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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Basing an argument on feelings, especially pity or fear, often to draw attention away from the real issues or conceal another purpose
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faulty emotional appeals
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attempt to prove that something are more or less desirable than others
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claims of value
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restriction placed on the warrant to indicate that unless certain conditions are met, the warrant may not establish a connection between the support and the claim
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reservation
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Internal consistency of the message- clarity of claim, logic of its reasons, effectiveness of its supporting evidence. (logical appeal)(credibility)
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Logos
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failing to acknowledge disagreement among experts otherwise misrepresenting the trustworthiness of the sources
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faulty use of authority
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disputing a view similar to, but not the same as, that of the arguers opponent
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straw man
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using irrelevant proof to buttress a claim.
"it does not follow" |
non sequitur
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a restriction placed on the claim may not always be true as stated
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qualifier
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security; freedom from harm; order and stability
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safety needs
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assert that specific policies should be instituted as solutions to problems
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claims of policy
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drawing conclusion form insufficient eveidence
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hasty generalization
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the assurances upon which a warrant or argument is based
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backing
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diverting an issue from the issue by introducing a new point; by responding to an accusation with a counter-accusation that makes no attempt to refute the first accusation
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two wrongs make a right
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materials used by the arguer to convince the audience that his/her claim is sound (evidence, motivational appeals)
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the support
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emotional appeal (emotional and imaginative impact the message has on the audience to make a decision)
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pathos
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a proposal that something should continue because it has traditionally existed or been done that way
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appeal to tradition
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assuming without specific proof that if objects are similar in one way, then they are similar in other ways as well
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false analogy
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simplifying a complex problem into an either/ or dichotomy
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false dilemma
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a general principle or assumption that establishes a connection between the support and claim
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the warrant
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a formula of deductive argument of consisting of 3 propositions: a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
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syllogism
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most frequently as examples and statistics
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factual evidence
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a warrant based on the credibility or trustworthiness of the source
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authoritative warrant
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mistakenly inferring that because one event follows another they have a casual relation
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Post Hoc of Doubtful Case
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making a statement that assumes that the issue being argued has already been decided
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begging the question
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reasoning by which we establish that a conclusion must be true b/c statements on which it is based are true; syllogism
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deduction
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