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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
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System level analysis and the organization ofauthority
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Howare rules made and enforced? Howare assets allocated? Rangeof vertical (hierarchical) to horizontal (anarchical, fragmented) authoritystructures Internationalsystem-state-centric system–based mostly on horizontal authority structure, butchange is underway… |
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System level analysis-who the actors are |
Nationalactors: States dominate the system and are not responsible to any higherauthority Intergovernmentalorganizations:(IGOs) WTO,UN, EU Transnationalorganizations: Nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs) Multinationalcorporations (MNCs) Terroristsgroups |
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system level of analysis- power relationships |
Numberof system poles: Rulesof the game and issues of stability differ in unipolar, bipolar, and multipolarsystems Concentrationof power: Powerequality vs. power inequality between poles Powerchanges due to… Powerequation is always in flux Cycletheories (HST- Gilpin) Balanceof power politics |
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Systems level of analysis- Economic patterns |
Increasing economic interdependence:Leading to peace or creating tensions? Important influence of natural resourceproduction and consumption to international politics Oilcontroversy in the 2003 Iraq war Uneven distribution of wealth–the Northand South, the “haves” and the “have-nots” Severepolitical, social, environmental and economic consequences |
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systems level of analysis-norms of behavior |
Constantlychanging and being challenged Influencedby transnational forces: travel, trade, communication Greateremphasis on human rights and the global environment Weakeningsupport for war |
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Political causes of WWII for the 3 levels of analysis |
individual- Hitler was crazy, Churchill hated Germans, Germany’sintentions were misunderstood State level- Autocracies+ Democracies = Bad Hitlerwanted economic stimulus Woundedpride and nationalism systems level- Baddistribution of power Offensedominance (Do factors that increase the easeand likelihood of success of offensive operations – such as militarytechnology, military doctrine, geography, alliances, and nationalism – make warand conflict more likely in the international system? ) Lackof rigorous international regimes |
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US foreign policy-imperial overstretch |
difficulty managing interests abroad |
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US foreign policy-shadows of the past |
Historicexperiences and violated moral principles Territorialexpansion Dealingwith Native American populations Importationof slaves from AfricanContinuedintervention in Latin America CentralIntelligence Agency (CIA) missions overseas, such as assistance in overthrowsin Guatemala and Chile Reportsof mistreatment overseas and at home during war on terrorism |
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US foreign policy-what is asymmetricwarfare |
“Weaponsof the weak” Exploitationof vulnerable institutions, public opinion, and material goods Unconventionaltactics (terrorism is part of this warfare) Suicideterrorism (most damaging form of terrorism) Increaseduse following World War II Paradoxof fewer attacks but increased destruction and casualties |
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US foreign policy-cultural roots of the“paradox of US power |
Thesame factors that helped promote the growth of U.S. power now also threaten itseffective use. Withdomestic and international challenges, can the United States retain its primacyand power in a unipolar system? Tensionsbetween institutional braches, state actors, nonstateactors, international actors, and the international system often renderforeign-policy making incremental, conflicting, and less than efficient. |
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US foreign policy-diffusion of power |
Diffusionof power: Politicalliberties Separationof powers Checksand balances |
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US foreign policy-invitation to struggle” within branches and agencies for foreign policymaking |
Tensionsbetween institutional braches, state actors, nonstateactors, international actors, and the international system often renderforeign-policy making incremental, conflicting, and less than efficient. |
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US foreign policy-pervasive civil society |
Forcesoutside government or “transnational civil society” Publicopinion, media, interest groups, and IGOs Opennessin political system for transnational groups Transnationalsociety similar to U.S. civil society Pluralistsociety or competition of groups (ideal case)o“Weak”state and unequal access (more current description) |
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US foriegn policy-Three aspects of the paradox |
Nationalexceptionalism:unique cultural roots Conflictsamong and diffusion of domestic institutions Numerouscivil (nonstate)actors involved in the policy process |
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Short anwser- main elements of terrorism/terrorist acts |
Non-state actors that do not abide by international law and norms deliberately unpredictable to maximize psychological effect civilian and non-civilian targets a form of asymmetrical warfare |
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Churchills three circles |
Globalism, Atlanticism Europeanism alliance between Brittan, english speaking countries(canada and the US), and united Europe |
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what is the Basic Law and how is it important |
German law that says german miliary cannot act outside regional defense |
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what does the “a power disproportional to its size” mean when discussing French foreign policy |
TheBasic Law prohibits the mobilization of the German army in instances other thanregional, collective security purposes. |
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Key points of condeleaze rice |
Military power Economic growth for political openness Allies Relations with big powers(Russia and China) Rogue regimes and WMD's US military is the only guarantor of Peace: Make sure the US can respond militarily if deterrence fails Project US national interest economically through free trade and political openness The US should not be constrained by UN and treaties like kyoto Promote US national interest through strong alliances to share the burden of promoting peace China: US must ballance the china problem with economic liberalization and strategic military power Russia: The US must make sure russias weaknees does not result in terrorists getting nukes The US should support Russia in defending its territory and not relying on its neuclear arsenal Rogue nations: The US must work to take down regimes such as Iraq,Iran and north korea Must limit their nuclear capability while at the same time building defenses National intrest: America must persure its own national interest and not the interest of the international community and the UN |
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Changes in the global context of international relations in the post-Cold War era. US’s adjustment of its foreign policies. Main challenges to USFP in the post-Cold War era (make sure to include: the “paradox of U.S. power” and its 3 main aspects + 4 major challenges to US primacy!!!!) |
Paradox of US power 3 main aspects Cultural roots institutional branches pervasive civil society 4 major challenges to US primacy Shadows of the past Cycles of balance of power Resistance to globalization Terrorism and asymetrical warefare |
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Challenge to US primacy: Cycles of Balance of Power |
Global power is difficult to maintain! Increasingcosts of maintaining order Decreasingreturns for protection, trade, and growth Largetrade and budget imbalances “Imperialoverstretch,” or difficulty managing interests abroad |
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Challenge to US primacy: shadows of the past |
Historical experiences and violated moral principles! Territorialexpansion Dealingwith Native American populations Importationof slaves from Africa Continuedintervention in Latin America CentralIntelligence Agency (CIA) missions overseas, such as assistance in overthrowsin Guatemala and Chile Reportsof mistreatment overseas and at home during war on terrorism |
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Challenge to US primacy: Resistance to globalization |
Largecash and product flows for U.S. multinational corporations Richgetting richer” and “poor getting poorer” Bureaucraticproblems of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, U.S./Westernnation–led international groups Environmentalconcerns Laborand union political battles Humanrights issues, or “sweatshop” labor |
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Challenge to US primacy: Terrorism and asymmetrical warfare |
Counterterrorism efforts make up an increasinglylarge part of U.S. foreign-policy strategyand doctrine Difficultiesof exporting democracy Foreign-aidcuts and difficulty of implementation Bilateralrelations are increasingly problematic (antiglobalizationsentiments, public dissent) |
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Aspect of USFP: Cultural Roots |
Nationalstyle unique to each country -US has a unique style based on its isolation National exceptionalism - Moral,ethical, and political superiority to other nations -Impulsive and prudent public |
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Aspect of USFP: institutional branches |
Diffusionof power: Politicalliberties Separationof powers Checksand balances Noclear lead agency Competitionand vagueness of power and sovereignty in decision making Separate norms for wartime decision making |
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Aspects of USFP: Pervasive civil society |
Forces outside government or“transnational civil society” media incresssed power on NGO's and IGO's |
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the nature of German government (branches); |
Executivebranch Legislative branch bicameral parliment Judicial branch |
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the determinants of German FP after WW II. |
Politicalculture of restraint” guides policies →constitution called the “BasicLaw” “consistent policy ofconciliation and readiness for compromise” “foreign policy based onresponsibility rather than power” Historyweighs heavily on Germany Initiatedwars in 1870, 1914, and 1939 Theconsequences of rule by the Nazi party and the Holocaust are still relevant Unificationprovided an opportunity to re-position foreign policy (October 3, 1990) |
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Germany -the 3 main objectives following WW II. and whatthey mean |
security Nato german policy of non-involvement outside nato reunification Negotiationswith Khrushchev unsuccessful 1961:Berlin Wall Brandt’s“Ostpolitik”produced better results on the long term economic development TheMarshall Plan Socialmarket economy: Regulated capitalism & social welfare 1951ECSC ¡1957 EEC/ Common Market |
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all external & internal factors impactingGerman FP post-WW II |
External Power: Germanstrength makes it a player in international politics. Institutions: Deepeningof the EU signaled German resolve to promote multilateralism rather thanaggression → supportfor federalism Ideas: 1)human rights 2)protection of democracy 3)collective/cooperative action. Internal Chancellorand the cabinet shape foreign policy Big decisions usually made by unanimity. Partyleaders from both the governmentand opposition parties play large roles inshaping public policy Oppositionis not without recourse: strength of the second chamber is part of thisprocess. FederalConstitutional Court has been critical in interpreting the Basic Law regardingmilitary intervention. Public opinion: pacifism, humanitarianism, oppositionto nuclear weapons exert a large influence over policy. |
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reasons for & the characteristics of theGerman “culture of restrain" |
Policyresponse in the postwar era focuses on values such as: support for democracy,building consensus, policy gradualism, and pacifism. TheBasic Law prohibits the mobilization of the German army in instances other thanregional, collective security purposes. |
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German solution an acceptable participation inthe Persian Gulf and the Somalian crises |
Persian Gulf SOLUTION: Government agreed to providemonetary support to states most effected by the war. Somalian Crisis Solution: Start talks to change the Basic Law(abandoned); Commit troops under the UN as part of a multinational force. |
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the significance of the current German constitutiona.k.a. the “Basic Law |
Constitutional Court finds that the BasicLaw does not preclude participation within a collective security arrangementoutside of the region. Governments would, however, require majority supportin the Bundestag for intervention. |
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the characteristics of German participation inthe Kosovo conflict; |
Majority in the Bundestag to allow Germanforces to deploy against Serbia; only the PDS opposed. Air attacks were the first militaryoffensive since WW2. SOLUTION: Continue the air war (supportNATO) and seek a diplomatic solution (bring Russia to the table). German Bundestag sent troops on apeacekeeping mission after the war ended. |
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changes inGerman FP under Chancellor Angela Merkel |
US-German relations had been a priority. Sent troops to Afghanistan under NATO. Takes a much harder line than herpredecessor on Russia. Relationship with France strained. |
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the historicalchallenges to all industrialized democracies including the U.K |
Buildingthe nation-state Definingthe relationship between church and state Establishingliberal democracy Dealingwith the impact of the industrial revolution |
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type of government ofUK |
Parliamentselects the prime minister
Cabinetresponsibility to parliament |
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characteristics of theUK constitution |
Unwritten contitution Final power-majority in parliment orgin-medivel No bill of individual rights amendment-ordinary vote in parliment low centrality in political debate |
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characteristics of UKparliament; |
TheHouse of Commons members elected by popular vote to servefive-year terms unless the House is dissolved earlier votingis 100% along party lines in most votes partyversus constituencyinterests House or Lords isnot elected Hereditary Lifepeers |
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the meaning of Churchill’s interlinked circles |
Atlanticism Globalism European |
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major UK parties |
Labor Party – Working class, stronger hints ofsocialism, butmore likeour democrats under Blair Conservatives (Tories) – More moderate right party, do notdisagree with all of collective ideas Liberal Democrats – mixture of social equality and classicalliberalism emphasis on weak state. Most pro-EU, want proportional voterreforms. Others -Scottish National Partycontrol Scottish legislature, Welsh Plaid Cymru, United Kingdom Independent Party, andfrom Northern Ireland: DemocraticUnionist Party, Ulster Unionist Party, Sinn Fein Park Ridge Football Party (non-active) - Lots of alcohol, lots of fights, policesupport, parental limited government |
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the changes in foreignpolicy of the Tony Blair administration (in comparison with the Thatchergovernment); |
1.Ethics & opennessAid& development ; human rights; arms sales (the idea of internationalcommunity & shared responsibility) 1.Orientation & Identity TheBritish should not “continue to be mesmerized by the choice between the U.S.and Europe. It is a false choice…My vision for Britain is a bridge between theEU and the USA” (Tony Blair, November 1999 speech) |
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What is FCO |
TheForeign and Commonwealth Office –Britain’s diplomatic service thatrepresents the UK government overseas 14,000peopleworking in over 160 countries Aroundone-third of the workforce is made up of British civil servants and two-thirdsis employed locally by the embassiesand posts |
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strategic priorities of British FP |
promoteUKbusiness around the world and to attract businessinto the UK supportand inform Britishnationals abroad through consular assistance ensurethat bordersare open to those that may benefit from the UK’s economy (as well as those withgenuine asylum claims), but closed to those that may bring harm pursueterrorists and the causes of terrorism,as well as protecting the UK from terrorist attacks stabilizeconflict around the world and promote and develophuman rights, law and good governance promotea low-carbon,high-growth global economy developeffective internationalinstitutions, especially the United Nations and theEuropean Union |
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type of government of France |
Legislativebranch -bicameral Senate and National Assembly Executivebranch Cheif of State-president Head of State-prime minister Cabinent- Council of ministers President elected by popular vote, president appoints prime minister |
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historical Franco-German relations |
Franco-GermanWar: French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine lost (NapoleanIII vs. Otto von Bismarck) WWI WWII- Vichy france |
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changing Franco-German relations after WW II |
Following the failure of the FouchetPlans (NATO à la française) de Gaulle sought to consolidateFranco-German relations Thisstrengthened the fears of the Community’ssmaller countries concerning a dominant Franco-German axis. Evenwithin Germany, there were many who felt that European unity and the alliancewith the United States should not be sacrificed on the altar of Franco-Germanfriendship. 1963: de Gaulle officially opposedGreat Britain’s entry to the Common Market. |
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French FP-directions under de Gaulle’sleadership |
de Gaulle was very committed to aparticular vision of Europe rejectedthe idea of an integrated Europe yetsupported a Europe composed of States detached from the direct domination ofthe USA. countedmainly on the support of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), and maintaineda very close relationship with the German Chancellor, KonradAdenauer. His approach was rejected by the otherEuropean partners, whose priority was to protect the “acquis communautaire” |
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France & NATO |
De Gaulle pulled France out of NATO’sintegrated military command in 1966 |
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France’s approach to maintain its power-status |
Franco German relations |
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French FP under Chirac |
Moresuccessful in reformulating FP (redefining French interests), but Franco-Germanrelationship remains at the center FPfocused on European security coop. (CFSP& ESDI) & on trade Acceptednationalresponsibility for the Vichy administration’sacts and anti-Semitic policies ; condemned the Austrian neo-Nazi party Apolicy of non-intervention in Francophone Africa France is troubled by its diminishedvoice in the world and fretful about immigration at home Fear of change is pervasive¡May 2005: rejection of the EUconstitution |
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French FP under Nicholas Sárközy & his character |
Character Demonstrated his talent for politicalinclusiveness, imagination and energy, but can it translate to change? A hands-on, hyperactive president, whohas modernized government, bringing in ethnic minorities and more women. Disarmed the left, by recruiting some ofits best thinkers. Rejuvenated policymaking, thanks to ataboo-free, plain-talking approach. Started to shape a new French diplomacydesigned to make France’s voice count again. Introduced economic reforms designed torevive French competitiveness and curb unemployment. He has tremendous trouble fightinggovernmental corruption recently. Foriegn policy reassertFrance’sinfluence abroad applya mix of Atlanticistthinking (tough on Iran, sympathetic to Israel), Gaullist tradition (a strongEurope) and pragmatism/opportunism. domesticagenda wantsto transform France into a less elitist and more entrepreneurial society |
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what does the “a power disproportional to its size” mean when discussing French foreign policy |
has great power and political sway it has nukes |
