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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
error model
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researcher's job is to identify and then remove/reduce sources of potential error so that findings can be trusted
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external criteria
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those based on comparisons of what is in the article with what is already known about the topic
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internal criteria
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those which are relatively independent of the specific subject matter and are mainly concerned with the adequacy of the methods used in the study itself
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empirically verifiable
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can be observed and described in such a way that if done the same way, more than one person can get the same results and come to the same conclusion
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concept
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imprecise and vague idea; a conceptual variable
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operational definition
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a specification of how something will be measured
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conceptual hypothesis
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the causal relationship between concepts
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operational hypothesis
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the relationship between measures of those concepts; indicates the predicted direction or magnitude of relationship
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variable
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any concept that has different values; is not a constant
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constant
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always has the same value; doesn't vary
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independent variable
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explanatory variable; the one doing the causing
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dependent variable
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variable being explained; one being affected
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conditional/moderating variable
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affects relationship between x and y
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intervening/mediating variable
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comes between x and y in a causal change
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3 criteria for establishing causality
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covariation, temporal order, elimination of rival hypotheses
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unit of analysis
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what or who you are analyzing in your study
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ecological fallacy
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making a conclusion about an individual based on a group
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reductionist fallacy
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making a conclusion about a group based on an individual
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random errors
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due to chance fluctuations and average to zero
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systematic errors
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have a direction of "bias"
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reliability
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refers to how consistent or precise the measurement it
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double-blind investigations
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neither the research assistant nor the people being studied know enough to bias the outcome
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covariation
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there is a relationship
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temporal order
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independent variable preceds dependent variable
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type I error
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false positive
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type II error
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false negative
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nominal measurement
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classification into categories
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ordinal measurement
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relative rankings from less to more
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interval measurement
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equal intervals between categories, arbitrary 0
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ratio measurement
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equal intervals and non-arbitrary 0
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intercoder agreement
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for judges or coders; reliability
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test-retest reliability/stability
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over time; reliability
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inter-item correlations
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different items on the same test measuring aspects of a concept should be related; reliability
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item-total correlations
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like inter-item but using subsets of items instead of all of the items; reliability
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split half correlations
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internal consistency; reliability
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face validity
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subjective evaluation of how a concept is measured; validity
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content validity
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are any aspects of a concept left out?; validity
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Convergent validity
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correlates with previously validated measure
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Discriminant validity
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it shouldn’t correlate w/some measures
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Concurrent validity
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correlates with another variable/concept occurring at the same time
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Predictive validity
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correlates w/ another variable/concept occurring later in time
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