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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Methods of refuse disposal |
Controlled tipping, sanitary landfill, Composting, Disposal at sea, Incinerating, Burning |
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Crude dumping disadvantages |
Rodents, flies, bad odor, pollute surfaces, may cause fire outbreaks |
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Double blind study |
An experimental epidemiological study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know the identity of what is being given to eliminate bias |
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Bamako Initiative |
Adopted by African ministers of Health in 1987 at Bamako, Mali a joint UNICEF/WHO strategy being used to achieve PHC particularly for women and children in rural communities |
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Aims of Bamako initiative |
Establish essential drug scheme |
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Methods of food preservation |
Smoking Drying Pricking Salting Refrigeration Canning |
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PH importance of rats |
Host fleas and mites vectors of plague and marine typhoid Urine leptospirosis Rat bite fever Trichinosis Food poisoning from droppings |
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Isolation and quarantine |
Isolation: Separation of infected persons from non infected persons for the period of communicability of the disease Quarantine: limitation of freedom of movement of apparently well person who has been exposed to an infectious disease for the duration of the max incubation period of the disease with the view to prevent transmission |
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Safe motherhood |
Adopted at Nairobi conference in 1987 Adequate food Family planning universally available ANC Postnatal care for all pregnant women All deliveries supervised Adequate PHC |
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Factors causing rapid decline in fertility in Ghana |
Family planning, Family life education, Female education, abolition of customs, health education, political commitment to population control |
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Cold chain |
System of people and equipment to ensure that vaccines are potent from time of manufacture to the time it is used |
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Break in cold chain |
Central stores staff inadequate knowledge Vehicles carrying vaccines may break down Frequent power cuts Bad personal attitude towards work Improper storage Non adherence to instructions |
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Surveillance |
Ongoing systematic collection of health related data and the analysis, interpretation and dissemination kf such data to helo make PH decisions to reduce mortality and morbidity |
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Diseases under WHO surveillance |
Plague Yellow fever AIDS |
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EPI |
Is a WHO program which assists health authorities to design, implement and evaluate immunization program, training their health personnel, aquire vaccines and other essential supplies. |
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EPI Ghana |
Birth: BCG(0.05ml), OPV0 6weeks: PENTA 1 OPV1 Pcv1 rotarix1 10weeks: PENTA2 OPV2 PCV2 rotarix2 14weeks: PENTA3, OPV3 PCV3 9months: measles(0.5ml sc), yellow fever Pregnant women: tetanus toxoid |
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Maternal depletion syndrome |
Results from having too many children, too closely spaced and too early Go into pregnancy with nutritional deficits worse at end of pregnancy Overworked, prematurely aged, malnourished,anemic, prone to infections |
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Health implication of rural urban migration |
Creation of slum Overcrowding Poor refuge /sewage disposal Spread of disease Increase in social vice Reduced food production in rural areas |
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Causes of perinatal deaths in Ghana |
Prematurity LBW PIH OBSTRUCTED LABOR Congenital deformities Asphyxia Birth injuries APH |
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Point source epidemic |
Outbreak of a disease due to exposure of a group of people to a common noxious agent |
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Yaws |
Water washed disease caused by Treponema pertunue a spirochete Incubation 1 to 3 weeks Man source of infection direct person to person transmission common in children below 15 |
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Components of school health |
Clinical Environmental health and sanitation Nutrition and school food program Health education |
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Health |
Complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing of an individual and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
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Permissive abortion for juveniles |
Pregnancy from rape or incest no regular source of income medical disease complicating pregnancy mentally unstable juveniles |
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Growth spurts and catch up growth |
Growth spurt: a sudden increase in the rate of growth in an individual(infancy, prepuberty, puberty) |
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Catch up growth |
During periods of illnesses rate of growth is slow but after offending agent removed the child grows more rapidly than usual and catches uo towards original growth curve |
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Methods of summarising data |
Numerical Tabular Graphical Descriptive |
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Herd immunity |
It is the resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infection and is based on the immunity of the members of the group |
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Legal adoption in Ghana |
Adoption act 1962 in charge Department of Social Welfare Signed by High court |
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Epidemic, Endemic, Pandemic |
Epidemic: Occurrence of a disease in excess of a normal expectancy in a population Endemic: habitual presence of a disease or infective agent in a geographical area Pandemic: occurrence of a disease in excess of normal expectancy throughout the country, continent or the world |
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Yellow fever |
Acute infectious disease caused by Flavivirus incubation 3 to 6 days Endemic zone in Africa between latitude 10"s and 15"N Last epidemic 1993 in Jirapa-Lawra 2 forms urban type and jungle type |
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Aedes index |
Proportion of houses with a breeding site for Aedes aegypti in a well defined area Index<1% >5% imminent outbreak of YF |
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Wucheraria bancrofti |
Adult females are viviparous and produce Mf which appear in bloodstream between 10pm and 2am, 12 noon and 8pm |
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WHO |
Global health regulation under the UN founded on 7th April 1947 Functional bodies: Secretariat, work health assembly(health ministers), executive body(director general) 6 regions each with a director They have eradicated small pox, yaws control, PHC, Oncho control in West Africa |
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Diseases producing ulcers |
Buruli Guinea worm Diabetes Neurotropic Leprosy Syphilitic |
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Buruli |
Caused by M. ulcerans a necrotising ulcer of the skin and subcut tissue incubation 4 to 10 weeks Seen in Ashanti, Greater Accra, Eastern and Brong Ahafo Peak season between September and November Control: Wide surgical incision amd skin graft Rifampicin BCG |
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Primary prevention |
General health promotion Immunisations |
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Secondary |
Early detection n treatment Screening measures PAP smear of cervix blood sugar for DM |
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Tertiary |
medical, vocational and psychosocial rehabilitation |
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Child survival |
Growth monitoring Oral rehydration salt Breastfeeding Immunisation Food supplementation Family planning Female education |
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Demographic transition theory |
Stage 1 increased birth rate and increased death rate Stage 2 Increased birth and decreased death Stage 3: Decreased death plus decreasing death rates Stage 4: Decreased birth rate + decreased death |
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UNICEF |
United Nations Children Emergency fund established after Ww2 Not officially under UN financed by voluntary contributions from governments, private foundations and public doantions Programs include GOBIFFF, water and sanitation, malaria control, AIDS control |
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Control of epidemic |
Confirm epidemic Describe the epidemic Conduct case control analysis Environmental assessment Control the epidemic: Treat carriers, isolate cases, surveillance of suspects, control animal reservoirs, notification Vector control, Restrict population movement, improve environmental and personal hygiene Protect susceptible hosts with immunizations, chemoprophylaxis Notification to MOH, Rdoh, Community leaders, Local government |
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Meat inspection |
TB: Casseations with cavitation, enlarged lymph nodes, miliary change Taenia solium: encysted bladder like larval forms whitish in color with an opalescent transparency Anthrax: dark hemorrhagic spleen, rapid putrefication Brucellosis: splenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes no caseation |
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Vaccine storage |
-8 to - 25: BCG YELLOW MEASLES POLIO 2 TO 8: PENTA, CSM, ANTI RABIES, ANTI SNAKE, ANTI TETANUS |
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Important dates |
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Hupley Noguchi |
Yellow fever, Treponema pallidum |
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TBA box |
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Population census |
Total process of collecting, compiling, and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining at a specific time to all people in a country or defined area |
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GMDC |
Selected members by profession, 6 registered med practitioners, 2 registered dental practitioners, 6 appointed members, 2 ex officio members Executives include chairman, treasurer and registrar |
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TBA |
A woman who has acquired the skills in delivering pregnant women by working with other TBA incorporated into Level A community level |
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Problems of the aged |
Neglect Malnutrition Lack of medical care. Lack of financial resources Chronic diseases Lack of recreational facilities Loneliness |
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Septic tank |
Type of body waste disposal usually used on household basis Water tight tank designed to slow down amount of raw sewage so that solid part separates, settles n broken down by liquefaction and bacterial action Should have liquid volume of not less than 2200L and a detention time not less than 12 hours |
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BOD5(20) |
Amount of oxygen expressed in mg/L required for bacterial oxidation of organic matter Standard measure of oxygen taken up in 5 days in water at a temperature of 20 degrees Most important measure of water quality and control and sewage treatment |
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Health hazards |
Farming: snake bites, infections, accidents, chemical poisoning, Byssinosis, low back pain Welding: Arc eye, Skin burn, flash burn, electric shock, foreign body, cataract Fishing industry: drowning, accidents, Schisto, fire burns |
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DHMT |
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Cysticercosis |
Infection due to larval stage of Taenia solium from ingestion of contaminated food or water containing the ova |
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Components of school health |
Medical inspection Dental care Immunisation Treatment of minor illnesses Growth monitoring School and environment food hygiene Health education Nutrition |
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Cardinal signs of Leprosy |
Anesthetic skin patch or macule Enlarged or tender peripheral nerve with sign of peripheral nerve damage Presence of AFB on Slit Skin Smear |
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Skin testing for leprosy |
Skin specimen is taking from 2 ear lobes, eyebrow, elbow, knee |
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Fertility, Fecundity, total fertility, crude birth rate |
CBR 30.5 PER 1000 |
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How to prevent epidemic |
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Differences between tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy |
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Eye management of leprosy |
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Maternal death |
Death of a woman during pregnancy or 40 days after the termination of the pregnancy irrespective of the site of the pregnancy due to complications related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or due to its management but not due to incidental or accidental causes |
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Delays of maternal mortality |
Delay in taking decisions to seek help Delay in transportation to nearest health facility Delay at health facilities and staff attitudes Malnutrition Low level of female education and empowerment FGM |
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Important rates |
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Water treatment |
Damming Collection Aeration Flocculation Sedimentation Filtration Chlorination |
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Residual chlorination |
Refers to leftover of chlorine levels that is aimed at keeping water bacteria free during its distribution from the production point |
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Measures for cholera outbreak |
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Millenium Development Goals |
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Drug considerations in TB |
Rifampicin a hepatic drug inducer decreases plasma levels of PIs and NNRI increase dose of efavirenz from 600 to 800 Streptomycin given by IM risk of needle stick injury |
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Control and preventive measures |
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Complications of IUD |
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Aspects of community health |
Epidemiology Demography Occupational health Biostatistics Health management Reproductive and child health Health psychology and sociology Health education and promotion Social welfare |
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What is screening |
Presumptive identification |
