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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The gatekeepers who determine what news will be published or broadcast are known as? |
1. Presidents and other high officeholders 2. Interest aggregations 3. Public Relations Specialists |
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_______ percent of what major newspapers like the New York Times and the Washington Post print is news taken straight from press releases and press conferences. |
50 |
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According to agenda-setting theory, the media make some attributes more salient through |
Framing |
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McCombs and Shaw have changed the scope of their initial argument of agenda-setting theory to say that the media |
Tells us what to think, what to think about, and perhaps even what to do. |
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If a person regards herself or himself representative of a group of people, his or her communication will likely become |
Divergent |
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A person who has had a hostile interaction with a person from another group in the past, will tend to |
Ascribe that outcome to the other person's social identity. |
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There is a societal constraint that suggests that those with less power should _______ the communication practices of those with higher status. |
converge toward |
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Critics of the communication accommodation theory state that |
1. it is extremely complex. 2. it cannot be tested as a whole. 3. it is not falsifiable. |
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The strategy people use to adapt communication behavior to become more similar to another person is called |
Convergence |
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Ting-Toomey bases her ideas on the difference between |
individualist and collectivist cultures. |
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The face-giving strategy is used to defend another person's need for what? |
Inclusion |
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Ting-Toomey uses the term __________ to describe facework strategy concerned with self? |
Face-restoration |
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According to Ting-Toomey and Oetzel, the statement "I sacrificed my self-interest for the benefits of our relationship" would show this? |
Interdependent self image |
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Based on Tannen's ideas, men and women handle conflict differently in that |
men are more comfortable with conflict. |
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Kunkel and Burleson's critique of Tannen's theory focuses on their findings that men and women place an equally high value on? |
Comforting communication |
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Tannen argues that her theory of genderlect is based on the idea that male and female conversation is best understood as? |
Cross-cultural communication |
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When considering men and women's speaking, women speak more in this way than men? |
Private conversations |
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According to Tannen, men and women differ in terms of listening because |
women interrupt in conversation to show support. |
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The theory that mass media has the ability to transfer the salience of issues in their news agenda to the public agenda is known as? |
Agenda Setting Hypothesis |
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This claimed that people would attend only to news and views that didn't threaten their established belief? |
Selective Exposure Hypothesis |
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The pattern of news coverage across major print and broadcast media as measured by the prominence and length of stories is known as? |
Media Agenda |
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The first task of developing agenda setting theory involved measuring this? |
Media Agenda |
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The most important public issues as measured by public opinion surveys is known as? |
Public Agenda |
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McCombs and Shaw believe this is responsible for the almost perfect correlation found b/w the media and public ordering of priorities? |
Hypothesized agenda setting function of the media |
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The true test of agenda setting hypothesis is that it must be able to show that public priorities lag behind this? |
media agenda |
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Agenda setting hypothesis says this is the cause and this is the delayed effect? |
1. media agenda 2. public agenda |
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Agenda setting theory concludes that people who have a willingness to let the media shape their thinking have a high need for this? |
Orientation |
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This is the measure of the extent to which individuals need for orientation motivates them to let the media shape their views? |
Index of curiosity |
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This is the selection of a restricted number of thematically related attributes for inclusion on the media agenda when a particular object or issue is discussed? |
Framing |
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There is a high correlation between this and the depth of public concern over an issue? |
Amount of media coverage |
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These are clusters of people who demand center stage for their one overriding concern, pressure groups? |
Interest aggregations |
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Most people 18-34 rely on this for news? 35-54? 55+? |
1. Internet 2. TV 3. Papers |
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Christian's theory that a moral responsibility to promote community, mutuality, and persons in relation who live simultaneously for others and themselves? |
Communitarian Ethics |
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This is an unconditional love for others because they are created in the image of God? |
Agape love |
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In 1994, McCombs suggested that agenda setting is a theory of this? |
Limited media effects |
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More than how many empirical studies have supported agenda-setting theory? |
400 |
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According to communication accommodation theory this is a strategy by which you adapt your communication behavior in such a way as to become more similar to the other person. It is a from of audience adaption to reduce non-verbal differences? |
Convergence |
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This is the sensitive selection of topic to discuss? |
Discourse management |
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According to communication accommodation theory, this is a communication strategy of accentuating the differences b/w yourself and another. It is counter-accommodation, direct ways of maximizing the differences b/w speakers? |
Divergence |
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Speakers may persist in their original communication style regardless of the other person or over accommodate, creating a feeling of this? |
Patronization |
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Communication Accommodation theory specifically focuses on the non-verbal adjustments of these? |
1. Speech rate 2. Accent 3. Pauses |
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This is a major focus of communication accommodation theory? |
Inter generational communication |
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The constant movement toward or away from other by changing your communicative behavior is known as? |
Accommodation |
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Persisting in your original communication style regardless of the communication behavior of the other is known as? |
Maintenance (underaccommodation) |
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This is demeaning or patronizing talk; excessive concern paid to vocal clarity and amplification, message simplification or repetition. AKA: baby-talk |
Overaccommodation |
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The group memberships and social categories that we use to define who we are is known as our? |
Social Identity |
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Personal identity is one one end of the spectrum and this is on the other end? |
Social Identity |
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This is a communicators predisposition to focus on either their individual identity or group identity during a conversation? |
Initial orientation |
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This is the perceptual process by which we observe what people do and then try to figure out their intent or disposition? |
Attribution |
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This is a metaphor for our public self-image? |
Face |
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This refers to the specific verbal and nonverbal messages that help to maintain and restore face loss, and to uphold and honor face gain? |
Facework |
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This is where there's an equal concern for both parties' image, as well as the public image or their relationship? |
Mutual face |
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This is the facework strategy used to defend and support another's need for inclusion? |
Face-giving |
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This theory helps to explain cultural differences in responses to conflict? |
Face-negotiation theory |
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This postulates that the framework of people from individualistic cultures will be strikingly different from facework of people from collectivistic cultures like Japan or China? |
Face-negotiation theory |
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According to Henry Triandis in relation to face negotiation theory the 3 most important distinctions are the different ways that members perceive the following? |
1. Self 2. Goals 3. Duty |
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Wherein people identify with a large group that is responsible for providing care in exchange for group loyalty; we-identity; a high context culture. This is known as? |
Collectivistic culture |
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Wherein people look out for themselves and their immediate families, I-identity; a low context culture. This is known as? |
Individualistic culture |
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More than 2/3 of people are born into this culture? Less that 1/3 into this one? |
1. Collectivistic 2. Individual |
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This is self-image; the degree to which people conceive themselves as relatively autonomous from, or connect to, others? |
Self-construal |
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This is regard for self-face, other-face, or mutual face? |
Face concern |
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This is the self-concerned facework strategy used to preserve autonomy and defend against loss of personal freedom? |
Face-restoration |
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The face type where a person has a self image that embraces both interdependence and independence? |
Biconstrual |
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The way a culture deals with status differences and social hierarchies, the degree to which low-power members accept unequal power as natural is known as? |
Power-distance |
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According to Ting-Tooney these are the 3 requirements for effectively communicating across cultures? |
1. Cultural knowledge 2. Mindfulness 3. Facework interaction skills |
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The ability to recognize that things are not always what they seem and therefore seeking multiple perspectives in conflict situations is known as? |
Mindfulness |
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This is ones ability to communicate appropriately, effectively, and adaptively in a given situation? |
Interaction Skill |
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Critics question the validity of face-negotiation theory because it is based solely on this? |
Self-reported data. |
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According to Deborah Tannen, male-female communciation is this? |
Cross cultural |
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According to Genderlect theory women have a desire for this and men are concerned mainly with this? |
1. Connection 2. Status |
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This is is not what people say but how they say it? |
Conversation style |
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This is a term suggesting that masculine and feminine styles of discourse are best viewed as two distinct cultural dialects? |
Genderlect |
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This is the typical conversation style of women, which seeks to establish connection with others? |
Rapport talk |
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This is the typical monologic style of men, which seeks to command attention, convey information, and win arguments? |
Report talk |
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This is a supportive interruption often meant to show agreement and solidarity with speaker. Men regarding this as a power play to take over a conversation? |
Cooperative overlap |
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This is a short question at the end of a declarative statement often used by women to soften the sting of potential disagreement or invite open friendly dialogue? |
Tag Question |
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This is the subjective standard ascribing validity to an idea when it resonates with ones personal experience? |
Aha factor |
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What are the two critical theories? |
1. Standpoint theory 2. Muted group theory |
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According to standpoint theory this group have more complete views that their counterpoints? |
Those in subordinate roles |
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This is a place from which to critically view the world around us? |
Standpoint |
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Synonyms for standpoint include? |
1. Viewpoint 2. Perspective 3. Outlook 4. Position |
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According to Standpoint theory men want this and women want this? |
1. Autonomy 2. Connection |
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This is knowledge situated in time, place, experience, and relative powers as opposed to knowledge from nowhere that's supposedly value free? |
Local Knowledge |
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This refers to the strategy of starting research from the lives of women and other marginalized groups whose concerns and experiences are usually ignored? |
Strong objectivity |
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This is Behhabib's theory that maintains that a universal ethical standar is a viable possibility? |
Interactive Universalism |
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This theory maintains that language is literally a man-made construction? |
Muted Group Therapy |
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These are people belonging to low power groups who must change their language when communicating publicly, thus, their ideas are often overlooked? |
Muted Group |
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Who first proposed the muted group theory? |
Edwin Ardener |
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There are how many words to describe loose men? loose women? |
1. 22 2. Over 200 |
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This states that language shapes our perception of reality? |
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis |
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These are editors and other arbiters or culture who determine which books, essays, poetry, plays, film scripts will appear in the mass media? |
Gatekeepers |
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Kramarae believes these forms of online communication help give voice to muted women? |
1. Online education 2. Blogs 3. Wikis |
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Kramarae believes that men have more trouble understanding what members of the other gender mean because they? |
Do not make an effort to do so. |
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This is the ultimate goal of muted group therapy? |
To change the man-made linguistic system. |
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Tannen criticizes muted group theory stating that it is problematic to say this? |
That men are trying to control women. |