Comparative Anatomy Lab Quiz 1

Front 1

Anterior

Back 1

horizontal longitudinal axis direction towards the head

Front 2

Posterior

Back 2

horizontal longitudinal axis of direction towards the tail

Front 3

Anterior synonym

Back 3

Cranial

Front 4

Posterior synonym

Back 4

caudal

Front 5

Ventral

Back 5

vertical toward the belly or the ground

Front 6

Dorsal

Back 6

vertical toward the back or up

Front 7

Medial

Back 7

horizontal direction towards the midline

Front 8

Lateral

Back 8

horizontal direction away from the midline

Front 9

Proximal

Back 9

position closer to the trunk or referenced structure

Front 10

Distal

Back 10

position further from the trunk or referenced structure

Front 11

Deep

Back 11

further from the body surface

Front 12

Superficial

Back 12

position closer to the body surface

Front 13

Sagittal plane

Back 13

A

Front 14

Frontal plane

Back 14

B

Front 15

Transverse plane

Back 15

C

Front 16

Phylogeny

Back 16

a hypothesis of the evolutionary relationships among a group of species

Front 17

systematics

Back 17

field of biology that attempts to describe the evolutionary history of life

Front 18

Classification

Back 18

hierarchical grouping

Front 19

taxa

Back 19

groups

Front 20

taxonomy

Back 20

practice of classification according to an accepted set of rules

Front 21

nomenclature

Back 21

practice of applying names to recognized groups

Front 22

dendrogram

Back 22

a depiction of a branching, tree-like pattern of common ancestors and their descendents

Front 23

2 basic forms of dendrogram

Back 23

1- phylogenetic tree
2- cladogram

Front 24

phylogenetic tree

Back 24

shows pattern of common ancestry, including time and morphological divergence

Front 25

cladogram

Back 25

only shows pattern of common ancestry not time or morphological divergence

Front 26

branch

Back 26

a segment along the cladogram

Front 27

node

Back 27

point where 2 branches join

Front 28

clade

Back 28

group consisting of a common ancestor and all of it's descendants

Front 29

3 forms of groups on a phylogenetic tree

Back 29

1- monophyletic
2- paraphyletic
3- polyphyletic

Front 30

monophyletic group

Back 30

considered to be a natural group, membership is determined only by the natural process of evolution

Front 31

paraphyletic group

Back 31

a group that consists of a common ancestor and some but not all of it's descendants

Front 32

polyphyletic group

Back 32

a group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of all it's members

Front 33

Cladistics

Back 33

aka - phylogenetic systematics, attempt to determine evolutionary relationships using only monophyletic groups or homology

Front 34

plesiomorphic characters

Back 34

characters that arose in the past w/ a common ancestor

Front 35

apomorphic characters

Back 35

characters that are derived or arise from a more recent ancestor

Front 36

homology

Back 36

character that is shared through descent

Front 37

symplesiomorphy

Back 37

ancestral homology, inherited from a distant common ancestor

Front 38

synapomorphy

Back 38

shared derived character, feature shared by 2 or more taxa that arose from a recent common ancestor

Front 39

analogy

Back 39

homoplasy, structural similarity that evolved independently

Front 40

traditional systematics

Back 40

self chosen characteristics w/ which to show evolutionary relationship

Front 41

Phenetics

Back 41

looked at as many characters as possible

Front 42

problem w/ phenetics

Back 42

takes both homology and analogy in hopes enough data would allow homology to out weigh analogy

Front 43

autapomorphy

Back 43

a type of apomorphy, character that is present in just one taxa, derived character

Front 44

sister groups

Back 44

taxon that is most closely related to your in group

Front 45

in group

Back 45

the group or species you want to figure out the evolutionary history for.

Front 46

out group

Back 46

all groups that are not your in group, includes the sister group

Front 47

step 1 for cladistics analysis

Back 47

select a taxa

Front 48

step 2 for cladistics analysis

Back 48

select an out group

Front 49

step 3 for cladistics analysis

Back 49

select characters for the analysis

Front 50

step 4 for cladistics analysis

Back 50

determine the polarity of the characters, what is ancestral and what is derived, use the out group to determine

Front 51

step 5 for cladistics analysis

Back 51

construct a data matrix

Front 52

step 6 for cladistics analysis

Back 52

count the number of shared derived characters

Front 53

parasimonias

Back 53

developing tree w/ the shortest length, least amount of steps and rejecting tree w/ more steps