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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Communication
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Process in which people create, transform, maintain, and repair social reality.
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Community Engagement
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Understanding the role of communication and enhancing our own communication abilities will better prepare us to become active and engaged members of the communities we belong to. No matter what community we belong to, we use communication to interact with one another.
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Community
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Collection of individuals who work together to achieve a common goal
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Message
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Verbal or nonverbal form of the idea, thought, or feeling that one person (the source) wishes to communicate to another person or group of people (the receivers).
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7 Communication Contexts
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Interpersonal, Small Group, Intercultural, Organizational, Public, Mass, Computer-Mediated
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Interpersonal Communication
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Communication between 2 people
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Small Group Communications
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Communication between 3-15 people who interact with each other and have a common goal.
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Intercultural Communication
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An attempt to share meaning between individuals from distinct cultures
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Organizational Communication
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Formal and informal communication that affects the functioning of an organization
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Public Communication
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Communication with a large group of people; usually with a key speaker
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Mass Communication
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Communication from a small group of people to a large audience using specialized communication media
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Computer-Mediated Communication
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Human communication and information shared through digital communication networks.
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Meaning
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The Shared understanding of the message constructed in the minds of the communicators.
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Four Models of Communication
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Action Model, Interaction Model, Transactional Model, Constructivist Model
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Action Model
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The earliest model of communication; sender-receiver model viewed communication as a linear action. The model focus is one directional, where one individual sends the message while the other individual receives the message.
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Interaction Model
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The model builds on the action model and adds the additional dimension of a response from the other individual in the communication encounter. A receiver of communication cannot return a message until the speaker’s message has been received.
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Transactional Model
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The model contends that we don’t wait to receive a message, instead, w1e simultaneously send and receive messages.
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Constructivist Model
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The Model shifts to focus on what happens in the minds of the communicators-interpreting meaning. This theory maintains that the receiver creates her own reality in her mind. The sender’s words are symbols that must be interpreted, and the receiver constructs his own meaning based on his field of experience.
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Language
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A code consisting of symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meanings that are governed by rules and used to communicate.
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Arbitrary
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Human language is a set of symbols people agree have a certain meaning.
Ex: Everyone in a group is asked to picture a chair; it’s likely that no two people will imagine exactly the same chair. |
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Ambiguous
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One aspect of language that makes communication difficult is that words change their denotations over time.
Ex: The word “gay” meant happy in the 11th century, now it means otherwise. |
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Abstract
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Communication is fairly simple if you have to describe only tangible objects. However language must also be used to communicate categories of objects, such as household goods, abstract ideas, such as faith & freedom& feelings.
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Regulative Rules
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explain how specific words and combinations of words are regulated.
Regulative rules provide guidelines for how words are grouped together and used. |
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Constitutive Rules
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explain the denotative meanings of a word.
Essentially, constitutive rules provide guidelines for what counts as what. |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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A theory that our thought processes, which are limited by our language, determine our perception of reality and, therefore, that language shapes social reality.
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Repeat
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Occurs when the same message is sent both verbally and nonverbally
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Emphasize
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Occurs when nonverbal behaviors strengthen verbal messages
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Complement
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Occurs when the nonverbal behaviors add meaning to the verbal message beyond the verbal meaning alone.
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Contradict
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Occurs when verbal and nonverbal messages conflict
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Substitute
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A method of communication in which nonverbal codes are used instead of verbal codes
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Regulate
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A guideline for how specific words or combinations of words should be used
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Kinesics
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This function focuses on the study of body movement, such as posture, gesture, and facial features
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Proxemics
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This function is the study of how humans use space and distance
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Chronemics
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This function focuses on the study of time and is concerned with how people organize and use time in various settings
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Haptics
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This function focuses on the study of how we use touch in communication
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Paralanguage
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This function includes all of the nonword sounds and nonword characteristic of language, such as pitch, volume, rate, and quality.
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Nonverbal vs. Verbal Communication Similarities
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Both nonverbal and verbal communication methods are symbolic, are guided by rules, and reflect culture. Additionally, both nonverbal and verbal communication might be intentional or might be unintentional.
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Nonverbal Communication
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Nonverbal communication is perceived to be more believable than verbal communication. This is true when nonverbal and verbal messages are in contradiction with one another.
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Nonverbal Communication
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Nonverbal is multi-channeled. All of the different types of nonverbal codes discuss in this unit can be interpreted simultaneously; Nonverbal communication is a complex mixture of nonverbal codes and adds layers of meaning on top of one another.
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Nonverbal Communication
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Nonverbal communication is continuous. Whether our nonverbal behaviors are intended to having meaning, others often assign meaning to nonverbal behaviors.
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Listening
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Listening is a natural process that occurs automatically. To communicate with others, it’s important that we hear the messages others send us, but hearing is only a small part of listening.
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5 Steps of Listening
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Hearing, Attending, Understanding, Responding, Remembering
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Hearing
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The physiological process of receiving a stimulus. Our ears detect sound waves and send a nerve impulse, to our brain. Not all sounds can be heard by animals.
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Attending
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Be engaged in the moment
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Understanding
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Selecting, organizing, and interpreting the meaning of the message
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Responding
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This occurs when there is nonverbal and verbal reaction to a message
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Remembering
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Retaining and recalling information
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External Obstacles
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Noise in the environment, such as a loud air conditioning unit or an overly complex message that is hard to follow
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Internal Obstacles
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Preoccupation by the listener, such as thinking about an exam in the next class period or prejudgment about a message.
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Topic One
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Foundations of Communication
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