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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
process
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dynamic interaction, infinit # of variables, no beg. no mid. no end *many variables happening at once
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structure
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recognizing process means that saying anything becomes difficult
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implications
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whole is greater than the sum of the parts, generalities are meaningless : "it depends" few "absolutes"
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noise
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interferance
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mechanical/technological
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physically makes it hard to hear
(noise) |
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semantic
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noise introduced by recievers (emotionally distraction)
(noise) |
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environmental
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some one jack hammering interferance (noise)
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gatekeeping
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the editor (they are not letting some info get to you)
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feedback
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letter or comments saying wether or not we like somehting (rating/reports)
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fidelity
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degree to which some medium can reproduce some message (the quality of a reproduciton)
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interpersonal vs. mass communication differences
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-number of "receivers"
-person vs organization as source -technologically mediated as source -easily terminated or not -interactive/transactional or not |
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denotative
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dictionary meaning of a word
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connotative
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person/emotion meanings tied to a word
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syntactical
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meanings that are withing the words (by using other words to figure it out)
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repetition
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same message same sensory modality
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redundancy
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same message in diff sensory modalities (shown by picture/voice/sound)
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Whorfian hypothesis
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if you have a word for it you know it (language determines thought)
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paralinguistics
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non-vebal comm. that goes along with verbal comm.
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proxemics
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study of space & position(moving chairs in round circle)
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haptics
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study of touch
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kinesics
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facial expressions/gestures/body movement
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vidistics
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study of film
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non-verbal communication
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everything other than language- 35-90% of meanings we get from language -not discrete - not cultureal- it usually changes the meaning of conversation
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John Campbell-
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Boston Newsletter
(published as he saw it, but asked govt for permission) "published by authority" news could be 6 months late 1704 |
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James Franklin-
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New England Courant
-1721 -published without authority |
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John Peter Zenger
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said seditious libel against gov. *truth as defense for libel in court
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Benjamin Day
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New York Sun - wanted to produce for everyone for $0.01
-printed everything includeing police beat |
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James Gordon Bennett
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New York Herald
-makes Ben Day's idea work, got good advertisment - good graphics- begain advertising industy |
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Henry Raymond
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1851- New York Times
-"All the news thats fit to print" |
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Joseph Pulitzer
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common man support against govt/biz people could identify with this (st. Louis Post Dispatch
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William Randolph Hearst
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does same thing as pulitzer, San Francisco Chronicle
-Citizen Kane -buys a lot of newspapers around |
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Penny Press
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conditions for mass circulation consumer magazines come into place 1-increased literacy 2-better presses 3-national transportation possibilities 4-better photographic possibilities 5-expanded interest in crime news, biz etc.
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Yellow Journalism
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Hearst vs Pulitzer
-use of lavish photos -hires eachothers guys -one guy hires others cartoonist |
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Jazz Journalism
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a time of more fun-ultra sensationalism, reported on divorse/scandal
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Benjamin Franklin/
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General Magazine - (at this time someone would have needed to "be well off" to get (buy or read0
-he was first "media mongul" because he had a newspaper and magazine at the same time |
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Media Mongul
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an example of a very small conglomerate
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Joseph Dennie/
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early literary magazine/Portfolio
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Factors influencing the development of mass circulation magazines
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1- increased literacy
2- better press 3- national transportation possibilities 4-better photo possiblities 5- expanded interes in crme new, biz etc |
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The “muckraking” era
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1890-1915
1- ostentatious sympathy for underdog 2-taking on big biz 3-fighting for common man 4-child labor laws, meat packers, standord oil |
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The “muckraking” era
and Ida Tarbell |
magazine that delt with standard oil
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Ida Tarbell
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McClure's mag. delt with standard oil
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Consumer mag
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Early 20th century
Henry Luce-Time/Life Cyris curtiss - Ladies home Journal Dewitt & Lila Wallace - Readers Digest |
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controlled cerculation
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build circulation you charge more to advertisors
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top ten consumer mag
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-AAA Westways
-Ladies Home Journal -Womens day -Family circle -Good Housekeeping -National Geographic -Better homes and Garden 1-Readers Digest 2-AARP Bulletin 3-AARP Mag |
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Dewitt & Lila Wallace -
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Readers Digest
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Henry Luce
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Time/Life
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Cyrus Curtiss
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Ladies Home Journal
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The “Golden Age” of consumer magazines/
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1930-40s
-A classier circulation battle between Life & Look -growth/competition -lower subscriptoin rates/higher ad prices -better writing/photography/content |
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Magazines’ response to emergence of TV/
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Target audience- male/female/age/etc
-advertising for women -retail distribution (mag on store counters) |
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Hertz/
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early inventors - phisisit
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Marconi
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Father of Radio
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Conrad-KDKA
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1st commercial radio station -pittsburg 1920
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Westinghouse
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was a telephone service, forced to do radio (wanted to sell radio recevers so made radio station
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American Marconi
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father of radio (Guglielmo Marconi)
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at&t + westinghouse+american marconi =
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RCA in 1919 (owen D Young)
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toll broadcasting by AT&T
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work like long distance calling you pay for your time did not work
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MBS
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mutual broadcasting system
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NBC owned ...
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NBC and ABC
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UIB owned...
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CBS
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NBC forced to divest itself of a network so...
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1943 NBC became ABC
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Radio Act of 1912
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Govt. licensed Broadcasters vic commerce department- did not regulate
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Zenith vs. USA
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Hoover tried to stop people from getting licenses - fought that there was no right to deny lisense
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Federal Radio Act of 1927
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created the federal radio commission
-justified by the limited numbers of available frequencies -broadcasters asked for "traffic cop" |
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Communications Act of 1934
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1- all assumption same as broadcast regulation
2-included telephone & telegraph 3-included section 315 4-federal communications (FCC created) |
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The Blue Book
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1943- FCC writing to broadcasters on definition
-sustaining/public affairs programs (non-commercial) -coverage of local issues -producing local shows -no excessive advertising (limited ads) |
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public interest, convenience and necessity
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Industy and govt began to work on this definition = bc many radio people were not obeying by the rules, they were not "serving public"
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assumptions of broadcast regulation
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1- airwaves beong to people
2-govt has discretionary power 3-not everyone is eligible for a license 4-equitable distribution of service 5-broadcasting is protected by 1st amendment 6- decisions can be appealed |
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War of the Worlds/Orson Welles/importance
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1938 - prime time radio The golden age of radio
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Radio and WW II/Edward R. Murrow
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Edward = in london reporting on war
-brought entirely different "national mood" toward war... cooperated with governement |
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radio’s response to television’s growth
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Had to adapt to the challenge by targeting audiences for programming
-emphasis on mobility/portablitiy moved to FM |
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FM radio’s growth
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by 70s FM radio was booming = AM suffering by 2000 FM started to suffer (mp3s)
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AM radio’s rebirth
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by 90s AM radio focused on news, info, sports, talk and boomed
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two key themes for radios
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-“change is inevitable”
-”adoption of new technology takes more time than expected” |
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Roget/Zworykin/Farnsworth/Sarnoff
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TV- pioneers
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Roget
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persistence of vision 1800s
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Zworykin
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tv tubes prior to 1930
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Farnsworth
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scanning
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Sarnoff
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president of NBC 1939
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Sixth Order and Report
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spectrum reallocation
-had VHF continues (2-13) -adds UHF added (14-83) -reserve 10% of channels for education -adopts the NBC compatible color TV system (1952) |
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freeze
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1948-1952 because they ran our of licenses bc most frequencies were being used up FCC freeze
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UHF problems
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-reception of signal
-strenth of signal bad -lack of programming -lack of affiliates -financial disaster |
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UHF solutions
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-households and tvs expand
-advertiser interest is immense -cost of ad goes up -basic program types are "in Place" news as primary source prime-time vs others |