Community Health Test 1

Front 1

True of False
Tertiary prevention includes measures taken to keep illness or injuries from occurring

Back 1

False

Front 2

True or False
Health problems are most effectively prevented by maintenance of healthy lifestyles and healthy environments.

Back 2

True

Front 3

True or False
The ethical theory of utilitarianism promotes the ability of the patient to make his or her own decisions

Back 3

False

Front 4

True or False
Community health nursing is grounded in both public health science and nursing science.

Back 4

True

Front 5

True or False
Health involves only the subjective dimension.

Back 5

False

Front 6

A __________ is a collection of people

Back 6

Community

Front 7

All people occupying an area is called a __________.

Back 7

Population

Front 8

Cholesterol screening is an example of __________ prevention.

Back 8

Secondary

Front 9

__________ is a holistic state of well-being.

Back 9

Health

Front 10

The subjective dimension (feeling well or ill) and the __________ dimension (functioning) together provide a clearer picture of people’s health.

Back 10

Objective

Front 11

True or False
The early roots of home care nursing began with religious and charitable groups

Back 11

True

Front 12

True or False
The focus of early home care was on the total community.

Back 12

False

Front 13

True or False
Lillian Wald first used the term public health nursing to describe this specialty.

Back 13

True

Front 14

True or False
Frances Root was the first community health nurse in the United States

Back 14

True

Front 15

True or False
The prototype of community-based nursing can be seen within the historical development of hospital nursing.

Back 15

False

Front 16

The specialty of community health nursing developed historically through __________ stages.

Back 16

4

Front 17

Academic preparation for community health nursing begins at the __________ level.

Back 17

Baccalaureate

Front 18

Relating disease or illness to its cause is known as __________ thinking in the health sciences.

Back 18

Causal

Front 19

The term community health nursing is used synonymously with __________ health nursing

Back 19

Public

Front 20

The history of public health nursing, since its inception in __________, encompasses continuing change and adaptation.

Back 20

Europe

Front 21

True or False
The first function in the management process is that of controller.

Back 21

False

Front 22

True or False
Community health nurses seldom work in isolation

Back 22

True

Front 23

True or False
Policy development is enhanced by the synthesis and analysis of information obtained during assessment.

Back 23

True

Front 24

True or False
A questioning attitude is a basic prerequisite for good nursing practice

Back 24

True

Front 25

True or False
The researcher role involves tenacity

Back 25

True

Front 26

__________ is “the systematic collection, assembly, analysis, and dissemination of information about the health of a community.”

Back 26

Assessment

Front 27

__________ development is enhanced by the synthesis and analysis of information obtained during assessment.

Back 27

Policy

Front 28

__________ activities make certain that serves are provided.

Back 28

Assurance

Front 29

The clinician role in community health is characterized by its focus on promoting __________.

Back 29

Wellness

Front 30

The community health nurse often acts as a(n) __________ for clients, pleading their cause or acting on their behalf.

Back 30

Advocate

Front 31

True or False
The design of the research guides the conduct of the study

Back 31

True

Front 32

True or False
Validity refers to how consistently an instrument measures a given research variable within a particular population.

Back 32

False

Front 33

True or False
The specific tool used to measure the variables in the study is the instrument.

Back 33

True

Front 34

True or False
A primary purpose for conducting community health research is to gain new knowledge that will improve health services and promote the public’s health.

Back 34

True

Front 35

True or False
A value motivates people to behave in certain ways that are personally or socially preferable.

Back 35

True

Front 36

__________ is the systematic collection and analysis of data related to a particular problem of phenomenon.

Back 36

Research

Front 37

__________ research concerns data that can be measured objectively.

Back 37

Quantitative

Front 38

Qualitative research emphasizes __________ and the meaning of experiences to individuals.

Back 38

Subjectivity

Front 39

__________ is the systematic selection of research subjects, so that each one has an equal probability of selection.

Back 39

Randomization

Front 40

Nonexperimental designs are also called __________ designs.

Back 40

Descriptive

Front 41

True or False
Patterns of cultural behavior are inherited, not acquired.

Back 41

False

Front 42

True or False
African Americans have much higher mortality rates than White Americans.

Back 42

True

Front 43

True or False
Culture is the product of individual habit, not aggregate behavior.

Back 43

False

Front 44

True or False
Ethnocentrism blocks effective communication by creating biases and misconception about human behavior.

Back 44

True

Front 45

True or False
Although culture is learned, the process and results of that learning are different for each person.

Back 45

True

Front 46

A(n) __________ group is a collection of people who have common origins and a shared culture and identity.

Back 46

Ethnic

Front 47

Each person learns about culture through socialization with the family or significant group during the process of __________.

Back 47

Enculturation

Front 48

__________ medicine is a body of preserved treatment practices that has been handed down verbally from generation to generation.

Back 48

Folk

Front 49

Western societies in general have a(n) __________ view of health and illness.

Back 49

Biomedical

Front 50

__________ Americans as a group prefer traditional healing practices and folk medicine to Western medicine.

Back 50

Natvie

Front 51

True or False
Public health services include the functions of assessment, policy development, and assurance.

Back 51

True

Front 52

True or False
The beginnings of an organized health care system in the United States came in the form of official health agencies.

Back 52

True

Front 53

True or False
Health services occur at three levels.

Back 53

False

Front 54

True or False
The Secretary of Health and Human Services has ultimate responsibility for the PHS.

Back 54

True

Front 55

True or False
Private health services are complementary and supplementary to government health agencies.

Back 55

True

Front 56

__________ is a period of enforced isolation of persons exposed to a communicable disease during the incubation period of the disease, to prevent its spread should infection occur.

Back 56

Quarantine

Front 57

__________ is the process of translating established policies into services.

Back 57

Assurance

Front 58

Microeconomic theory is concerned with supply and __________.

Back 58

Demand

Front 59

__________ payments are monetary reimbursements made by providers of health care by someone other than the consumer who received the care.

Back 59

Third Party

Front 60

Title XIX is also known as __________.

Back 60

Medicaid

Front 61

True or False
The simplest measure of description is a count.

Back 61

True

Front 62

True or False
Herd immunity refers to a situation in which a person’s immunity to one agent provides immunity to a related agent as well.

Back 62

False

Front 63

True or False
The goal of descriptive studies is to identify the patterns of occurrence of any health-related condition.

Back 63

True

Front 64

True or False
Passive immunity is a long-term and sometimes lifelong resistance that is acquired either naturally or artificially.

Back 64

False

Front 65

True or False
Stating conclusions is an outcome of analysis and interpretation.

Back 65

True

Front 66

__________ refers to a disease occurrence that clearly exceeds the normal or expected frequency in a community or region.

Back 66

Epidemic

Front 67

A(n) __________ is a factor that causes or contributes to a health problem or condition.

Back 67

Agent

Front 68

The __________ refers to all the external factors surrounding the host that might influence vulnerability or resistance.

Back 68

Environment

Front 69

__________ refers to the relationship between a cause and its effect.

Back 69

Causality

Front 70

__________ immunity is a long-term and sometimes lifelong resistance that is acquired either naturally or artificially.

Back 70

Active

Front 71

True or False
Validity refers to the test’s ability to accurately identify those with the disease.

Back 71

False

Front 72

True or False
The predictive value of screening tests increases as the prevalence of the disease increases.

Back 72

True

Front 73

True or False
Isolation refers to restrictions placed on healthy contacts of an infectious case for the duration of the incubation period to prevent disease transmission if infection should develop.

Back 73

False

Front 74

True or False
Syphilis is the first STD for which control measures were developed and tested.

Back 74

True

Front 75

True or False
The injectable influenza is inactivated.

Back 75

True

Front 76

__________ transmission occurs by immediate transfer of infectious agents from a reservoir to a new susceptible host.

Back 76

Direct

Front 77

The time interval between exposure and onset of symptoms is called the __________ period.

Back 77

Incubation

Front 78

A(n) __________ is a nonhuman carrier such as an animal or insect.

Back 78

Vector

Front 79

__________ transmission occurs through droplet nuclei.

Back 79

Airborne

Front 80

Immunization is the process of introducing some form of __________ organism into a person’s system to promote the development of antibodies that will resist that disease.

Back 80

Disease causing

Front 81

True or False
A contaminant is a poisonous substance in the environment that produces harmful effects on the health of humans, animals, or plants.

Back 81

False

Front 82

True or False
Global warming causes a “greenhouse effect.”

Back 82

True

Front 83

True or False
A certain amount of natural radiation exposure from the sun is important for the production of vitamin D.

Back 83

True

Front 84

True or False
Natural radiation from the sun, soil, and minerals can be found in virtually all areas of the Earth’s environment.

Back 84

True

Front 85

True or False
Lead paint is now restricted in residential use.

Back 85

True

Front 86

A(n) __________ is a community of living organisms and their interrelated physical and chemical environment.

Back 86

Ecosystem

Front 87

__________ is the appreciation of beauty that is culturally pleasing to the person observing the person, place, or thing.

Back 87

Aesthetics

Front 88

The direct health effects of ozone depletion include increased risk for __________ cancer and cataracts.

Back 88

Skin

Front 89

__________ is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas that is formed by the breakdown of uranium in rock, groundwater, and soil.

Back 89

Radon

Front 90

One of the oldest environmental health hazards comes from improper disposal of human __________.

Back 90

Excreta

Front 91

Level of Disease Prevention
Keep illness or injury from occurring (vaccinations, elderly safety devices, teaching healthy lifestyles, educational programs- safe sex programs, dangers of smoking and drug abuse)

Back 91

Primary Prevention

Front 92

Level of Disease Prevention
Efforts to detect and treat existing disease (screening programs, breast and testicular exams, Pap smears, TB skin test, mammograms)

Back 92

Secondary Prevention

Front 93

Level of Disease Prevention
Reduce the extent and severity of a health problem to its lowest possible level to minimize disability and restore or preserve function (rehab- AA, halfway house, ostomy clubs, treatments, post mastectomy exercise program, early treatment and management of diabetes)

Back 93

Tertiary Prevention

Front 94

What are the 4 stages of community health nursing development?

Back 94

Early home care, district nursing, public health nursing, community health nursing

Front 95

A holistic state of well-being including soundness of mind, bod, and spirit

Back 95

Health

Front 96

Who coined the term "public health nursing?"

Back 96

Lillian Wald

Front 97

What is a local preschool an example of (in terms of setting)?

Back 97

Ambulatory Service

Front 98

What is a halfway house an example of (in terms of setting)?

Back 98

Residential Institution

Front 99

What is a continuing care center an example of (in terms of setting)?

Back 99

Residential Institution

Front 100

What is a family planning clinic an example of (in terms of setting)?

Back 100

Ambulatory Service

Front 101

Research:
Data can be quantified or measured objectively. Helpful in identifying problem or relationship between two or more variables.

Back 101

Quantitative

Front 102

Research:
Statistical research to analyze research, evaluating similar quantitative studies in attempt to integrate findings and combine sample size of small studies to make “a single effect measure”

Back 102

Meta-analysis

Front 103

Research:
Emphasis on subjectivity and the meaning of experiences to individuals

Back 103

Qualitative

Front 104

Pathogen Transmission:
Susceptible human or animal who harbors and nourishes a disease-causing agent

Back 104

Host

Front 105

Pathogen Transmission:
A factor that causes or contributes to a health problem or condition

Back 105

Agent

Front 106

Pathogen Transmission:
All the external factors surrounding the host that might influence vulnerability or resistance

Back 106

Environment

Front 107

Immunity Type:
Short-term; acquired naturally or artificially

Back 107

Passive Immunity

Front 108

Immunity Type:
Long-term, sometimes lifelong; acquired naturally or artificially

Back 108

Active Immunity

Front 109

Immunity Type:
Immunity to one agent providing immunity to another related agent

Back 109

Cross Immunity

Front 110

Immunity Type:
Immunity level present in a population group

Back 110

Herd Immunity

Front 111

Epidemiology:
disease occurrence that exceeds the normal occurrence in a community or region. (Bubonic Plague)

Back 111

Epidemic

Front 112

Epidemiology:
when an epidemic such as the bubonic plague becomes worldwide in distribution. (Aids and bubonic Plague)

Back 112

Pandemic

Front 113

Epidemiology:
the continuous presence of an infection or disease in one geographic area (Plague in Vietnam and Malaria)

Back 113

Endemic

Front 114

Reimbursement:
Fee established in advance, Reimburse after service rendered, Abused through the requesting and ordering of unnecessary tests, Encouraged sickness rather than wellness

Back 114

Retrospective

Front 115

Reimbursement:
External authority sets rates, Rates derived from predictions set in advance, Fixed rates rather than cost coverage, Imposes constraints on spending, Providers at risk for losses or surpluses

Back 115

Prospective

Front 116

A collection of people that have an interest or goal that binds members together.

Back 116

Community of Common Interest

Front 117

All efforts that seek to move people closer to optimal well-being or higher levels of wellness

Back 117

Health promotion

Front 118

The first female superintendent of a school of nursing accomplished what during her tenure at Johns Hopkins:
A) Curriculum expanded to 2-3 years
B) Handwashing was set as a standard of care
C) Students were expected to work longer shifts
D) Charting as a standard of care

Back 118

A

Front 119

In what year did the United States enter into World War II?
a. 1969
b. 2002
c. 1941
d. 1985

Back 119

C

Front 120

During which war did Florence Nightingale cared for the injured in 1854?
A. WWI
B: The Civil of War
C. The Crimean War
D. WWII

Back 120

C

Front 121

Who was the first public health nurse hired by the Women's Branch of the NY Mission?
A) Florence Nightingale
B) Francis Root
C) Ellen Ranyard
D) Mary Brewster

Back 121

B

Front 122

A community often is defined by its geographic boundaries. An example of a geographic boundary is:
a. City, town, or neighborhood
b. North, south, east, west
c. Urban, suburban, rural
d. Mountains, oceans, deserts

Back 122

A

Front 123

True/False:
The basis of community health nursing can be found within the historical development of district nursing.

Back 123

False

Front 124

In what year were Medicare and Medicaid established? 
A. 1941
B. 1956
C. 1965
D. 1972

Back 124

C

Front 125

True/False:
Advanced technology has improved in many ways including health care, nutrition, and lifestyle and has caused a concomitant increase in life expectanc

Back 125

True

Front 126

True/False:
"Healthy People" was first established in 2010 by the Department of Human Services.

Back 126

False

Front 127

True/False:
In 1877, Florence Nightingale was First Public Health Nurse.

Back 127

False

Front 128

Who was the only woman elected to be the president of the American Red Cross after Clara Barton?
A. Elizabeth Dole
B. Lucile Petry Leone
C. Mary Adelaide Nutting
D. Mary Eliza Mahoney

Back 128

A

Front 129

True/False:
Francis Root was the first African-American to graduate from an American nursing school.

Back 129

False

Front 130

Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?
A. collaborate with the news media to publicize current public health issues
B. Foster nurse involvement on community boards and other political groups
C. Promote increasing influence of the nurse through an expanded role in service delivery
D. All of the above

Back 130

A

Front 131

True/False:
Florence Nightingale cared for the injured during World War I.

Back 131

False

Front 132

Who established and became the first president of the American Red Cross?
A.) Florence Nightingale
B.) Jessie Sleet Scales
C.) Margaret Sanger
D.) Clara Barton

Back 132

D

Front 133

Who in the following is responsible for starting the first public school nurse program in the country?
A) Lillian Wald
B) Florence Nightingale
C) Lina Rogers Struthers
D) Jessie Sleet Scales

Back 133

C

Front 134

True/False:
The 19th amendment allowed women in the U.S. the right to attend nursing schools.

Back 134

False

Front 135

True/False:
In 1845, Dorothea Dix addressed legislature regarding abuse & neglect of the mentally ill.

Back 135

True

Front 136

True/False:
One year after Lina Rogers Struthers became the first school nurse, students sent home from New York City schools decreased from 10,000 to 1,000.

Back 136

True

Front 137

In 2009, what outbreak was declared a national emergency with over 22 million Americans contracting the disease and 4,000 deaths?
A. Small Pox
B. H1N1 flu
C. AIDs
D. Rheumatic fever

Back 137

B

Front 138

Which nursing pioneer implemented her public health programs during the Crimean war?
A). Harriet Tubman
B). Sojourner Truth
C). Florence Nightingale
D). Dorothea Dix

Back 138

C

Front 139

Many People have influenced the progression of Community health nursing throughout history. Which of these developments are attributed to the following innovators, Dorothea Dix, John Snow, and Louis Pasteur, respectively?
a. mental illness awareness, spread of disease in hospitals, germ theory
b. mental illness awareness, cholera transmission, germ theory
c. germ theory, spread of disease in hospitals, penicillin development
d. hand hygiene, mental illness awareness, germ theory

Back 139

B

Front 140

True/False:
In 1860 the first nonreligious school for nurses was established at St. Thomas Hospital in London. It promoted a standard for proper education and supervision of nurses in practice , known as the English Model.

Back 140

False

Front 141

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the development of community health nursing?
A. Role of the military
B. Changes in education
C. Causal thinking
D. Demographics

Back 141

A

Front 142

What was the first Nightingale model nursing school in the U.S.?
a. Teacher's College
b. Columbia University
c. Bellevue Hospital
d. Training School for Nurses

Back 142

C

Front 143

Who worked successfully in Turkey Scutari Military hospital and laid the foundations for nursing practice in community health?
A) Florence Guinness Blake
B) Clarissa Barton
C) Walt Whitman
D) Florence Nightingale 
E) Dorothea Dix

Back 143

D