoderm

Back 40

Body cavity inside. Separates somatic and splanchic mesoderm.

Front 41

Trigeminal V nerve

Back 41

Mandibular muscles

Front 42

Facial VII nerve

Back 42

Hyoid muscles

Front 43

Dorsal rami

Back 43

Epibranchial nerves

Front 44

Ventral rami

Back 44

Hypobranchial muscles

Front 45

Dorsal Rami of spinal nerves

Back 45

Epaxial musculature. Trunk and tail.

Front 46

Ventral rami of spinal nerves

Back 46

Hypaxial musculature. Trunk and tail. Appendicular muscles.

Front 47

Subvertebral group

Back 47

Ventral to vertebral column.

Front 48

Ventral group.

Back 48

Rectus abdominis. Supports abdomen and contribute to lateral/ventral flexion of the trunk.

Front 49

Lateral group

Back 49

Obliques and Transversus abdominis

Front 50

Abdominal muscle functions

Back 50

Protect abdominal viscera, move the vertebral column, assist in breathing, compress the abdomen

Front 51

Diaphragm

Back 51

Major breathing muscle. Three openings for aorta, esophagus, and inferior vena cava.

Front 52

Femoral triangle

Back 52

Surface area that lies over femoral nerve, artery, vein, and inguinal lymph nodes. Medial to lateral, VAN.

Front 53

Mastication

Back 53

Food is mechanically broken down.

Front 54

Stomadeum

Back 54

Invaginates at front of embryo and extends to archenteron

Front 55

Archenteron

Back 55

Primordial digestive tract. Foregut, midgut, and hindgut.

Front 56

Proctodaeum

Back 56

Invaginates from caudal end of embryo and extends to archenteron

Front 57

Suspension feeding

Back 57

Filter feeding

Front 58

Suction feeding

Back 58

Open mouth, suck in food

Front 59

Ram feeding

Back 59

Open mouth, swim over food

Front 60

Inertial feeding

Back 60

Inertia of food is used to move it in oral cavity

Front 61

Cranial kinesis

Back 61

Other joints in skull besides mandibular joint

Front 62

Soft palate

Back 62

Divides rostral and oral parts of the pharynx

Front 63

Elimination

Back 63

Passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment

Front 64

Glottis and epiglottis

Back 64

Prevents food from going into the lungs

Front 65

Shark buoyancy

Back 65

Cartilaginous skeleton, lipid storage in liver, urea in body fluid

Front 66

Physoclistous

Back 66

Fills via exchange through blood

Front 67

Phystostomous

Back 67

Fills from digestive tract

Front 68

Primary swimmers

Back 68

Sole or primary pattern of locomotion. Bony fish.

Front 69

Secondary swimmers

Back 69

Terrestrial vertebrates that have returned to water.

Front 70

Anguilliform

Back 70

Most of trunk and tail move back and forth for swimming.

Front 71

Carangiform

Back 71

Caudal half of tail for swimming.

Front 72

Thunniform

Back 72

Mostly tail for swimming.

Front 73

Ostraciform

Back 73

Only tail for swimming. Boxfish.

Front 74

Oscillatory swimmers

Back 74

Uses fins or limbs.

Front 75

Nucleus pulposus

Back 75

Remnant of the notochord

Front 76

Cursorial

Back 76

Running species. Narrow stance.

Front 77

Saltatorial

Back 77

Hopping locomotion

Front 78

Polyphodont

Back 78

Multiple generations of tooth replacement

Front 79

Diphyodont

Back 79

Two sets of teeth: baby and permanent

Front 80

Monophyodont

Back 80

A single set of teeth

Front 81

Homodont

Back 81

Teeth of similar shape

Front 82

Heterodont

Back 82

Teeth of different shapes

Front 83

Acrodont

Back 83

Teeth on top of jaw

Front 84

Pleurodont

Back 84

Teeth on side of jaw

Front 85

Tecodont

Back 85

Teeth in has sockets

Front 86

Carnassial pair

Back 86

Modified premolars and molars for shearing

Front 87

Bunodont

Back 87

Low cusped omnivorous molars, pigs and humans

Front 88

Hypsodont

Back 88

High crowned molars, horses

Front 89

Stomach

Back 89

Specializes in digesting proteins

Front 90

Rumen

Back 90

Fermentation in herbivores

Front 91

Reticulum

Back 91

Particle separation in herbivores

Front 92

Omasum

Back 92

Water absorption in herbivores

Front 93

Abomasum

Back 93

True cow stomach, protein digestion

Front 94

Small intestine

Back 94

Absorption. Villi and microvilli increase nutrient absorption rates.

Front 95

Duodenum

Back 95

First portion of small intestine

Front 96

Gall bladder

Back 96

Stores bile. Bile emulsifies fat.

Front 97

Pancreas

Back 97

Secretes digestive enzymes

Front 98

Hindgut

Back 98

Caecum

Front 99

Foregut

Back 99

Chambered stomach

Front 100

Coprophagy

Back 100

Feces eating by smaller mammals