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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
perception
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the process by which we make sense out of experience
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selective perception
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the means of interpreting experience in a way that conforms to one’s beliefs, expectations, and convictions
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closure
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the tendency to fill in missing perceptual pieces to perceive a complete world
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perceptual sets
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expectations that produce a readiness to process experience in a predetermined way
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selective retention
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the tendency to remember those things that reinforce one’s way
of thinking and forget those that oppose one’s way of thinking |
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selective attention
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the tendency to focus on certain cues and ignore others
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selective exposure
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the tendency to expose oneself to information that reaffirms existing attitudes, beliefs, and values
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horn effect
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the perceiving of qualities that are primarily negative
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halo effect
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the perceiving of qualities that are primarily positive
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first impressions
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initial judgments about people
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primacy effect
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the ability of one’s first impression to color subsequent impressions
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stereotype
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a generalization about people, places, or events held by many members of a society
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prejudice
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a biased, negative attitude toward a particular group of people; a negative prejudgment based on membership in a social category
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allness
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the erroneous belief that any one person can know all there is to know about anything
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blindering
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the process by which one unconsciously adds restrictions that limit one’s perceptual capabilities
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fact
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that which is known to be true based on observation
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inference
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an assumption with varying degrees of accuracy
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perceptual constancy
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the desire to perceive experience exactly as we have perceived it in the past
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cultural nearsightedness
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the failure to understand that we do not all attribute the same meanings to similar behavioral clues
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cultivation theory
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a theory propounded by George Gerbner and colleagues focusing on the mass media’s ability to influence users’ attitudes and perceptions of reality
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virtual reality
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an environment that exists as data in a computer system
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onlinespeak
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the informal communication
style that marks electronic communication |
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tag questions
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questions that are midway between outright statements
and yes-no questions |
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disclaimers
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remarks that diminish a statement’s importance
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qualifiers
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tentative phrases
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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the belief that the labels we use help shape the way we think, our worldview, and our behavior
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linguistic determinism
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the belief that language influences how we interpret the world
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linguistic relativity
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the belief that persons who speak different languages perceive the world differently
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dominant culture
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the culture in power; the mainstream culture
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euphemism
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a pleasant word that is substituted for a less pleasant one
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bypassing
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miscommunication that occurs when individuals think they understand each other but actually miss each other’s meaning
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denotative meaning
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dictionary meaning; the objective or descriptive meaning of a word
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connotative meaning
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subjective meaning; one’s personal meaning for a word
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nonverbal communication
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the kinds of human messages and responses not expressed in words
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mixed message
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message that occurs when words and actions contradict each other
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kinesics
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the study of the relationship between human body motion, or body language, and communication
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facial management techniques
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the means we use to control the expressions we reveal to others
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rate
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speaking speed
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volume
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the degree of loudness of the voice
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proxemics
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the study of the use of space
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intimate distance
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a distance ranging from the point of touch to 18 inches from a person
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personal distance
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a distance ranging from 18 inches to 4 feet from a person
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social distance
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a distance ranging from 4 feet to 12 feet from a person
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public distance
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a distance of 12 feet and farther from a person
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fixed-feature space
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space that contains relatively permanent objects
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semi-fixed-feature space
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space in which objects are used to create distance
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informal space
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space that is highly mobile and can be quickly changed
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markers
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items that reserve one’s space
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territoriality
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the need to demonstrate a possessive or ownership relationship to space
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haptics
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the study of the use of touch
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visual dominance
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a measure calculated by comparing the percentage of looking while speaking with the percentage of looking while listening
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low-contact cultures
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cultures that maintain more distance when interacting
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contact cultures
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cultures that promote interaction and encourage displays of warmth, closeness, and availability
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emoticons
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symbols that replace nonverbal cues during machine-assisted communication
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critical thinking
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the careful and deliberate process of message evaluation
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"you" messages
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responses that place blame on another person
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"I" messages
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nonevaluative responses that convey our feelings about the nature of a situation
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supportive feedback
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a nonevaluative response indicating that the receiver perceives a problem as important
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understanding
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a nonevaluative response that uses restatement to check comprehension
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probing
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a nonevaluative technique in which we ask for additional information
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nonevaluative feedback
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nondirective feedback
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formative feedback
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timed negative feedback
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evaluative feedback
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a positive or negative judgment
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speech-thought differential
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the difference between speaking and thinking rates
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red-flag words
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words that trigger emotional deafness, dropping listening efficiency to zero
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paraphrasing
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restating in your own words what another person has said
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critical listening
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listening to evaluate the worth of a message
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empathic listening
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listening to help others
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comprehensive listening
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listening to gain knowledge
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appreciative listening
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listening for enjoyment or relaxation
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serial communication
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a chain-of-command transmission
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mindfulness
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emptying one’s mind of personal concerns and interfering emotions, and
choosing to focus on the person and the here and now |
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dialogic listening
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listening that focuses on what happens to people as they respond to each other
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