Compana Long Exam 1 (1)

Front 1

Structure of Vertebrates

Back 1

Descriptive

Front 2

Significance of the structure

Back 2

Functional

Front 3

Comparative Anatomy can be considered as...

Back 3

Vertebrate evolution

Front 4

Structural evolution

Back 4

Morphology

Front 5

Description of Structures

Back 5

Anatomy

Front 6

The main significance of Comparative Anatomy

Back 6

1. Structural Basis of Biology

2. Study Evolution

3. Appreciation of Vertebrates

4. Dissection skills

5. Man's place in the vertebrate world

Front 7

Anscestral Deuterostome and No Notochord

Back 7

Echinodermata

Front 8

What is the Big Five?

Back 8

1. Notochord and Vertebral Column

2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

3. Pharynx

4. Endostyle or Thyroid Gland

5. Muscular, Post-Anal Tail

Front 9

A rod of living cells ventral to the CNS and dorsal to the alimentary canal

Provides skeletal support through out most of the length of the chordate

A more complex, jointed skeleton develops and retains only remnants.

Back 9

Notochord

Front 10

Chief axial skeleton surrounded by notochord sheath

Back 10

Protochordates

Front 11

Similar to protochordates with addition of lateral neural cartilages

Back 11

Agnathans

Front 12

Persist the length of the trunk and tail within the centrum

Back 12

Fishes and amphibians

Front 13

Disappears and becomes pulpy nucleus in vertebrae

Back 13

Reptiles, birds, and mammals

Front 14

Parts of the vertebrae

Back 14

1. Centrum (deposited around the notochord)

2. Neural arch (forms over spinal cord)

3. Various processes

Front 15

Develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord

Back 15

Nerve cord of a chordate embryo

Front 16

The nerve cord is formed by the process of...

Back 16

Invagination

Front 17

The nerve cord develops into the...

Back 17

Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord)

Front 18

Membranous digestive and respiratory organ located at the back of the mouth that serves as passageway of food and air

Back 18

Pharynx

Front 19

The pharynx is a vital part of craniate embryo that produces: (THERE ARE SIX)

Back 19

1. Gills of Fishes (PERMANENT SLITS)

2. Lungs of Tetrapods (TEMPORARY SLITS)

3. Skeleton and Musculature of Jaws

4. Parafollicular cells and Paratyroid glands

5. Auditory and Tympanic Cavity

6. Initial cells of immune system (Thymus in humans)

Front 20

Endocrine glands that regulate metabolic rates in all body cells and maintain appropriate calcium levels in bones, other tissues, and circulating blood.

Back 20

Parafollicular cells and Parathyroid glands

Front 21

A column of tissue that separates each embryonic pharyngeal pouch or slit from the next

Back 21

Pharyngeal Arches

Front 22

The FOUR blastemas from which the pharyngeal arches develop:

Back 22

1. Skeleton

2. Muscles

3. Nerves

4. Blood Vessels

Front 23

Indentations in the pharyngeal arches where the clefts are lined with the ectoderm

Back 23

External

Front 24

Indentations in the pharyngeal arches where the pouches are lined with the ectoderm

Back 24

Internal

Front 25

GIVE THE SKELETAL ELEMENTS, MUSCLE, and CRANIAL NERVE of the FIRST ARCH

Back 25

Skeletal: Meckel's cartilage, Malleus, Incus

Muscle: Muscles of mastication, Anterior belly of digastricus, Tensor Tympani, Tensor palati

Cranial: Trigeminal nerve (Mandibular division)

Front 26

GIVE THE SKELETAL ELEMENTS, MUSCLE, and CRANIAL NERVE of the SECOND ARCH

Back 26

Skeletal: Stapes, Styloid process, Upper part of hyoid

Muscle: Stapedius, Stylohyoid, Muscles of facial expression, Posteriour belly of digastricus

Cranial: Facial Nerve

Front 27

GIVE THE SKELETAL ELEMENTS, MUSCLE, and CRANIAL NERVE of the THIRD ARCH

Back 27

Skeletal: Lower part of the hyoid

Muscle: Stylopharyngeus

Cranial: Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 28

GIVE THE SKELETAL ELEMENTS, MUSCLE, and CRANIAL NERVE of the FOURTH TO SIXTH ARCH

Back 28

Skeletal: Laryngeal cartilages

Muscle: Cricotyhroideus, Pharyngeal constrictors, Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Cranial: Vagus Nerve

Front 29

Components of the Pharyngeal arches

Back 29

1. Skeletal elements (Pharyngeal Skeleton)

2. Striated Muscles (Branchiomeric Muscles)

3. Cranial Nerves

4. Aortic Arch

Front 30

Ectodermally-lined grooves on the outside of the embryonic pharynx

Back 30

Pharyngeal clefts

Front 31

Develops into the external auditory meatus of the ear and provides the outer epithelium of the tympanic membrane

Back 31

Pharyngeal clefts

Front 32

Arises as diverticula of endoderm or foregut

Back 32

Pharyngeal Pouches

Front 33

Establishes the limits of the pharynx

Back 33

Pharyngeal pouches

Front 34

DERIVATIVES OF FIRST PHARYNGEAL POUCH

Back 34

Middle ear cavity

Endodermal aspect of tympanic membrane

Pharyngotympanic tube

Front 35

DERIVATIVES OF SECOND PHARYNGEAL POUCH

Back 35

Palatine Tonsil

Front 36

DERIVATIVES OF THIRD PHARYNGEAL POUCH

Back 36

Inferior parathyroid gland

Thymus

Front 37

DERIVATIVES OF FOURTH AND FIFTH PHARYNGEAL POUCH

Back 37

Superior parathyroid gland

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

Front 38

Formed between the pharynx and the exterior when the pharyngeal plate ruptures

Back 38

Pharyngeal slits

Front 39

Glandular groove in the floor of the pharynx and is involved in fliter feeding

Back 39

Endostyle

Front 40

An endocrine gland that produces hormone

Back 40

Thyroid gland

Front 41

In many species, it is greatly reduced during embryonic development

Back 41

Muscular, Post-Anal Tail

Front 42

Three Regional components of craniates

Back 42

1. Head

2. Trunk

3. Postanal tail

Front 43

Common sense organs for monitoring external environment

Back 43

Eyes, Ears, Nose

Front 44

Centralization or localization of nervous structures and functions in the head with accompanying dominance of the head

Back 44

Cephalization

Front 45

Houses most of the visceral organs

Back 45

Coelom

Front 46

Consists almost exclusively or a caudal continuation of body wall muscles, axial skeleton, nerves and blood vessels

Back 46

Post anal Tail

Front 47

Position when a quaruped stands erect on all four limbs, facing left, with the tail slightly raised

Back 47

Anatomic position

Front 48

Any surface, real or imaginary along which any two points can be connected by a straight line

Back 48

Anatomic Plane

Front 49

Divides the head, body or any limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves

Back 49

Median Plane

Front 50

Passes through the right or left side of the body parallel to the median plane

Back 50

Sagittal Plane

Front 51

Passes through the head, body, limb or organ at right angles to the structure's long axis or the median plane

Back 51

Transverse Plane

Front 52

Runs at right angles to both the median and transverse planes (horizontally) dividing the body into dorsal and ventral portions

Back 52

Dorsal Plane

Front 53

Occurs in an organism if it can be cut into two identical halves through any cut that runs through the organism's center

Back 53

Spherical

Front 54

Several cutting planes produce roughly identical pieces (Like a Pie)

Back 54

Radial

Front 55

Combination of Radial and Bilateral Symmetry

Back 55

Biradial

Front 56

Only one plane, the Median Plane, will divide an organism into roughly mirror images halves.

Back 56

Bilateral

Front 57

The only systems that are not bilaterally symetrical

Back 57

Digestive and Lymphatic systems

Front 58

Regular repetition of body parts along the cranio-caudal axis

Back 58

Metamerism or Segmentation

Front 59

Longitudinal series of divisions in each of which all or most of the body systems are represented

Back 59

Metamere, Segement or Somite

Front 60

Segmentation of the animal body into nearly like segments

Back 60

HOMONOMOUS Segmentation

Front 61

Various Segments differ from each other

Back 61

HETERONOMOUS Segmentation

Front 62

Craniate Characteristics

Back 62

Cranium

3 part brain

Neural Crests

Paired external sense organs

Cartilage

Front 63

Vertebrate Characteristics

Back 63

Vertebral Colum

Two semicircular canals

Electroreception

Lateral line system with multicellular neuromasts

Number of soft tissue specializations

Front 64

Parts of the Coelom

Back 64

Pericardial

Pleural

Peritoneal

Scrotal