Common Ornamental Weeds In Idaho

Front 1

I got to learn 30 common ornamental weeds in Idaho.
The study guide's pictures come from Weeds of Utah book.
I need to know the weeds ...

Back 1

common name
type of life cycle
morphology (structure / shape)
phenology (when weed grows)
habitat
characteristics that make the plant a weed

Front 2

the form & growth habits of weeds determine _________ method of control

Back 2

the form & growth habits of weeds BEST determine the methods of control

Front 3

since the form of a weed and its growth habits help determine how to kill it, the study manual therefore emphasizes these descriptions. What part of the plant largely determines the life of a plant?

Back 3

the plants roots determine the life of a plant, the length of life depends on the root.

Front 4

Since roots determine how long a plant lives, we therefore use this as a basis to divide plants types. What are they?

Back 4

annuals
biennials
perennials

Front 5

what is an annual?

Back 5

annuals complete their life cycle (grow, produce flowers and seeds, then die) in a single growing season! There are winter annuals and summer annuals!

Front 6

Whats the simplest method to control an annual?

Back 6

to stop it from sedding!
So, hoeing, mowing,hand pulling is chiefly used. maybe some herbicides.

Front 7

what is a biennial?

Back 7

Biennial differ from annuals by needing 2 growing seasons to develop flowers and mature seeds! After making seeds they die! First season the taproot gets est. and small rosette of leaves grows from rootcrown. 2nd season, stem develops w/h makes flower and seeds.

Front 8

what's the perferred method to kill a biennial?

Back 8

again, like the annual, seed production is a must to complete the plant's cycle so stopping the biennual is the same as the annual.

Front 9

what is a perennial?

Back 9

perennial plants are those that live for more than 2 years & don't make seeds until after the 2nd year or later. These are the most difficult to control b/c they have the best root systems. These usually become shrubs or trees.

Front 10

perennials have:
roots
rootstocks or rhizomes
so what?

Back 10

most of our noxius weeds are perennials!!!
And the best method to control them is prevention!

Front 11

the manual says:
clean cultivation & proper cultural practices still ...

Back 11

the best control methods known.

Front 12

Again:
growth habits determine ...

Back 12

the methods of control

Front 13

scientific names apply to plants' families, genera, and ...

Back 13

species. EX: for the mustards
family name = Brassicaceae
genera (plural for genus)
genera like Brassica, Cardaria, Chorispora, Descurainia (100s of them)
species is part of a genus EX
Sisymbrium altissimun L. is a species in the genus Sisymbrium in the Brassicaceae family, or commonly known as tumble mustard. The L that follows shows Linnaeus named the species.

Front 14

T or F
the common name is often more difficult to apply than the scientfic name

Back 14

True
some species have so many common names and vice versa, a common name given to different species!

Front 15

what plant structure is most commonly used in its classification and identifying a plant

Back 15

its flower!
the flower is the structure most used to id a plant

Front 16

there are lots of parts to a flower. we will focus on four of them. what are they?

Back 16

Pistil
Stamens
Sepals
Petals
(notice only the pistal is singular! all else are plural)

Front 17

what color usually are the sepals?

Back 17

green! they are the outside whorl of the flower.

Front 18

What is referred to as the calyx?

Back 18

all the sepals together make up the calyx.

Front 19

what is the term for all the pedals together as a group?

Back 19

corolla. The part had has the pollen is the Stamens! and is the MALE part too so Stamens is male!

Front 20

Pistal is the female part of the plant! what then are seeds and where do they grow?

Back 20

seeds are matured ovules
seeds develop inside the ovary of the pistal!

Front 21

what are the 2 main parts to a plant?

Back 21

the sexual reproductive part (to make seeds)

the vegetative part (the stem, leaves, roots, leaf buds)

Front 22

What is the Rhizome?

Back 22

the underground stem is the Rhizome.
EX gingeroot or potato

Front 23

what is the spikelet?

Back 23

holds florets, NOT A raceme!
a grass flower stem kind of, holds tiny flowers

Front 24

what is a raceme?

Back 24

type of florescence, unbranches, indeterminate, EX an Orchid.

Front 25

What is a Panicle?

Back 25

a compound raceme EX lilac
lots and lots of individual flowers form the panicle.

Front 26

what is a floret?

Back 26

florets grow on a Spikelet.Its a grass flower.

Front 27

what is a ligule?

Back 27

a tiny hair or translucent thing b/t the leaf and shaft.

Front 28

what is best way to tell diff. b/t barnyardgrass and Downy brome?

Back 28

Downy brome has ligule, barnyardgrass has NO ligule.
also Downy brome grows in winter, barnyard grass goes in summer

Front 29

so Downy brome is a ...

Back 29

winter weed

Front 30

what about quackgrass that is so objectionable?

Back 30

its broad leaves, doesn't look right w/ reqular grass. It resembles wheatgrass which grows in dryer benches and uplands. It has a rigorous root system. This would be easy to confuse w/ regular grass.

Front 31

whats the big distinction of the witchgrass?

Back 31

its got hair all over it
its stems are hairy, its leaves are hairy, even its panicle is hairy

Front 32

Where are you going to see witchgrass growing?

Back 32

in your garden usually

Front 33

how are weeds classified?

Back 33

native

introduced (by its origin)
knowing origin might help determine how to kill it

Front 34

NATIVE WEEDS were not brought here by humans. so

natural enemies, competition w/ other plants, etc do what

Back 34

hold that native weed in check

rarely do native weeds become problem weeds

Front 35

Introduced weeds come from other parts of the country or world.

The northwest lacks preditors to these introduced species or have limiting factors like the climite to hold them in check. what does this cause?

Back 35

this creates condition for these Introduced weeds to flourish and spread.
MOST PROBLEM WEEDS are INTRODUCED WEEDS

Front 36

ESCAPED PLANTS

how did escaped plants get here?

Back 36

ESCAPED PLANTS were intentionally introduced as:
crops
forage
ornamentals but spread beyond their intended areas!

Front 37

Whats the problem with ESCAPED PLANTS?

Back 37

their suppressing mechanisms didn't come with ESCAPED PLANTS so they grow like weeds. Good stuff like scotch broom, english lawn daisy etc are escaped ornamental plants

Front 38

HOW WEEDS SPREAD

weeds spread when seeds or plant parts move into new territory. how do these seeds move away?

Back 38

wind water animals

plants also have parts that resprout new roots or shoots!

these plant framents get carried into new areas.

Front 39

WIND

dandylions have parashoot seeds which float off.

what do plants like russian thistle kochia and mustards move?

Back 39

they tumble w/ the wind dropping seeds as it rolls

Front 40

WATER

from rain or irrigation or surface runoff moves seeds.

what do seeds have that aid this floating?

Back 40

an oily coating OR air bladder

so rivers streams irrigation canals move large # seeds

Front 41

MAMMALS BIRDS HUMANS carry seed on bodies into new areas.

how?

Back 41

seed shapes like burs hooks barbs that cling to feathers hair clothing.

wils animals eat seeds and excreate seeds later which germinate

Front 42

So the book shows pictures of seeds which we look at to determine ...

Back 42

how those seeds are designed to move them along
a water moving seed
a air moving seed
a animal moving seed

air seed had a floaty thing on top like a fuzzy hat

animal seed had hooks all over it

water seed no clue here

Front 43

so trucks mowers RVs cars all can move seeds a long distance too. what else by people move seeds to new areas?

Back 43

contaminated topsoil
manure
compost
mulch
sod
turfgrass
all soil regardless where it came from have thousands of seeds in it

Front 44

WEED ESTABLISHMENT and PERSISTENCE

weeds b/c a problem in ornamental beds and turf where ...

Back 44

ground is disturbed or where plants are weakened.
construction sites
heavy foot traffic areas
scalped turf
edges of plantings
(weeds don't do well in healthy turf or ornamental plantings OR where good plants shade the soil

Front 45

WEEDS once established, if allowed to go to seed ?

Back 45

produce huge # of seeds ensuring their survivial

Front 46

weeds make HUGE # of seeds in a year.
purslane speedwell = 377,000
common purslane = 53,000
Shepardspurse = 38,000
etc

weed seeds can remain DORMANT in soil from months to decades. This guarantees weed survival. what does this mean to us?

Back 46

weed management is usually a long term process.

Front 47

WEED CLASSIFICATION and LIFE CYCLES

we don't need to be a botonist to control weeds but ...

Back 47

knowing if a weed is a grass or a broadleaf ...

knowing its life cycle helps us enormously to select a control method

Front 48

whats the first step in effective weed control programs?

Back 48

accurately identifying weeds is first step.

we know the regular weeds BUT learning new weeds is hard and needs knowledge of plant ANATOMY or CLASSIFICATION

Front 49

Major plant groups are designated according to

Back 49

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

common to all plants in each group!

eX we divide weeds into 2 groups...Grasses & Broadleaves

Front 50

GRASSES & SEDGES have 1 seed leaf.......................

leaves are narrow and upright

Leaf veins run parallel to ...

Back 50

lear margns

roots are fine & branching (fibrous)

Front 51

How do SEDGES differ from grasses?

Back 51

SEDGES have triangular shaped stems rather than round or oval ones AND leaves extend in 3 directions.
think crabgrass, quackgrass barnyardgrass

Again, a triangle stem

Front 52

BROADLEAF plants, trees shrubs have ...

Back 52

2 seed leaves.
leaves usually broad w/ netlike veins.

coarse root system

strong taproot

Front 53

(again, 2 major plant groups are grass and broadleaf)

Plants can be HERBACEOUS which is ...

Back 53

do not regrow from woody tissue ABOVE the ground

Front 54

or plants can be WOODY (shrubs and trees)

What are examples of HERBACEOUS broadleaf weeds?

Back 54

dandelions
knotwood
plantain are typical HERBACEOUS broadleaf weeds

Front 55

Shrubs have several stems and rarely grow taller than 10 feet. Ex blackberry bush is common WOODY weeds. So again, the 2 seed leave plants are...

Back 55

HERBACEOUS (don't regrow from woody tissue above ground)
WOODY (shrubs and trees)
these are the 2 BROADLEAF plants, & have 2 seed leaves.

Front 56

So we classify weeds by
STRUCTURAL CHARACERISTICS like what kinds of leaves they have.

Another way to classify plants is based on their ...

Back 56

PLANT LIFE CYCLE

there is certain times when a plant is more vulnerable so we need to know this stuff. Good weed management depends on targeting certain plant growth stages!

EX: seeding, vegetative, flower, maturity

Front 57

so plants are classified by their LIFE CYCLE...?

Back 57

annuals
biennials
perennials

Get it? one year and die
2 year and die or live long time? PLANT LIFE CYCLE

Front 58

what is the easiest plant weed to contol and why?

Back 58

ANNUALS have a complete LIFE CYCLE in 12 months or less. Annuals are easyiest weed to control BUT BUT BUT are a continual problem BECAUSE

of lots lots of dormant seeds, fast growth, and hi seed production! Cost more to control than perennial b/c of hi #s

Front 59

Long term control of annuals requires stopping seed production. What are the 2 types of ANNUALS?

Back 59

summer annuals

winter annuals

Front 60

summer annuals are like
barnyardgrass
green/yellow foxtails
common lambsquarters
knowweeds
pigweeds
common purslane
puncturevine

What are common winter annuals?

Back 60

annual bluegrass
common chickweed
shepardspurse

Front 61

(GERMINATE means sprout from seed)

so summer annuals germinate in spring or summer then ...

Back 61

grow
flower
set seed
die before winter.

the seed lie dormant in soil until next spring OR several springs later when life cycle repeats!

Front 62

So summer and winter annual plant life cycles in book show the comparisons to each other. any remarks?

Back 62

summer annuals have the cycles of germinate, veg growth and flower from spring toward summer, where the winter annual has germinate, veg growth and flower from fall winter and then spring.
The winter annual set SEED in Late spring where summer annuals set SEED in mid summer. OK? The winter annual then dies in summer.

Front 63

so winter annuals germinate in late summer to early winter while summer annuals germinate in spring. Winter annuals overwinter in vegi state. so when do winter annuals seeds lie dormant in the soil?

Back 63

winter annual seeds lie dormant in the soil during the SUMMER. (and summer annuals seeds lie dormant in the fall)

Front 64

BIENNIAL PLANTS complete their life cycle in 2 years. what do they do the first year?

Back 64

the plant forms basal leaves (rosette) and a large root systme. 2 year they flower, mature, die. THERE ARE NO BIENNIAL GRASSES OR SEDGES

Front 65

why do people confuse biennials with winter annuals?

Back 65

b/c winter annuals live during 2 calender years! AND during 2 seasons but still their life cycle is 12 or less months.

Front 66

biennials are easier to kill in their first year but?

Back 66

kill bienniels their first year, BUT their rosette forms are easy to overlook.

Front 67

PERENNIALS live more than 2 years. some indefinitely by resprouting from vegi plant parts. But perennials are persistent, how?

Back 67

resprouting roots
rhimzomes
stolons
tubers
plant fragments
perennials spread quick and are difficult to control
Perennials die back in winter on the ground then resume back in winter on rootstock

Front 68

so to avoid problems with these problem weeds (perennials) don't let perennial ...

Back 68

seedlings get established!

Most reproduce by seeds and also by vegetative spread too.

Front 69

Perennials are classified by how they spread ...?

Back 69

SIMPLE Perennials

CREEPING Perennials

Front 70

So...
SIMPLE PERENNIAL PLANTS resprout from crown buds on taproot and spread by ...

Back 70

seed.

Dandelion and plantain are good EX of SIMPLE PERENNIAL PLANT. roots are fleshy and grow large.

cut dandelion off below ground level, plant resprouts from taproot.

Front 71

CREEPING PERENNIALS REPRODUCE BY ...

Back 71

creeping roots or creeping aboveground stem (STOLONS) or crepping below ground stems (RHIZOMES)
Oh, CREEPING PERENNIALS can reproduce by seed too.

Front 72

EX of CREEPING PERENNIALS are
Bentgrass
ground ivy all sprout NEW plants from aboveground runners or stolons.

How does Quackgrass and Johnsongrass grow?

Back 72

Quackgrass and Johnsongrass sprout new growth from rhizomes, the UNDERGROUND stems.

Front 73

Again, above ground stems are called ...

Back 73

STOLONS

above ground stems

Front 74

and below ground or underground stems are called...

Back 74

RHIZOMES

underground stems

Front 75

what else does the book say happens from underground stems or RHIZOMES?

Back 75

some RHIZOMES end with underground TUBERS which sprout new plants.

Front 76

what are the most difficult group of perennials to control?

Back 76

CREEPING PERENNIALS, once infested, are the most difficult to control. Control might be repeated cultivation, mowing, herbicide applications, possibly a residual herb or combo of these.

Front 77

EX of CREEPING PERENNIALS are
Bentgrass
ground ivy all sprout NEW plants from aboveground runners or stolons.

How does Quackgrass and Johnsongrass grow?

Back 77

Quackgrass and Johnsongrass sprout new growth from rhizomes, the UNDERGROUND stems.

Front 78

Again, above ground stems are called ...

Back 78

STOLONS

above ground stems

Front 79

and below ground or underground stems are called...

Back 79

RHIZOMES

underground stems

Front 80

what else does the book say happens from underground stems or RHIZOMES?

Back 80

some RHIZOMES end with underground TUBERS which sprout new plants.

Front 81

what are the most difficult group of perennials to control?

Back 81

CREEPING PERENNIALS, once infested, are the most difficult to control. Control might be repeated cultivation, mowing, herbicide applications, possibly a residual herb or combo of these.

Front 82

EX of CREEPING PERENNIALS are
Bentgrass
ground ivy all sprout NEW plants from aboveground runners or stolons.

How does Quackgrass and Johnsongrass grow?

Back 82

Quackgrass and Johnsongrass sprout new growth from rhizomes, the UNDERGROUND stems.

Front 83

Again, above ground stems are called ...

Back 83

STOLONS

above ground stems

Front 84

and below ground or underground stems are called...

Back 84

RHIZOMES

underground stems

Front 85

what else does the book say happens from underground stems or RHIZOMES?

Back 85

some RHIZOMES end with underground TUBERS which sprout new plants.

Front 86

what are the most difficult group of perennials to control?

Back 86

CREEPING PERENNIALS, once infested, are the most difficult to control. Control might be repeated cultivation, mowing, herbicide applications, possibly a residual herb or combo of these.