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358 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The level of hazard posed by a structure can be pre planned during its ______. |
Construction P207 |
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Local jurisdictions often adopt one or more ____ delegating authority for protecting the public from fires and other life safety hazards. |
Ordinances P208 |
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Rather than write its own fire code, the governing body may choose to adopt the current edition of the International Code Councils International Fire Code (IFC) or NFPA ___, “Fire Code”. |
NFPA 1 P208 |
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When conducting inspections or pre planning buildings or facilities, company officers should refer to their ____ division if they have questions regarding potential code infractions. |
Prevention P208 |
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When conducting inspections or pre planning buildings or facilities, company officers should refer to their ____ division if they have questions regarding potential code infractions. |
Prevention P208 |
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_____ are legal documents that govern activities at various levels of government. |
Codes P208 |
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The term “____ code”, describes a set of requirements that are similar to a standard, and these requirements generally are “_______ codes”. A consensus organization, such as NFPA or the ICC, develops model codes that contain agreed upon requirements for fire protection, building construction, structural safety, building _____, and life safety. |
Model code Prescriptive code Building sanitation P208 |
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Currently there are ____ model code organizations in the United States and one in Canada. |
Two P208 |
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Facilities that are under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) enforce a different set of codes. Those codes are known as the United ______ criteria (UFC). |
United Facilities Criteria P209 |
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The term “_____ Standard” refers to a document that a committee of experts has developed and agreed upon before publication. Consensus standard committees are usually represented by trade associations, scientific and professional societies, special interest groups or persons, government agencies, and standards-developed organizations. |
“Consensus Standard” P209 |
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The term “_____ Standard” refers to a document that a committee of experts has developed and agreed upon before publication. Consensus standard committees are usually represented by trade associations, scientific and professional societies, special interest groups or persons, government agencies, and standards-developed organizations. |
“Consensus Standard” P209 |
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The _____ develops and publishes the majority of the consensus standards concerning fire protection, electrical systems, and life safety systems in the U.S. and Canada. |
NFPA P209 |
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The term “_____ Standard” refers to a document that a committee of experts has developed and agreed upon before publication. Consensus standard committees are usually represented by trade associations, scientific and professional societies, special interest groups or persons, government agencies, and standards-developed organizations. |
“Consensus Standard” P209 |
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The _____ develops and publishes the majority of the consensus standards concerning fire protection, electrical systems, and life safety systems in the U.S. and Canada. |
NFPA P209 |
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NFPA ___ “Fire Code” |
NFPA 1 P209 |
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The term “_____ Standard” refers to a document that a committee of experts has developed and agreed upon before publication. Consensus standard committees are usually represented by trade associations, scientific and professional societies, special interest groups or persons, government agencies, and standards-developed organizations. |
“Consensus Standard” P209 |
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The _____ develops and publishes the majority of the consensus standards concerning fire protection, electrical systems, and life safety systems in the U.S. and Canada. |
NFPA P209 |
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NFPA ___ “Fire Code” |
NFPA 1 P209 |
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NFPA ___ “ standard for the inspection, testing and maintenance of water based fire protection systems.” |
NFPA 25 P209 |
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NFPA ___ “ national electric code”. |
NFPA 70 P209 |
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NFPA ___, “national fire alarm, and signaling code”. |
NFPA 72 P209 |
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NFPA ___, “national fire alarm, and signaling code”. |
NFPA 72 P209 |
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NFPA __ “ life, safety code”. |
NFPA 101 P209 |
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NFPA ___, “national fire alarm, and signaling code”. |
NFPA 72 P209 |
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NFPA __ “ life, safety code”. |
NFPA 101 P209 |
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NFPA ___ “ standard system for the identification of the hazardous materials for emergency response”. |
NFPA 704 P209 |
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NFPA ___, “national fire alarm, and signaling code”. |
NFPA 72 P209 |
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NFPA __ “ life, safety code”. |
NFPA 101 P209 |
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NFPA ___ “ standard system for the identification of the hazards of materials for emergency response”. |
NFPA 704 P209 |
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NFPA __ “ building, construction and safety code”. |
NFPA 5000 P209 |
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NFPA ___, “national fire alarm, and signaling code”. |
NFPA 72 P209 |
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NFPA __ “ life, safety code”. |
NFPA 101 P209 |
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NFPA ___ “ standard system for the identification of the hazards of materials for emergency response”. |
NFPA 704 P209 |
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NFPA __ “ building, construction and safety code”. |
NFPA 5000 P209 |
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NFPA ___ “ standard for the installation of sprinkler systems” |
NFPA 13 P209 |
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ASTM INTERNATIONAL is a consensus-based standards writing and testing organization. _____ ________ develops testing process. Is that other testing organizations use the development of safety products. |
ASTM International P210 |
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E__-__ : “ standard test method for surface burning characteristics of building materials.” |
E84-18 P210 |
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E__-__ : “ standard test method for surface burning characteristics of building materials.” |
E84-18 P210 |
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E__-__ : “ standard test methods for fire tests of roof coverings.” |
E108-17 P210 |
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E__-__ : “ standard test method for surface burning characteristics of building materials.” |
E84-18 P210 |
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E__-__ : “ standard test methods for fire tests of roof coverings.” |
E108-17 P210 |
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E__-__ : “ standard test methods for fire tests of building, construction and materials.” |
E119-18 P210 |
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____ ______ Is an independent, not for profit, product safety testing and certification organization. UL ha developed more than ___ standards for safety. |
Underwriters Laboratories 800 P210 |
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The _____ _____ _____ ____ is a private nonprofit organization that administers and coordinate the voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. |
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) P210 |
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Besides accrediting organizations that develop consensus standards, ANSI Includes an ____ process for manufacturers who wish to contest test results of the product or materials. |
Appeals P210 |
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Many ANSI standards are cross-referenced between ____and occupational safety and health administration documents(OSHA). |
NFPA 210 |
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Locally adopted building codes regulate the ___ of construction based on the intended use structure size and the presents or lack of an automatic fire suppression system. The construction materials and their fire resistance to fire exposure. Determine the ___ of building construction. |
Type Type P211 |
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The ____ ____ ____ (__) adopt and Amend’s building codes to meet local requirements. In the United States, they are currently ___ major model building codes. NFPA 5000 “ building construction and safety code.” And the International code councils (ICC) , “International Building Code (IBC)”. |
Authority having Jurisdiction (AHJ) Two P211 |
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Both NFPA and the IBC classify buildings in ___ types of construction (Type 1 through Type 5). |
Five P212 |
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Type __ construction (also known as fire resistive construction) provides the highest level of protection from fire spread, as well as structural collapse. All structural members are composed of noncombustible or limited combustible materials with a high fire resistance rating, so that the structural members do not add to the fuel load. |
Type 1 P212 |
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Type __ construction can be expected to remain structurally stable longer than other construction types during a fire, and is considered to be the most collapse resistant. |
Type 1 P212 |
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Type __ structures are often incorrectly referred to as being “fire proof”. |
Type 1 P212 |
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Buildings classified as type ___ construction, also known as noncombustible construction are composed of materials that will not contribute to the Fire development or spread. Type _ construction materials do not meet the stricter requirements of those materials used in a type one building classification, but still do not add to the fuel load. |
Type 2 Type 2 P212 |
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Type __ The most common form of this construction type includes metal, framing, members, metal, cladding, or concrete block wall construction and unprotected, open web joists supporting metal roof decks. These buildings are more prone to collapse than type one because they are constructed of lighter weight materials with lower fire resistance ratings. |
Type 2 P212 |
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Type ___ construction (also known as ordinary construction) is commonly found in Mercantile, business, residential structures and older schools. This construction type requires that exterior walls and structural members be constructed of noncombustible or limited combustible. Interior walls, columns, beams floors and roofs are completely or partially constructed of ____. |
Type 3 Wood P213 |
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Type __ (, also known as heavy timber construction) is characterized by the use of large dimensional lumber or laminated wood. Type ___ structures are extremely stable and resistant to collapse due to the sheer mass of their structural members. |
Type IV (4) Type 4 P213 |
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Type __ construction is commonly known as “wood frame.” |
Type 5 P214 |
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Type V construction consists of framing materials that include wood 2x4 or 2x__-inch studs. |
2x6 inch P214 |
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Type 5 construction includes the use of prefabricated wood trust system in place of solid floor ____. |
Joists P215 |
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When wood I-beams are used, They are usually constructed of a central piece of thin plywood or wood composite glued to two 2 x __” pieces forming the top and bottom of the truss. |
2x4” P215 |
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_____ built homes (also known as manufactured, pre-fabricated modular and industrialized housing) |
Factory built P215 |
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____ homes take many forms and include Mobil homes that have an axle assembly under the frame. |
Factory Built P215 |
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_______ homes are the most common type of factory built homes almost completely prefabricated prior to delivery and the least expensive. |
Manufactured P215 |
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______ homes are not required to conform to model building codes. They are required to conform to a US Department of housing and urban development standard that is similar to type five construction. |
Manufactured homes P215 |
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Factory built homes constructed before ___ have less fire resistance than those of current construction penis. |
1976 P215
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An NFPA analysis of fires in residential occupancies indicates a steady decline in fires in manufactured home since ____. |
1980 P216 |
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_____ homes: modular or sectional homes, must comply with the same local building codes outside to build homes. Only about _% of all factory built structures are modular homes.. |
Modular 6% P216 |
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_____ homes: modular or sexual homes, must comply with the same local building codes outside to build homes. Only about _% of all factory built structures are modular homes.. |
Modular 6% P216 |
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____ homes : penalized homes are assembled on site from preconstructed panels made of foam insulated sandwiched between sheets of plywood. The individual panels are normally 8 feet wide by up to __ feet long. |
Panelized 40 P216 |
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______ Homes: precut homes consist of individual parts that are custom cut, and must be assembled on site. Pole houses, Log homes, post and beam construction A-frames. |
Pre-cut homes P216 |
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______ Homes: precut homes consist of individual parts that are custom cut, and must be assembled on site. Pole houses, Log homes, post and beam construction A-frames. |
Pre-cut homes P216 |
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______ homes : one of the more recent developments in factory built homes, the hybrid modular structure includes elements of modular, design, and ______ design. |
Hybrid Panelized P216 |
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______ Homes: precut homes consist of individual parts that are custom cut, and must be assembled on site. Pole houses, Log homes, post and beam construction A-frames. |
Pre-cut homes P216 |
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______ homes : one of the more recent developments in factory built homes, the hybrid modular structure includes elements of modular, design, and ______ design. |
Hybrid Panelized P216 |
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An occupancy ______ can be defined as the use of all or a portion of a building or structure. Occupancy classifications are typically a consideration during inspection and preplanning. |
Classification P216 |
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Model code organizations have developed classifications that separate each occupancy into risk categories based upon the ___ of the structure or space. |
Use P218 |
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An assembly occupancy is any structure or compartment (room) that is used for the gathering at __ or more persons. Many possible uses fall under this general classification, including houses of worship, theaters, restaurants, and arenas. |
50 or more P222 |
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A church is an ___ occupancy |
Assembly P222 |
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____ occupancies provide a workplace for a large number of occupants in an office environment. |
Business P222 |
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____- NFPA 101 NFPA 5000 building construction and safety code and ICC describe an educational occupancy as a structure that is used by __ or more persons through the 12th grade that meets for __ or more hours in a day or more than __ hours in a week. |
Educational 6 4 12 P222 |
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Gymnasiums, lecture hall and dining halls follow the requirements for ______ occupancies. |
Assembly P222 |
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Daycare facilities, providing supervision or personal care service for ___ or more children older than 2 1/2 years old are also classified within the educational category. |
6 P222 |
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NFPA classifies manufacturing and processing facilities as ______ occupancies. |
Industrial P222 |
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_____- buildings classified as group I Institutional by the ICC codes are occupancies in which people, with physical limitations due to health or age are cared for or provided medical treatment. |
Institutional P223 |
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Healthcare occupancies, provide health or medical services to ____ or more individuals who cannot evacuating cells during an emergency without assistance from staff or emergency responders. |
4 P223 |
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Ambulatory healthcare occupancies are buildings or portions of buildings that provide medical services to __ or more patients on an outpatient basis. Patients in the Silletti’s may be in capable of self preservation without assistance due to anesthesia or medication. |
4 P223 |
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_________ health care. Urgent care facilities are included in this category due to the nature of treatment and inability of patients to care for themselves. The ICC codes, classify, outpatient care facilities as Group B _____ occupancies. |
Ambulatory Business P223 |
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As defined in NFPA 1 and NFPA, 101 _____ and ______ facilities are locations for the occupants are held under restraint or security. |
Detention and Correctional P223 |
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Detention and a correctional The ICC codes include these facilities within the classification of Group I _______ Subdivision I-3. |
Institutional P223 |
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NFPA one and NFPA 101 describe residential board and care occupancies as locations were lodging boarding and personal care are provided to ___ or more residents who are unrelated to the owner or operator. |
4 P223 |
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The evacuation capabilities of a residential board and care occupancy must be properly classified as ____, ____, and ____. |
Slow Prompt Impractical 223 |
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Day care occupancies provide care, maintenance and supervision of persons of any age for periods of less than ____ hours per day. |
24 P224 |
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The ICC model codes include provisions for day care facilities within the classifications of Group E ___ and Group I ___ subdivision I -4. |
Educational Institutional P224 |
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Each of the model codes defines a _____ occupancy as any building that is used to display or sell merchandise. Mercantile occupancies contain both large quantities of combustible materials any potential for high life loss. |
Mercantile P224 |
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Each of the model codes defines a _____ occupancy as any building that is used to display or sell merchandise. Mercantile occupancies contain both large quantities of combustible materials any potential for high life loss. |
Mercantile P224 |
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The NFPA divides residential occupancies into ___ categories. One and two family dwelling Lodging or rooming house Hotel Dormitory Apartment Building P224 |
5 P224 |
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Each of the model codes defines a _____ occupancy as any building that is used to display or sell merchandise. Mercantile occupancies contain both large quantities of combustible materials any potential for high life loss. |
Mercantile P224 |
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The NFPA divides residential occupancies into ___ categories. One and two family dwelling Lodging or rooming house Hotel Dormitory Apartment Building P224 |
5 P224 |
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Occupancies that are used to store, goods, merchandise, vehicles, or animals are generally referred to as ____ facilities. |
Storage P224 |
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The MRI space in a facility is broken down into ___ zones. Zone 1: common hospital (facility corridor) Zone 2: MRI waiting room Zone 3: Restricted corridor that accesses MRI scanning room Zone 4: Scanner room which is separated from Zone 3 by the scan room door. |
4 P226 |
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The MRI space in a facility is broken down into ___ zones. Zone 1: common hospital (facility corridor) Zone 2: MRI waiting room Zone 3: Restricted corridor that accesses MRI scanning room Zone 4: Scanner room which is separated from Zone 3 by the scan room door. |
4 P226 |
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MRI SAFETY Never bring emergency equipment into Zones __ and __, even during a fire, since the magnet fields may be present. If an incident requires emergency responders to enter the MRI room with equipment, the MRI machine may need to be deactivated (Quenched) before entry. |
Zones 3 and 4 P226 |
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The _____/______ classification, which is only recognized by the ICC, is used for buildings or structures that do not fit any other classifications. |
Utility/miscellaneous P226 |
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In general, the NFPA ___ does not require the separation of occupancies in the same structure. |
NFPA 101 P227 |
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The __ does not have separate occupancy, classifications for multiple use occupancies. |
ICC P227 |
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Model codes usually require fire-resistance rated _____ regarding incidental use. |
Separations P228 |
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Model codes usually require fire-resistance rated _____ regarding incidental use. |
Separations P228 |
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NFPA ___ “ standard for fire doors, and other opening protectives” |
NFPA 80 P228 |
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Model codes usually require fire-resistance rated _____ regarding incidental use. |
Separations P228 |
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NFPA ___ “ standard for fire doors, and other opening protectives” |
NFPA 80 P228 |
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Structures contain multiple occupancy, types are considered to be ____-____ occupancies. |
Mixed use P228 |
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Assembly and educational occupancies are not permitted in the same building with a Factory/Industrial High hazard group __-_ occupancy classification. |
H-1 P228 |
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____________ and alarm systems Designed to trigger an alarm when a fire or potential fire is detected. |
Fire detection and alarm systems P229 |
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____________ and alarm systems Designed to trigger an alarm when a fire or potential fire is detected. |
Fire detection and alarm systems P229 |
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____-May be activated manually. Local alarm systems share one common feature: they initiate an alarm signal only on the premises where they are installed. |
Local P229 |
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____________ and alarm systems Designed to trigger an alarm when a fire or potential fire is detected. |
Fire detection and alarm systems P229 |
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____-May be activated manually. Local alarm systems share one common feature: they initiate an alarm signal only on the premises where they are installed. |
Local P229 |
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The primary purpose of ___ alarm systems is to alert systems is to alert building occupants to a fire so that they will leave the building. |
Local P229 |
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____________ and alarm systems Designed to trigger an alarm when a fire or potential fire is detected. |
Fire detection and alarm systems P229 |
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____-May be activated manually. Local alarm systems share one common feature: they initiate an alarm signal only on the premises where they are installed. |
Local P229 |
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The primary purpose of ___ alarm systems is to alert systems is to alert building occupants to a fire so that they will leave the building. |
Local P229 |
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______ -used only in communities that have municipal alarm box systems. These systems are installed within a building and connected directly to a municipal alarm box located on the street adjacent to the building. When a fire activates the auxiliary alarm system, the system transmits a signal to the fire and emergency services organization. |
Auxiliary P229 |
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_____ station- connected directly to the communications dispatch center of the fire and emergency services organization. Remote station stations usually use a leased telephone line, Not municipal fire alarm boxes, to transmit an alarm. Commonly used in communities not served by a central station system remote station systems may be coded or non-Coded. |
Remote Station P229 |
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_____ station- connected directly to the communications dispatch center of the fire and emergency services organization. Commonly used in communities not served by a central station system remote station systems may be coded or non-Coded. |
Remote Station P229 |
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______- used to protect large commercial and industrial buildings, high-rise buildings and groups of commonly old buildings and a single location, such as a college campus, or an industrial complex. Each building in the complex is protected by a separate system, connected to a common receiving point somewhere on the premises. The receiving point was being a separate structure or any part of the structure that is remote from any hazardous operations. An employee who is training system operation in the protocols for handling system. Alarms should constantly staff the receiving point. |
Proprietary P229 |
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_____ station- connected directly to the communications dispatch center of the fire and emergency services organization. Commonly used in communities not served by a central station system remote station systems may be coded or non-Coded. |
Remote Station P229 |
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______- used to protect large commercial and industrial buildings, high-rise buildings in groups of commonly old buildings in a single location, such as a college campus, or an industrial complex. Each building in the complex is protected by a separate system, connected to a common receiving point somewhere on the premises. The receiving point was being a separate structure or any part of the structure that is remote from any hazardous operations. An employee who is training system operation in the protocols for handling system. Alarms should constantly staff the receiving point. |
Proprietary P229 |
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Some _____ systems are also used to monitor facility security systems. |
Proprietary P229 |
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_____ station -differs from a proprietary system in two ways. First the receiving point is not on the protected premises second the owners of the protected premises does not employ the person receiving an alarm. The operator works in receiving location called a central station, and is an employee of the alarm service company contracted to protect the premesis. |
Central Station P229 |
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___________/_______ communications - supplementary systems installed in properties in addition to one of the other types of systems previously listed their purpose is to increase the capability of providing detailed information to occupants, and or emergency responders on the premises. |
Emergency voice / alarm communications P229 |
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___________/_______ communications - supplementary systems installed in properties in addition to one of the other types of systems previously listed their purpose is to increase the capability of providing detailed information to occupants, and or emergency responders on the premises. |
Emergency voice / alarm communications P229 |
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These systems may be separate from, or integrated into the facilities main fire detection/signaling system. And one way communication systems information can be sent to but not received from the occupants in to waste systems. Occupants can send, and receive information. |
Emergency voice/ alarm communications P229 |
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In the absence of a municipal water system, or if the municipal systems water pressure is too low to properly supply the fire protection system. The owner/occupant may have an elevated water tank on the buildings ____ or a freestanding water tank on the property. |
Roof P230 |
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Stationary fire pumps are almost always electrically driven centrifugal pumps with a discharge capacity from ____ to ____ gpm. |
500 to 4500 P230 |
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_____ fire alarm systems - owned and maintained by the fire and emergency services municipality or other entity. These systems may include dedicated fire alarm circuits connected to straight fire alarm boxes or Street boxes that are individual radio transmitters on a dedicated fire alarm frequency. |
Public fire alarm systems P230 |
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_____ fire alarm systems - owned and maintained by the fire and emergency services municipality or other entity. These systems may include dedicated fire alarm circuits connected to straight fire alarm boxes or Street boxes that are individual radio transmitters on a dedicated fire alarm frequency. |
Public fire alarm systems P230 |
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These systems are classified as either type A (manual retransmission) or type B (automatic retransmission). |
Public fire alarm systems P230 |
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Standpipe and hose systems- found in single story buildings in large area buildings on each floor of structures that are greater than ___ stories and industrial facilities. |
Four P230 |
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Standpipe and hose systems- found in single story buildings in large area buildings on each floor of structures that are greater than ___ stories and industrial facilities. |
Four P230 |
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NFPA ___ classifies standpipe and hose systems as Class 1, 2 or 3, according to their intended use. |
NFPA 14 P230 |
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Standpipe: Class __ systems: are intended for firefighting personal training, handling large headlines, 2 1/2” hose. They usually consist of strategically located valve control 2 1/2” outlets attached to the standpipe riser. The 2 1/2” hose connections may be equipped with a reducer on the cap that allows for the connection of a 1 1/2” hose company. |
Class 1 P231 |
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Standpipe: Class ___ systems- Are designed for use either by train building, occupants or fire department personnel. The systems are equipped with one and a half inch hose and nozzle and stored on a hose rack system. These systems typically use a single jacket typos in our equipped with a lightweight twist type shut off nozzle. |
Class 2 system P231 |
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Standpipe: Class ___ systems- Are designed for use either by train building, occupants or fire department personnel. The systems are equipped with one and a half inch hose and nozzle and stored on a hose rack system. These systems typically use a single jacket typos in our equipped with a lightweight twist type shut off nozzle. |
Class 2 system P231 |
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Class ___ system Combine the features of class one and class two systems quest three systems, provide one and a half inch hose stations to supply water, freeze by train building occupants, and 2 1/2 inch hose connections to supply a larger volume of water for use by fire departments, and those trained and handling heavy fire Streams. The system must allow both class one and class to services to be used simultaneously. |
Class 3 P231 |
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Designed to automatically extinguish fires, preventing them from spreading. |
Fire extinguishing systems P232 |
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Designed for life, safety purposes, or to protect property by removing smoke, and or controlling and spread system types include passive systems Pressurization systems |
Smoke management systems P232 |
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_____ systems -smoke control barriers with sufficient fire endurance to protect against fire spread examples of passive measures including song. Fire stops around barrier, penetrations door gasket and drop seals stare in elevator vestibules. |
Passive P232 |
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_____ systems -smoke control barriers with sufficient fire endurance to protect against fire spread examples of passive measures including song. Fire stops around barrier, penetrations door gasket and drop seals stare in elevator vestibules. |
Passive P232 |
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____ systems use mechanical fans and ventilation to create a pressure difference across a barrier, such as a wall to prevent smoke from infiltrating to the high-pressure side of the barrier. |
Pressurization systems P232 |
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____ Smoke Control Designed to limit the movement of smoke from one compartment building to another. |
Zone P232 |
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____ Smoke Control Designed to limit the movement of smoke from one compartment building to another. |
Zone P232 |
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_____- in areas such as building atriums and Highway towers smoke control systems may be designed to Dilute contain minutes fresh air dilutes contaminants to an acceptable level for humans to breathe. |
Dilution P232 |
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____ method Uses mechanical ventilation, along with the properties of smoke to collect at the highest point in the largest space . |
Exhaust P232 |
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____ method Uses mechanical ventilation, along with the properties of smoke to collect at the highest point in the largest space . |
Exhaust P232 |
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_____ Air flow method- used in large spaces were smoke migration from the fire zone is limited by opposed airflow. High velocity, air aimed at the area of fire origin keep the smoke from migrating into unaffected areas. |
Opposed Air Flow Method P232 |
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Rapidfire development usually occurs during ____ stage. |
Growth P233 |
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Rapidfire development usually occurs during ____ stage. |
Growth P233 |
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Keep in mind that if the fire enters _____-limited decay that does not indicated that the fire is in its final stage of development. |
Ventilation-limited P233 |
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Unconfined fires, draw air in from all sides any entrainment drawing in the air cools, the plume of hot gases, reducing flame length and _____extension. |
Vertical P233 |
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When the fuel package is not in the middle of the room, the combustion zone (the area where sufficient air is available) to feed the fire expands ___ and a higher plume results. |
Vertically P233 |
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A fire is said to be in the ___ stage until the fires’ heat released rate, has reached its peak, eat it, because of a lack of fuel, or lack of oxygen. |
Growth P233 |
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_____ ______ is the tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature, gas density and pressure. |
Thermal Layering P234 |
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_____ ______ is the tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature, gas density and pressure. |
Thermal Layering P234 |
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Changes in ventilation and ____ _____ can significantly alter thermal Layering. the flow path is defined as the space between the air intake and exhaust outlet. |
Flow path P234 |
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As the mass and energy of the hot gas layer increases, so does the _____. |
Pressure P234 |
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The appearance of isolated flames is sometimes in immediate indicator of _______. |
Flashover P234 |
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The interface between a hot gas layers and cooler layer of air is commonly referred to as the _______ plane because the net pressure is zero or neutral. Where the layers meet. |
Neutral Plane P234 |
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Most residential fires that develop beyond the incipient stage become _______-limited. |
Ventilation Limited P235 |
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As the efficiency of combustion decreases, ( incomplete Combustion) the heat release rate ____ and the amount of unburned fuel within the hot gas layer increases. |
Decreases P235 |
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Even if temperatures decrease, _______ can continue. |
Pyrolysis P236 |
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The characteristics of the fuel and fuel load in today’s typical fires, will cause fires to quickly become ______ limited. |
Ventilation P236 |
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In order for a ventilation, limited fire to grow it needs a new supply of ____. |
Oxygen P236 |
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Even coordinated, tactical ventilation increases the combustion rate in _____ limited fires. |
Ventilation limited P236 |
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_____ fire development refers to the rapid transition from the fire growth stage or early decay stage to a ventilation, limited fully developed stage. Among these events are flashover and Backdraft. |
Rapid P237 |
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Smoke explosions are also incidents of rapid fire development, but they involve more than just one ______ of a structure. |
Compartment P237 |
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_____ occurs when all exposed combustible surfaces and objects within a compartment have been heated to the ignition temperature in Ignite almost simultaneously. |
Flashover P237 |
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A significant indicator of flashover is _____. |
Rollover P238 |
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______. Describes a condition where the unburned fire gases that have accumulated at the top of the compartment, ignite and flames propagate through the hot gas later or across the ceiling. |
Rollover P238 |
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When a fire is in ventilation, limited decay, the introduction of new oxygen can trigger _____ quickly. |
Flashover P238 |
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A ____ neutral plane can also indicate a fire above your level. |
High P239 |
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____ level Neutral Plane- could indicate that the compartment has not yet ventilated or that flashover is approaching. |
Mid level Neutral Plane. P239 |
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Very ____ level neutral plane- may indicate that the Fire is reaching back draft conditions. This occurrence can also mean a fire is below you. (Basement fire or lower story). |
Low P239 |
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Backdraft occurs in the ____ stage, in a space containing a high concentration of heated flammable gases that lacks sufficient oxygen for flaming combustion. |
Decay P240 |
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Heat moves from warmer objects to cooler objects at a rate that is related to the temperature differential of the objects and the thermal _______ of its materials. |
Conductivity P241 |
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Heat is transferred from one object to another by conduction, convection, and _____. |
Radiation P241 |
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When a fire occurs in a confined area such as outdoors, much of the heat dissipates into the atmosphere through radiation and _____. |
Convection P241 |
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Outdoor fires (nonstructural) are always consider ___ Limited, because they have an unimpeded limitless supply of oxygen. Removing _____ from the path of outdoor fires is an option for controlling in. |
Fuel limited Fuel P241 |
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Unless they compartment fire is it it’s incipient stage the fire should be considered ______- limited. |
Ventilation P241 |
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____ allows fires that have stopped growing to continue to grow. |
Ventilation P241 |
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Any structure fire the method by which the fire received needed oxygen to sustain the combustion reaction occurs through one or many ______ paths. |
Flow paths P242 |
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Any structure fire the method by which the fire received needed oxygen to sustain the combustion reaction occurs through one or many ______ paths. |
Flow paths P242 |
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In structure fire, the floor plan and openings within the structure determine the available ___ path. |
Flow P242 |
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The floor plan and openings in a structure, determine available flow ___. |
Flow path P242 |
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Firefighters working in exhaust portion of the flow path will feel the increase in temperature as the velocity and or turbulence increases causing increased _____ heat transfer. |
Convective P243 |
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Firefighters working in exhaust portion of the flow path will feel the increase in temperature as the velocity and or turbulence increases causing increased _____ heat transfer. |
Convective P243 |
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______ heat transfer is a similar phenomenon to windchill except energy is transferred from a hot fluid (gas) to a solid surface PPE rather than from a hot surface (skin) to a cooler fluid (air). |
Convective P243 |
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The time that firefighters are operating in the ___ should be strictly limited. |
Flow path P243 |
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Ventilation significantly influence is how fires develop and spread. ___ ______ ventilation is the actual and potential ventilation of a structure based on structural openings, construction type and building ventilation systems. |
Pre existing Ventilation P243 |
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When a fire becomes _____ controlled, the Available air supply determines the speed and extent of fire development, and the direction of fire travel. |
Ventilation P243 |
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Wind driven conditions can occur in any type of structure wind speeds as low as ___mph can create wind driven fire conditions. |
10mph P245 |
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A strong ____ can overpower the natural convective effect of a fire and drive the smoke and hot gases back into the building. |
Wind P245 |
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A ____ ____ occurs when a mixture of unburned, fuel, gases, and oxygen comes in contact with an ignition source. |
Smoke explosion P245 |
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Building fuel includes the ____ of the structure and the structural members themselves. |
Contents P246 |
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Fuel type Class __- or cellulose type of fuels are the most common types of fuels found in structures. Class __- type of fuels consists of flammable, combustible, liquids and gases. Class __ -type of fuels include energized, electrical wiring, equipment, and appliances. |
Class A Class B Class C P247 |
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Fuel type Class __- or cellulose type of fuels are the most common types of fuels found in structures. Class __- type of fuels consists of flammable, combustible, liquids and gases. Class __ -type of fuels include energized, electrical wiring, equipment, and appliances. |
Class A Class B Class C P247 |
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Fuel types: Class __- type of fuels combustible metals are found in limited commercial or industrial occupancies and vehicles. Class __- type of fuels deep fat fryer’s are mainly associated with commercial kitchens. |
Class D Class K P247 |
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In compartment Fires, class ___ fuel combustible materials with high surface to mass ratios are much more easily ignited and will burn more quickly than same substance with less surface area. |
Class A P247 |
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The __ area and type of fuel involved influence compartment fires involving Class B flammable/combustible liquids. |
Surface area P247 |
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____ smoke is often present in fires involving materials like foam, synthetics, and plastics. |
Black smoke P247 |
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The total quantity of combustible contents of a building space, or fire area is referred to as the fuel load. Also called the “_____ load”. |
Fire Load P247 |
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Knowledge of building construction and occupancy types will be essential to determining ___ loads. |
Fuel loads P247 |
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A structures ___ are often the most readily available fuel source and significantly influence fire development in a compartment fire. |
Contents P249 |
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A structures ___ are often the most readily available fuel source and significantly influence fire development in a compartment fire. |
Contents P249 |
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Structures contents, often the most readily available fuel, will Vary depending on the ______. |
Occupancy P249 |
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Fuels in the upper level of __ compartments will pyrolize more quickly from the hot gas layer. |
Adjacent P250 |
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The combustibility of a ____ surface is a basic concern to the fire safety of an entire community. |
Roofs P250 |
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The combustibility of a ____ surface is a basic concern to the fire safety of an entire community. |
Roofs P250 |
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A fires ____ heat can ignite exterior of exposures if they aren’t protected. |
Radiant P250 |
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Over the last 50 years, building construction in North America has changed drastically. I’m single family residential structures, the square footage of houses increased over ___% between 1973 and ____. |
150% 1973 and 2008 P251 |
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___ floor plans can contribute to fire spread because they have fewer fire barriers than compartmentalized floor plans. |
Open P252 |
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___ floor plans can contribute to fire spread because they have fewer fire barriers than compartmentalized floor plans. |
Open P252 |
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In modern fire environments, it is common to experience a decay period prior to ____. |
Flashover P253 |
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Once fire become ___ limited, the amount of smoke forced out of structural gaps or openings is reduced or stopped. |
Ventilation limited P253 |
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Once fire become ___ limited, the amount of smoke forced out of structural gaps or openings is reduced or stopped. |
Ventilation limited P253 |
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During ___ ___ ____ (__) operations, doors should be closed following entry to reduce open venting and increase occupant and firefighter tenability. |
Vent enter Search (VES) P253 |
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Should firefighters become separated from one another, they should enter a room with a door and __ it to provide a level of protection until they can be rescued or escape. |
Close P253 |
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A fire in a large compartment will normally develop more ___ than one in a small compartment. |
Slowly P253 |
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Thermal properties of a building include: Insulation Heat reflectivity _____ |
Rentention P254 |
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Thermal properties of a building include: Insulation Heat reflectivity _____ |
Rentention P254 |
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______- contains heatwithin the building which causes a localized increase in temperature and fire Growth and may introduce an additional fuel source. |
Insulation P254 |
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_____ reflectivity- increases fire spread through the transfer of radiant heat from wall surfaces to adjacent fuel surfaces. |
Heat reflectivity P254 |
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______- maintains temperature by slowly absorbing and releasing large amounts of heat. |
Retention P254 |
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Sight, sound, and touch (sensory) indicators that firefighters use to not reliably indicate impending ____. |
Collapse P254 |
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Data and imagines from thermal imagers do not reliably indicate impending _____. |
Collapse P254 |
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Modern roof sheathing is thinner than ____ construction roof sheathing, and it can fail locally well in advance of general structural collapse. |
Legacy P255 |
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Modern trusses are generally spaced ___ inches apart, and this spacing can contribute to early roof failure and provide large openings that firefighters can fall through. |
24 inches P255 |
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Modern roof trusses are spaced __ inches apart. |
24 P255 |
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Modern roof trusses are spaced __ inches apart. |
24 P255 |
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Unprotected engineered steel and wooden trusses can fail after ____ to ___ minutes of exposure to fire. |
5 to 10 minutes P255 |
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For steel trusses, _____ degrees is the critical temperature of steel- the temperature at which steel begins to weaken. |
1,000 degrees P255 |
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Floor joists used to support floors and multilevel structures May react to the fire, much the same way as ___ trusses. Floors above _____fires are especially prone to Joist failures. |
Roof Basement P256 |
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Floor joists used to support floors and multilevel structures May react to the fire, much the same way as ___ trusses. Floors above _____fires are especially prone to Joist failures. |
Roof Basement P256 |
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An arch or curved outline often indicates a _____ truss roof. Before the ___, the bowstring truss roof design was one of the most common design types for large commercial and industrial structures. |
Bowstring 1960’s P256 |
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Are the principles of bowstring, truss construction are similar to other types of trust construction. Web members form a series of triangles that transport ______ from the bottom cord, and _______ from the top corner of the truss onto the load bearing walls. |
Tension Compression P256 |
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One difference with the bowstring truss is that the compressional forces within the top cord act to force the loadbearing walls, outward as well as _____. |
Downward P256 |
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Bowstring truss roof systems constructed before the late 1960s have a common code deficiency: the bottom cord members may have inadequate _____ strength to support code-prescribed roof loads. |
Tensile P256 |
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Some construction features such as _____ obstruct the ability to easily identify bowstring truss systems. |
Parapets P256 |
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Hybrid trusses are built with wood and ____ components. |
Metal P257 |
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Inspect the floor from ____ before operating on it if possible. |
Below P258 |
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Inspect the floor from ____ before operating on it if possible. |
Below P258 |
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Firefighters should attack a basement fire from the ______ only as a last resort. |
Stairway P258 |
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Inspect the floor from ____ before operating on it if possible. |
Below P258 |
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Firefighters should attack a basement fire from the ______ only as a last resort. |
Stairway P258 |
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______ ventilation experiments, create a flow path of the stairway and out the front door, increasing hot gas, flow, and temperatures to levels that got injured or killed fully protected firefighters. |
Basement P258 |
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Firefighters should always have charged _________ available when opening what areas to expose a wood floor system. |
Hose lines P258 |
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_____-occupancy classification of buildings and structures or compartments that are used for the gathering of 50 or more persons penis. |
Assembly P259 |
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_______- instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen depleted confined space. The stalled combustion resumes with explosive force.. |
Back draft P259 |
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_______- instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen depleted confined space. The stalled combustion resumes with explosive force.. |
Back draft P259 |
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_____-a collection of rules and regulations that has been enacted by law any particular jurisdiction. ___ typically address a single subject area; examples include a mechanical, electrical building or fire code. |
Codes Codes L259 |
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_______- instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen depleted confined space. The stalled combustion resumes with explosive force.. |
Back draft P259 |
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_____-a collection of rules and regulations that has been enacted by law any particular jurisdiction. ___ typically address a single subject area; examples include a mechanical, electrical building or fire code. |
Codes Codes L259 |
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________ ____-area surrounding a heat source in which there is sufficient air available to feed a fire. |
Combustion zone P259 |
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_____ physical flow or transfer of heat energy from one Body to another through direct contact or an intervening, medium from the point where the heat is produced to another location or from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature. |
Conduction P259 |
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_____ transfer of heat by the movement of heated fluids or gases, usually in an upward direction. |
Convection P259 |
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______- the drawing in and transporting have solid particles or gases by the flow of a fluid. |
Entrainment P259 |
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______- the drawing in and transporting have solid particles or gases by the flow of a fluid. |
Entrainment P259 |
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Fire ___ and ____ systems - System of detection devices, wiring and supervisory equipment used for detecting, fire, or products of combustion, and then signaling that these elements are Present. |
Fire detection and Alarm System L259 |
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______- the drawing in and transporting have solid particles or gases by the flow of a fluid. |
Entrainment P259 |
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Fire ___ and ____ systems - System of detection devices, wiring and supervisory equipment used for detecting, fire, or products of combustion, and then signaling that these elements are Present. |
Fire detection and Alarm System L259 |
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fire ____ system - System designed to act directly upon the hazard to mitigate or eliminated, not simply to detect, is presence, and or initiate an alarm. |
Fire extinguishing system P259 |
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______- the drawing in and transporting have solid particles or gases by the flow of a fluid. |
Entrainment P259 |
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Fire ___ and ____ systems - System of detection devices, wiring and supervisory equipment used for detecting, fire, or products of combustion, and then signaling that these elements are Present. |
Fire detection and Alarm System L259 |
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fire ____ system - System designed to act directly upon the hazard to mitigate or eliminated, not simply to detect, is presence, and or initiate an alarm. |
Fire extinguishing system P259 |
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_____ loads -maximum amount of heat that can be really released if all fuel in a given area is consumed; Expressed in __________ and obtained by dividing the amount of fuel present by the Floor ____. |
Fire loads Pounds per square foot Area P259 |
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______- the drawing in and transporting have solid particles or gases by the flow of a fluid. |
Entrainment P259 |
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Fire ___ and ____ systems - System of detection devices, wiring and supervisory equipment used for detecting, fire, or products of combustion, and then signaling that these elements are Present. |
Fire detection and Alarm System L259 |
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|
fire ____ system - System designed to act directly upon the hazard to mitigate or eliminated, not simply to detect, is presence, and or initiate an alarm. |
Fire extinguishing system P259 |
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_____ loads -maximum amount of heat that can be really released if all fuel in a given area is consumed; Expressed in __________ and obtained by dividing the amount of fuel present by the Floor ____. |
Fire loads Pounds per square foot Area P259 |
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_____- (1) stage of a fire at which all surfaces and objects with any space have been headed to the ignition temperature in flame breaks out, almost at once over the surface of all objects in space. (2) rapid transition from the growth stage to be fully developed stage. |
Flashover P259 |
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___ ___- composed of at least one intake opening one exhaust opening any connecting volume between the openings. The difference in pressure determines the direction of flow. He can’t smoke in a high-pressure area will flow towards areas of lower pressure. |
Flow path P259 |
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_____- Limited -a fire with adequate oxygen in which the heat released rate and growth rate are determined by the characteristics of the fuel, such as quantity and geometry. |
Fuel-Limited P259 |
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_____- form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules in solids or liquids that is transferred from one body to another as a result of a temperature difference between the bodies, such as from the sun to the Earth. To signify its intensity; it’s measured in _____. |
Heat Temperature P260 |
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_____- form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules in solids or liquids that is transferred from one body to another as a result of a temperature difference between the bodies, such as from the sun to the Earth. To signify its intensity; it’s measured in _____. |
Heat Temperature P260 |
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____ flames -flames in the hot gas layer that ignite the gas later is within its flammable range and has begun to ignite, often observed immediately before flashover. |
Isolated flames P260 |
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|
_____- form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules in solids or liquids that is transferred from one body to another as a result of a temperature difference between the bodies, such as from the sun to the Earth. To signify its intensity; it’s measured in _____. |
Heat Temperature P260 |
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____ flames -flames in the hot gas layer that ignite the gas later is within its flammable range and has begun to ignite, often observed immediately before flashover. |
Isolated flames P260 |
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_____ Plane -level at a compartment opening where there is an equal difference in pressure exerted by expansion in buoyancy of hot smoke flowing out of the opening and the N-word pressure of cooler ambient temperature air flowing in through the opening. |
Neutral Plane P260 |
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|
_____- form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules in solids or liquids that is transferred from one body to another as a result of a temperature difference between the bodies, such as from the sun to the Earth. To signify its intensity; it’s measured in _____. |
Heat Temperature P260 |
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____ flames -flames in the hot gas layer that ignite the gas later is within its flammable range and has begun to ignite, often observed immediately before flashover. |
Isolated flames P260 |
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_____ Plane -level at a compartment opening where there is an equal difference in pressure exerted by expansion in buoyancy of hot smoke flowing out of the opening and the N-word pressure of cooler ambient temperature air flowing in through the opening. |
Neutral Plane P260 |
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|
______- local or municipal law that applies to person and things are the local jurisdiction; a local agency act that has the force of a statute; different from law, that is enacted by federal or state provincial legislatures. |
Ordinance P260 |
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|
Public _____ _____ Systems - Owned and maintained by the fire and emergency services, municipality or other entity the systems may include dedicated fire alarm circuits connected to a Street fire alarm boxes, or Street boxes that are individual radio transmitters on a dedicated fire alarm Frequency. |
Public Fire Alarm Systems P260 |
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_____- (1). Transmission or transfer of heat energy from one Body to another body at a lower temperature through intervening space by electromagnetic waves, such as infrared, thermal waves, radio waves, or X-rays. |
Radiation P260 |
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|
_____- (1). Transmission or transfer of heat energy from one Barry to another body at a lower temperature through intervening space by electromagnetic waves, such as infrared, thermal waves, radio waves, or X-rays. |
Radiation P260 |
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|
____- condition in which the unburned fire gases that have accumulated at the top of a compartment, ignite and planes propagate through the hot gas later or across the ceiling. He’s super heated gases are pushed under pressure away from the Fire area and into uninvolved areas where they mix with oxygen… |
Rollover P260 |
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|
_____- (1). Transmission or transfer of heat energy from one Barry to another body at a lower temperature through intervening space by electromagnetic waves, such as infrared, thermal waves, radio waves, or X-rays. |
Radiation P260 |
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|
____- condition in which the unburned fire gases that have accumulated at the top of a compartment, ignite and planes propagate through the hot gas later or across the ceiling. He’s super heated gases are pushed under pressure away from the Fire area and into uninvolved areas where they mix with oxygen… |
Rollover P260 |
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|
_____ ____- form of fire gas ignition the ignition of accumulated flammable products of combustion and air that are within their flammable range. |
Smoke Explosion P260 |
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|
_____ Management System- system that limits the exposure of building occupants to smoke may include elements, such as compartmentation control of smoke migration from the affected area, and a means of removing Smoke to the exterior of the building. |
Smoke Management System P260 |
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|
_____- A set of principles, protocols or procedures that explain how to do something or provide a set of minimum standards to be followed. Adhering to a standard is not required by law of those standards may be incorporated in codes with are legally enforceable. |
Standard P260 |
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|
_____ and _____ system -wet or dry system of pipes in a large single story or multi story building, with fire hose outlets, installed in different areas or on different levels of a building to be used by firefighters and or building occupants. |
Standpipe and Hose System P260 |
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|
_____ Fire Pump Water pump used in private fire protection to provide water supply to installed fire protection systems . |
Stationary Fire Pump P261 |
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|
_____ Fire Pump Water pump used in private fire protection to provide water supply to installed fire protection systems . |
Stationary Fire Pump P261 |
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|
______ ______- outcome of combustion in a confined space in which gases tend to form into layers according to temperature, gas density and pressure with the hottest gases found at the ceiling in the coolest gases at floor level. |
Thermal Layering P261 |
|
|
_____ Fire Pump Water pump used in private fire protection to provide water supply to installed fire protection systems . |
Stationary Fire Pump P261 |
|
|
______ ______- outcome of combustion in a confined space in which gases tend to form into layers according to temperature, gas density and pressure with the hottest gases found at the ceiling in the coolest gases at floor level. |
Thermal Layering P261 |
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|
_____ supply system - A public or private water supply designed to provide adequate water at sufficient pressure to facilities, equipped with sprinklers, and or standpipe systems. |
Water Supply System P261 |
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|
A number of organizations developed and publish ____ standards that relate to building construction, Fire and life safety, and hazardous processes. |
Consensus P209 |
|
|
Reinforced concrete, precast, concrete, and protected steel frame construction meet the criteria for type __ construction. |
Type 1 P212 |
|
|
Two examples of this type of construction or single-family residences, and some multi story apartment buildings. Type __ construction |
Type V P214 |
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|
The __ code preempts all local building codes and is more stringent than model building coats. The HUD code is based on performance standards and tends to encourage construction innovations. |
HUD P215 |
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|
____ homes usually have wheels in a permanent, still under carriage and our towed behind a transport vehicle for delivery. |
Manufactured P215 |
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|
____ occupancy -used for gathering of 50 or more persons for deliberation, worship, entertainment, eating, amusement, awaiting transportation or similar uses. |
Assembly P218 |
|
|
____ occupancy -used for gathering of 50 or more persons for deliberation, worship, entertainment, eating, amusement, awaiting transportation or similar uses. |
Assembly P218 |
|
|
____ -occupancy used for the transaction of business other than mercantile. |
Business P218 |
|
|
____ occupancy -used for gathering of 50 or more persons for deliberation, worship, entertainment, eating, amusement, awaiting transportation or similar uses. |
Assembly P218 |
|
|
____ -occupancy used for the transaction of business other than mercantile. |
Business P218 |
|
|
Educational -occupancy used for education purposes through the twelfth grade by __ or more persons for __ hours per day or more than __ hours per week. |
6 persons 4 hours day 12 hours week P219 |
|
|
____ occupancy -used for gathering of 50 or more persons for deliberation, worship, entertainment, eating, amusement, awaiting transportation or similar uses. |
Assembly P218 |
|
|
____ -occupancy used for the transaction of business other than mercantile. |
Business P218 |
|
|
Educational -occupancy used for education purposes through the twelfth grade by __ or more persons for __ hours per day or more than __ hours per week. |
6 persons 4 hours day 12 hours week P219 |
|
|
___ occupancy- in which products are manufactured or in which processing, assembling, Mixing, processing,finishing, decorating, or repair operations are conducted. |
Industrial occupancy P219 |
|
|
The combustibility or flammability of the continents, and the method of storage inside a storage facility, usually determines the ____ of the occupancy. |
Classification P224 |
|
|
Multiple use occupancies usually require ___ to determine which parts of the facility fall under a particular occupancy classification. |
Inspectors P227 |
|
|
NFPA __ standard for the installation of stationary pumps for fire protection. |
NFPA 20 P230 |
|
|
NFPA __ standard for the installation of stationary pumps for fire protection. |
NFPA 20 P230 |
|
|
NFPA __ , standard for the installation of a standpipe and hose systems. |
NFPA 14 P230 |
|
|
The ___ ___ exists openings where hot gases exit in cooler air enters the compartment. |
Neutral plane P234 |
|
|
____ may occur during the growth stage as the hot gas layer forms at the ceiling of the compartment. |
Rollover P238 |
|
|
____ generally proceeds flashover, but it may not always result in flashover. Rollover contributes to ____ conditions, because the burning gas is at the upper levels of the room, generate tremendous amounts of radiant heat, transfers to other fuels in the room. |
Rollover Flashover
P238 |
|
|
_____ represents a transition from the growth stage to the fully developed stage. |
Flashover P238 |
|
|
Regardless of the type, quantity, or configuration of the fuel, heat release depends on ___. |
Oxygen P238 |
|
|
An increase in low level ventilation (such as opening a door or window) prior to upper level ventilation can result in a rapid combustion of the flammable gases, called ___. Backdraft occurs after the __ stage, in a space containing high concentration of heated flammable gases that Lacks sufficient oxygen for flaming combustion. |
Backdraft Decay P240 |
|
|
Air current changing direction, neutral plane lifting, or smoke rushing out, are indicators of potential rapid fire development. To some degree, the violence of a backdraft is dependent on the extent to which fuel/air mixture is ____. |
Confined P240 |
|
|
The flow path is composed of two regions: the hot exhaust flow out and the ambient airflow in. The flow is __ directional due to pressure difference is where the ambient air flows toward the seed of the fire and reacts with the fuel. |
Unidirectional P242 |
|
|
When hot gases follow the flow path from areas of high to low pressure, they ____ heat to a larger portion of the structure. |
Convent P243 |
|
|
Beginning an attack on a ____ limited structure, fire, with ventilation alone, will progressively increase the fires heat released rate and spread as additional Vents are made. |
Ventilation limited P244 |
|
|
____ ventilation occurs when a structural member fails- usually because of exposure to heat-and introduces a new source of oxygen to the fire. |
Unplanned ventilation P244 |
|
|
_____ conditions can create differences in pressure that can cause windows to fail. |
Wind P245 |
|
|
The only indication of potential for a smoke explosion is the presence of smoke, generally in an area away from the ___ or after fire. |
Fire P245 |
|
|
If fires are _____ limited, higher fuel loads indicate a greater amount of unburned fuel that could reignite with the introduction of a new oxygen source. |
Ventilation-limited P248 |
|
|
When the fire is located low in the building, such as in a basement or on the first floor, ____ heat will cause vertical extension through atriums, unprotected stairways, vertical shafts, and concealed spaces. |
Convected P250 |
|
|
When the fire is located low in the building, such as in a basement or on the first floor, ____ heat will cause vertical extension through atriums, unprotected stairways, vertical shafts, and concealed spaces. |
Convected P250 |
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Fires originating on upper levels, generally extended downward, much more slowly through structure ____ or explosions. |
Collapse P250 |
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Metal gusset plates in ____ trusses can fail quickly when exposed to heat. |
Wooden P255 |
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Adhesive and other industrial glues are used more frequently in modern type __ construction to connect engineered structural members. |
Type 5 P215 |
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Within the growth stage, a variety of fire behaviors can occur, depending on the number of _____ sources. |
Ventilation P233 |
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Understanding fire dynamics is largely an understanding of everything that can happen during the ____ stage. |
Growth P233 |
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Once the ___ __ reaches the walls of the fire compartment, the hot gas layer begins to develop. |
Ceiling jet P234 |
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Although the heat release rate decreases when a fire is ____-____, the temperature in the room may remain high. |
Ventilation-limited P236 |
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During ____, the environment of the room changes from a two layer condition (hot on top, cooler on the bottom) to a single, well mixed hot gas condition from floor to ceiling. |
Flashover P237 |
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____ is distinguished from flashover, because it involves only the fire gases at the upper levels of the compartment and not the other fuel packages within a compartment. |
Rollover P238 |
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The size, number, and locations of the openings, as well as the velocity of the air being exchanged influence ____. |
Ventilation P238 |
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Anytime a compartment or space contains hot combustion products, firefighters must consider potential for ____ before creating any openings in the compartment. |
Backdraft P240 |
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Fire spread results from ___ transferring from a burning object to other objects of lower temperatures. |
Heat P241 |
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When a fire is confined within a compartment, the walls, ceiling, floor, and objects in the compartment absorb the ___ heat produced by the fire. |
Radiant P241 |
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The ___ can increase the pressure inside the structure, Drive smoke and flames into unBurned portions of the structure and onto advancing firefighters and or upset tactical ventilation efforts. She did it down over here in the corner. |
Wind P245 |
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Until they fall, there may be no indication that a fire fighter is in danger of falling through from “_____” the roof, or even standing on the roof. |
Sounding P255 |
