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428 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cells responsible for forming the blood brain barrier
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astrocytes
|
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prominent glial cell in the white matter
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oligodendroglia
|
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cells that are destroyed in MS
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oligodendroglia
|
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cells that are destroyed in Guillain-Barre
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Schwann cells
|
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which sensory receptors in the skin are responsible for pain and temperature
|
free nerve endings (via A-delta and C fibers)
|
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sensory receptors found in the skin, ligaments, and joints that mediate vibration and pressure
|
Pacinian corpuscles
|
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difference in the distribution between Meissners corpuscles and Merkels disks
|
Meissners corpuscles are found in hairless skin
Merkels disks are found in skin with hair follicles |
|
site of synthesis for NE, dopamine, serotonin, ACh, and GABA
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NE- locus ceruleus
dopamine- substantia nigra compacta serotonin- raphe nucleus ACh- basal nucleus of Meynert GABA- nucleus accumbens |
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what nucleus of the hypothalamus makes ADH
|
supraoptic
|
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what nucleus of the hypothalamus makes oxytocin
|
paraventricular
|
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lateral hypothalamus control what
|
hunger
|
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ventromedial hypothalamus controls what
|
satiety
|
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anterior hypothalamus controls what
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parasympathetics
|
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posterior hypothalamus controls what
|
sympathetics
|
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the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus controls what
|
circadian rhythms
|
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thalamic nuclei thats part of the vision pathway
|
LGN
|
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thalamic nuclei thats part of the hearing pathway
|
MGN
|
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what thalamic nuclei is part of the facial sensation and taste pathway
|
VPM
|
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what thalamic nuclei is part of the pain/temperature/proprioception/touch pathways
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VPL
|
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the 5 F's of the limbic system
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Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, Fucking
|
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the cerebellum receives contralateral cortical input via what peduncle
|
middle cerebellar peduncle
|
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the cerebellum receives ipsilateral cortical input via what peduncle
|
inferior cerebellar peduncle
|
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4 nuclei of the cerebellum
|
dentate, emboliform, globose, and fastigial
|
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what makes up the striatum
|
putamen and caudate
|
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what makes up the lentiform
|
putamen and globus pallidus
|
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morphologic feature of Parkinsons
|
Lewy bodies (made of alpha-synuclein)
|
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region of substantia nigra involved in Parkinsons
|
pars compacta
|
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4 major symptoms seen in most cases of Parkinsons
|
tremor (pill-rolling), cogwheel rigidity, akinesia, postural instability (TRAP)
|
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symptom of an STN lesion (usually via lacunar infarct)
|
hemiballismus
|
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difference between myoclonus and dystonia
|
myoclonus- sudden, brief muscle contraction (jerks, hiccups)
dystonia- sustained, involuntary muscle contractions (writers cramps) |
|
characterized by hyperorality, hypersexuality, and docility
|
Kluver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)
|
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region of the brain associated with arousal and wakefulness; lesion causes coma
|
reticular formation
|
|
region of the brain damaged in Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
|
mammillary bodies
|
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lesion to this region of the cerebellum causes truncal ataxia and dysarthria
|
vermis
|
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region of the cerebellum associated with eye movements
|
floculonodular lobe
|
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ONLY laryngeal muscle NOT innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve
|
cricothyroid
|
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aphasia caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus
|
conduction aphasia
|
|
origin of ACA
|
internal carotid
|
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branches of the ACA (3)
|
pericallosal, callosomarginal, and recurrent artery of Heubner
|
|
anastamoses between ACA is via what artery
|
ACOM
|
|
origin of posterior cerebral artery
|
basilar artery
|
|
PCOM connects what 2 vessels
|
internal carotid and posterior cerebral artery
|
|
origin of middle cerebral artery
|
internal carotid
|
|
oculomotor nerve exits between what 2 vessels
|
posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar artery
|
|
origin of PICA
|
vertebral artery
|
|
origin of AICA
|
basilar artery
|
|
origin of basilar artery
|
vertebral artery
|
|
aneurysm/infarct of PCOM causes what
|
painful CN III palsy
|
|
aneurysm/infarct of ACOM causes what
|
bitemporal hemianopsia
|
|
arteries (2) associated with medial medullary syndrome
|
anterior spinal artery and vertebral artery
|
|
artery associated with lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenbergs)
|
PICA
|
|
characterized by contralateral hemiparesis of the lower extremities, decreased contralateral proprioception, and ipsilateral paralysis of CN XII
|
medial medullary syndrome
|
|
characterized by contralateral loss of pain/temperature, ipsilateral dysphagia, hoarseness, decreased gag reflex, vertigo, diplopia, nystagmus, vomiting, ipsilateral Horner's, ipsilateral loss of pain/temp in the face, and ipsilateral ataxia
|
lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenbergs)
|
|
artery associated with lateral inferior pontine syndrome
|
AICA
|
|
characterized by ipsilateral facial paralysis, ipsilateral cochlear nucleus damage, nystagmus, ipsilateral loss of pain/temp, and ipsilateral dystaxia
|
lateral inferior pontine syndrome
|
|
artery affected in causing contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing
|
PCA
|
|
most common location for a brain aneurysm
|
ACOM
|
|
infarct in what artery causes locked-in syndrome
|
basilar
|
|
only movements left intact in locked-in syndrome
|
vertical eye movements
|
|
special aneurysms associated with chronic hypertension
|
Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms
|
|
3 major diseases associated with an increased risk for berry aneurysms
|
adult PKD, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Marfans syndrome
|
|
artery associated with epidural hematomas
|
middle meningeal artery
|
|
origin of middle meningeal artery
|
maxillary artery
|
|
transtentorial herniation and CN III palsy are common occurences in what type of bleed
|
epidural
|
|
vessels associated with subdural hematomas
|
bridging veins
|
|
conditions where subdural hematomas are commonly seen
|
elderly, alcoholics, trauma, shaken baby syndrome
|
|
bleed associated with a yellow (xanthochromic) spinal tap
|
subarachnoid
|
|
most common location for parenchymal bleed
|
basal ganglia
|
|
time frame that needs to pass before irreversible damage occurs during a TIA/stroke
|
5 minutes
|
|
recommended treatment immediately following a stroke
|
tPA (within 4.5 hours)
|
|
amount of CSF made per day
|
500ml/day
|
|
pathway for CSF
|
choroid plexus -> lateral ventricle -> foramen of monro -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> subarachnoid space via 2 foramina of Luschka and 1 foramen of Magendie -> cisterna magna -> arachnoid granulations
|
|
clinical triad of normal pressure hydrocephalus
|
urinary incontinence, dementia, ataxia ("wet, wacky, wobbly")
|
|
hydrocephalus ex vacuo is seen in what conditions
|
Alzheimer's disease, advanced HIV, and Pick's disease
|
|
herniations of the spinal cord occurs in what direction
|
posterolaterally
|
|
location of spinal tap
|
L3-L5
|
|
region of the dorsal column that controls the upper body
|
cuneate
|
|
region of the dorsal column that controls the lower body
|
gracilis
|
|
spinal cord tract that controls pain, temp, and crude touch
|
anterolateral (aka spinothalamic)
|
|
where does the dorsal column decussate?
|
internal arcuate fibers of the caudal medulla
|
|
where does the anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway decussate
|
anterior white commissure of the spinal cord
|
|
where does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate
|
pyramidal decussation in the caudal medulla
|
|
signs of UMN lesion
|
weakness, hyperreflexia, increased tone, positive babinski, spastic paralysis, clasp knife spasticity
|
|
signs of LMN lesion
|
weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, hyporeflexia, decreased tone
|
|
what age group is a positive Babinski a normal finding
|
less than 2 years of age because the tracts haven't completed myelination yet
|
|
2 major diseases that affect ONLY LMNs
|
Poliomyelitis and Werdnig-Hoffmann disease
|
|
MS affects what part of the spinal cord
|
white matter
|
|
disease characterized by both UMN and LMN lesions without sensory deficits
|
ALS
|
|
vitamin B12 deficiency, vitamin E deficiency, and Friedreich's ataxia are all associated with degeneration of what part(s) of the spinal cord
|
dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tracts (pain/temp spared)
|
|
portion of the spinal cord damaged in syringomyelia initially
|
anterior white commissure
|
|
tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis) affects what part of the spinal cord
|
dorsal columns
|
|
autosomal-recessive disease known to cause "floppy-baby" syndrome which is fatal before the first year
|
Werdnig-Hoffman disease
|
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characterized by ipsilateral UMN signs, ipsilateral loss of vibration/proprioception, contralateral pain and temperature loss, and LMN signs at site of lesion
|
Brown-Sequard syndrome (hemisection of the spinal cord)
|
|
only cranial nerve that arises dorsally
|
trochlear (CN IV)
|
|
characterized by paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze due to lesion in the superior colliculi
|
Parinaud syndrome
|
|
innervation of palattoglossus
|
vagus nerve
|
|
innervation of stylohyoid
|
facial nerve
|
|
innervation of parotid gland
|
CN IX (specifically via lesser petrosal nerve)
|
|
afferent and efferent limbs of the corneal reflex
|
trigeminal (V1) and facial
|
|
afferent and efferent limbs of the lacrimation reflex
|
trigeminal (V1) and facial
|
|
branch of the trigeminal that does NOT pass through the cavernous sinus
|
V3
|
|
Right CN XI lesion would cause difficulty turning the head which way
|
Left
|
|
where does the uvula deviate in CN X lesion
|
away
|
|
where does the tongue deviate in CN XII lesion
|
towards
|
|
what organisms is characterized by causing ring-enhancing lesions in the brain
|
toxoplasma gondii
|
|
SE of acetazolamide
|
hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia
|
|
MOST common cause of primary amenorrhea in young women
|
Turner syndrome
|
|
3 symptoms of Cushing's triad
|
HTN, bradycardia, and irregular respiration
|
|
what is "triple H" therapy
|
treatment for the cerebral vasospasms that occur several days after a subarachnoid hemorrhage (consists of inducing HTN, hypervolemia, and hemodilution)
|
|
calcium channel blocker given to patients with a subarachnoid hemorrhage
|
nimodipine
|
|
arteries affected in Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms
|
lenticulostriate
|
|
treatment of cryptococcal meningitis
|
amphotericin B
|
|
how do UMN lesions affect the face
|
contralateral paralysis of lower half of face only
|
|
how do LMN lesions affect the face
|
ipsilateral paralysis of the whole half of the face
|
|
Bell's Palsy is seen in complications of what diseases (6)
|
AIDS, Lyme disease, HSV, sarcoidosis, neoplasms, and diabetes
|
|
muscle that opens jaw
|
lateral pterygoid
|
|
type of glaucoma that is caused by obstructed outflow of aqueous humor especially in the canal of Schlemm
|
open angle (wide)
|
|
type of glaucoma that is caused by obstruction of flow between iris and lens
|
close angle (narrow)
|
|
characterized by opacification of the lens
|
cataracts
|
|
retinal detachment refers to the detachment of what 2 layers
|
neurosensory layer and pigment epithelium
|
|
pathologic cause of dry macular degeneration
|
fat deposits (drusen) in Bruch's membrane
|
|
pathologic cause of wet macular degeneration
|
neovascularization
|
|
lesion to central portion of the optic chiasm causes what
|
bitemporal hemianopia
|
|
lesion to the optic tract causes what
|
contralateral homonymous hemianopia
|
|
lesions to both superior/inferior optic radiation tracts unilaterally cause what
|
contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
|
|
infarct of inferior division of MCA causes what eye deficit
|
contralateral "pie in the sky"
|
|
MLF syndrome (aka internuclear ophthalmoplegia) is MOST commonly seen in what disease
|
MS
|
|
patient with R MLF lesion- describe what their eyes would do when looking to the left
|
L eye abducts normally with slight L nystagmus
R eye can NOT adduct |
|
late onset Alzheimer's disease is caused by mutation of what gene
|
ApoE4
|
|
which lipoprotein is protective against Alzheimer's
|
ApoE2
|
|
treatment for Guillain-Barre
|
plasmapheresis and IV immunoglobulins
|
|
MOST common initiating location for partial seizures
|
medial temporal lobe
|
|
difference in the timing of nystagmus in peripheral versus central vertigo
|
peripheral causes of nystagmus are delayed; central causes of nystagmus are immediate
|
|
treatment of cluster headaches
|
sumitriptan and oxygen
|
|
treatment of migraines
|
NSAIDs, sumatriptan, propranolol
|
|
disease characterized by port-wine stains, leptomeningeal angiomas, and pheochromocytomas
|
Sturge-Weber syndrome
|
|
characterized by retardation, seizures, hamartomas in the skin, cardiac rhabdomyomas, renal angiomyolipomas, astrocytomas, "ash-leaf" spots, "shagreen patches," and "candle-guttering" of the ventricles
|
Tuberous sclerosis
|
|
disease characterized by bilateral renal cell carcinoma, cavernous hemangiomas in the skin/mucosa, and hemangioblastomas in the retina, brain, and cerebellum
|
VHL
|
|
difference in location between adult and childhood primary brain tumors
|
adults are supratentorial and childrens are infratentorial
|
|
what is a "butterfly glioma"
|
when a glioblastoma multiforme crosses over the corpus callosum
|
|
astrocytes stain positive for what
|
GFAP
|
|
from what cells do meningiomas arise from
|
arachnoid cells
|
|
morphologic feature of meningiomas
|
psammoma bodies
|
|
most common location for a schwannoma
|
cerebellopontine angle
|
|
most common form of pituitary adenoma
|
prolactinoma
|
|
MOST common childhood brain tumor overall (up to age 18)
|
pilocytic astrocytoma
(medulloblastomas are the MOST common brain tumor under the age of 10) |
|
morphologic feature of pilocytic astrocytomas
|
rosenthal fibers
|
|
morphologic features of medulloblastomas
|
Homer Wright rosettes or pseudo-rosette pattern, desmoplastic variants, and drop metastasis
|
|
2 morphologic features of ependymomas
|
perivascular pseudorosettes and rod-shaped blepharoblasts
|
|
morphologic feature of hemangioblastomas
|
foamy cells
|
|
hormone produced by hemangioblastomas
|
erythropoietin (leads to polycythemia)
|
|
artery damaged causing duret hemorrhages seen in uncal herniations
|
paramedian artery
|
|
drug thats contraindicated in closed-angle glaucoma
|
epinephrine
|
|
MOA of alpha agonists in treating glaucoma
|
decrease aqueous synthesis
|
|
MOA of beta blockers in treating glaucoma
|
decrease aqueous secretions
|
|
MOA of cholinomimetics in treating glaucoma
|
increase outflow of aqueous humor
|
|
SE of pilocarpine
|
miosis, cycloplegia
|
|
branches of the internal carotid (5)
|
ophthalmic, PCOM, anterior choroidal, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral ("OPAAM")
|
|
origin of lenticulostriate arteries
|
middle cerebral artery
|
|
branches of the PCA (3)
|
thalamoperforators, thalamogeniculates, and posterior choroidal arteries
|
|
location of lesion causing alien hand syndrome
|
supplementary motor area
|
|
cause of "man in the barrel" syndrome
|
Watershed infarcts
|
|
what makes up the confluence of sinuses
|
superior sagittal, straight, occipital, and transverse sinuses
|
|
most superficial veins drain to one of what 2 locations
|
cavernous sinus or superior sagittal sinus
|
|
most deep veins drain where
|
great veins of galen
|
|
sagittal sinus thrombosis produces what finding on CT/MRI
|
"empty delta sign"
|
|
what is the gait in Parkinson's called
|
festinating or shuffling gait
|
|
conditions including polio, MS, Guillain-Barre, spinal herniation, peroneal muscle atrophy, and peroneal nerve injury are all associated with what type of abnormal gait
|
high-steppage
|
|
which brain herniation is linked to Kernohan's notch and Duret hemorrhages
|
transtentorial (uncal) herniation
|
|
which brain herniation is most likely to compress the posterior cerebral artery leading to CN III palsy
|
transtentorial (uncal) herniation
|
|
which brain herniation has the highest fatality risk
|
tonsillar herniation
|
|
this condition is characterized by a decrease in or total absence of the gyri on the brain; caused by mutations in alpha-dystroglycan
|
Lissencephaly
|
|
condition characterized by incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres across midline; seen in fetal alcohol syndrome, trisomy 13 (patau syndrome), and untreated maternal diabetes
|
holoprosencephaly
|
|
this condition presents as a "batwing" deformity on imaging of the brain
|
agenesis of the corpus callosum
|
|
condition characterized by an enlarged posterior fossa; the vermis is absent or present only in rudimentary form
|
Dandy-Walker malformation
|
|
condition characterized by a small posterior fossa leading to the cerebellar tonsils extending into the vertebral canal
|
Arnold-Chiari type I malformation
|
|
condition characterized by a small posterior fossa leading to the vermis extending down through the foramen magnum
|
Arnold-Chiari type 2 malformation
|
|
condition characterized by cape-like loss of pain/temp in the UEs with touch being sparred
|
syringomyelia
|
|
metabolic depletion of energy associated with ischemia to the brain results in the inappropiate release of what amino acid which ultimately contributes to cell damage
|
glutamate
|
|
are watershed infarcts precipitated by HYPER or HYPOtensive episodes
|
hypotension
|
|
MOST common location for Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms
|
basal ganglia
|
|
MOST common site for a berry aneurysm
|
ACOM
|
|
AV malformations are MOST common with what brain vessel
|
MCA
|
|
3 MOST common causes of chronic bacterial meningoencephalitis
|
Mycobacteria (TB), syphilis, and Lyme disease
|
|
gene mutation causing CJD
|
PRNP
|
|
what will gel electrophoresis reveal in a person with MS
|
oligoclonal IgG bands
|
|
this disease is characterized by bilateral optic neuritis and spinal cord demyelination; antibodies are directed against aquaporins
|
neuromyelitis optica (aka Devic disease)
|
|
this syndrome is characterized by acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, and syncope; caused by demyelination of the pons secondary to rapid correction of a hyponatremia metabolic condition in alcoholics
|
Central pontine myelinosis
|
|
what protein makes up the neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease
|
tau
|
|
AB neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and hirano bodies are characteristic of what disease
|
Alzheimer's
|
|
disease characterized by dementia, aphasia, changes in personality, language disturbances, and parkinsonisms; caused by lobar atrophy sparring the parietal lobes; the brain takes on a "knife's edge" appearance
|
Pick's disease
|
|
what is the trinucleotide repeat in Huntington's disease
|
CAG
|
|
which DTR is left intact in children with Friedreich's ataxia
|
extensor plantar reflex
|
|
enzyme deficiency in ALS
|
copper-zinc superoxide dismutase I (SOD1)
|
|
morphologic feature of Krabbe's disease
|
globoid cells
|
|
deficiency in Krabbe's disease
|
B-galactocerebrosidase
|
|
autosomal recessive disease characterized by ataxia and dementia due to demyelination and gliosis in the white matter; there is an accumulation of cerebroside sulfates
|
metachromatic leukodystrophy
|
|
enzyme deficiency in metachromatic leukodystrophy
|
arylsulfatase A
|
|
disease characterized by megalencephaly, seizures, and psychomotor retardation; Rosenthal fibers accumulate around blood vessels; caused by mutation in GFAP
|
Alexander disease
|
|
disease characterized by cerebellar ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, pigment retinopathy, and cardiac conduction defects; caused by mitochondrial DNA deletion or rearrangement
|
Kearn-Sayre syndrome (aka "ophthalmoplegia plus")
|
|
toxicity of this compound damages the retina and causes blindness
|
methanol
|
|
DOC for methanol toxicity
|
ethanol or fomepizole
|
|
MOST common brain tumor in adults
|
glioblastoma multiforme
|
|
MAJOR morphologic feature of astrocytomas
|
psuedopalisading bodies
|
|
2 morphologic features of oligodendrogliomas
|
fried egg cells and chicken-wire capillary pattern
|
|
which brain tumor is most likely to exhibit "drop metastasis"
|
medulloblastoma
|
|
what is the MOST common CNS neoplasm in immunocomprimised people
|
CNS lymphoma (B cell)
|
|
asides from retinoblastomas, what other CNS tumor is linked to RB gene mutations
|
pineoblastomas
|
|
which brain tumor commonly expresses progesterone receptors and grows rapidly during pregnancy
|
meningiomas
|
|
what are the 5 common primary sites for tumors that can metastasize to the brain
|
lung, breast, kidney, GI, skin
|
|
why do people with Von Hippel-Lindau have polycythemia
|
gene mutation causes dysregulation of erythropoietin
|
|
is cerebral edema caused by acidosis or alkalosis and what is the initial treatment
|
respiratory acidosis and hypoxemia cause cerebral edema; initial treatment is to induce respiratory alkalosis by having the patient hyperventilate-- the alkalosis will cause vasoconstriction and decrease the edema
|
|
what is pseudotumor cerebri
|
it refers to idiopathic intracranial hypertension which increases intracranial pressure withOUT any evidence of tumor or obstruction; it's MOST common in young and obese women; treatment is acetazolamide
|
|
which artery is compressed in a subfalcine (cingulate) herniation
|
ACA
|
|
MOST common cause of hydrocephalus in newborns
|
stenosis/obstruction in the aqueduct of sylvius (aka cerebral aqueduct)
|
|
chromosomes affected in NF1 and NF2
|
NF1- chromosome 17
NF2- chromosome 22 |
|
condition characterized by temporary loss of vision due to embolic material trapped at the bifurcation of the retinal vessels (usually retinal artery)
|
amaurosis fugax
|
|
Do atherosclerotic strokes demonstrate liquefactive or coagulative necrosis
|
liquefactive
|
|
during a stroke, a patient demonstrates contralateral paresis, sensory loss in the face and upper extremity, and his head/eyes are deviating to the R; what vessels is MOST likely involved
|
Right MCA
|
|
where do MOST emboli that ultimately cause a stroke originate from
|
Left side of the heart (mural emboli)
|
|
what is the BEST test to diagnose a stroke
|
CT withOUT contrast
|
|
what HLA subtype and what type of hypersensitivity is associated with MS
|
HLA-DR2 and it's a type IV hypersensitivity
|
|
MOST common cause of neonatal meningitis
|
group B strep (S. agalactiae)
|
|
prophylaxis for people in close contact with meningitis patient
|
rifampin or ciprofloxacin
|
|
cause of cysticercosis
|
Taenia solium
|
|
treatment for acute and chronic MS
|
acute stages: high dose methylprednisolone (corticosteroids)
chronic stages: beta-IFN, monoclonal antibodies (natalizumab), and cytotoxic therapy (methotrexate, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide) |
|
this is an X-linked recessive disease characterized by loss of myelin in the brain and adrenal insufficiency; caused enzyme deficiencies in this B-oxidation of fatty acids within peroxisomes thus leading to the accumulation of long chain fatty acids
|
adrenoleukodystrophy
|
|
what disease is associated with BILATERAL bell's palsy
|
Lyme disease
|
|
4 MOST common drugs associated with causing peripheral neuropathies
|
isoniazid, vincristine, hydralazine, and phenytoin
|
|
MOST common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis
|
S. aureus
|
|
MOST common cause of viral conjunctivitis
|
adenovirus
|
|
difference between a stye and chalazion
|
stye- infection of the eyelid (S. aureus)
chalazion- lipogranuloma of the eyelid due to obstruction of the sebaceous glands (no organisms involved) |
|
DOC for 1st line treatment of open angle glaucoma
|
timolol
|
|
what makes up the uvea
|
iris, ciliary body, and choroid
|
|
DOC for acute closed angle glaucoma
|
pilocarpine plus acetazolamide
|
|
what membrane is disrupted in macular degeneration
|
Bruch's membrane
|
|
MOST common cause of blindness
|
macular degeneration
|
|
infection characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis of the temporal lobes
|
HSV1 (viral meningoencephalitis)
|
|
does infarction of the internal capsule give rise to ipsilateral or contralateral findings
|
contralateral
|
|
characterized by uncontrollable bouts of laughing and crying along with incontinence
|
pseudoblubar effect (damage to brainstem nuclei of CN 7,9,10,12)
|
|
where does olfactory nerve exit the skull
|
cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
|
|
characterized by anosmia with ipsilateral optic atrophy and contralateral papilledema; caused by meningiomas in the olfactory sulcus
|
Foster-Kennedy syndrome
|
|
which cranial nerves exit via the superior orbital fissure
|
CN III, IV, V(1), and VI
|
|
which cranial nerve exits via the foramen rotundum
|
V2
|
|
which cranial nerve exits via the foramen ovale
|
V3
|
|
what's the pathway of the pupillary light reflex (do not confuse with visual acuity pathway)
|
light -> photoreceptors -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> optic tracts -> brachium of superior colliculus -> pretectal area -> Edinger Westphal nucleus -> presynaptic parasympathetic fibers -> posterior commissure -> CN III -> ciliary ganglion -> postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers -> pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscles -> miosis
***visual acuity pathway: after traveling to the optic tracts -> optic radiations (Meyer's loop is inferior optic radiation, and Baum's loop is superior optic radiation) -> primary visual cortex (Broadmann's 17) |
|
compensation for CN IV palsy
|
head tilts down and away with eyes fixed upward
|
|
innervation to supratentorial dura
|
V1
(C2 innervates posterior portion of dura) |
|
muscles innervated by V3
|
temporalis, anterior belly of digastric, masseter, mylohyoid, medial and lateral pterygoids, tensor veli palatini, and tensor tympani
|
|
ONLY pathway in the body that has primary sensory neurons in the CNS
|
mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
|
|
which trigeminal nucleus is analogous to the dorsal columns
|
chief (principal) trigeminal sensory nucleus
|
|
which trigeminal nucleus is analogous to the anterolateral pathway
|
spinal trigeminal nucleus
|
|
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal gland come from what ganglion
|
sphenopalatine (aka pterygopalatine) ganglion (via greater petrosal nerve)
|
|
fibers to the sublingual and submandibular glands come from what nerve of CN VII
|
lingual nerve (via chorda tympani)
|
|
taste fibers to anterior 2/3 of the tongue originate in what nucleus in the brainstem
|
rostral nucleus solitarius
|
|
sensory fibers (from CN VII) which innervate the external auditory meatus initially originate from what brainstem nucleus
|
spinal trigeminal nucleus
|
|
motor fibers of the facial nerve originate via what brainstem nucleus
|
facial nucleus
|
|
motor fibers of the facial nerve travel through what foramen (except for those to the stapedius)
|
stylomastoid foramen
|
|
long term complication of Bell's palsy involving the incorrect regeneration of the parasympathetic fibers (lesion must be before the geniculate ganglion)
|
crocodile tears (people salivate when they want to cry, and tear when they see food)
|
|
innervation of the buccinator muscle
|
facial nerve
|
|
innervation of the stapedius (causes hyperacusis)
|
facial nerve
|
|
muscle that regulates movement of the malleus
|
tensor tympani
|
|
origin of the labyrinthe artery
|
AICA
|
|
which labyrinthe contains endolymph, and which labyrinthe contains perilymph
|
bony labyrinthe contains perilymph and membranous labyrinthe contains endolymph
|
|
movement of the hair cells in the inner ear forms excitatory potentials that synapse at what ganglion
|
spiral ganglion
|
|
what detects angular acceleration of the head
|
semicircular canals
|
|
what detects linear acceleration of the head as well as head tilt
|
utricle (forward tilt) and saccule (backward tilt)
|
|
what inner ear structure contains otoliths
|
maculae
|
|
2 types of hearing loss
|
conductive (reversible) and sensorineural (permanent)
|
|
motor fibers of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves originate from what brainstem nucleus
|
nucleus ambiguus
|
|
ONLY muscle innervated by CN IX
|
stylopharyngeus
|
|
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland come from what ganglion
|
otic (via lesser petrosal nerve)
|
|
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers traveling to CN III come from what ganglion
|
Edinger-Westphal
|
|
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers traveling to CN VII come from what nucleus
|
superior salivatory nucleus
|
|
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers traveling to CN IX come from what nucleus
|
inferior salivatory nucleus
|
|
special CN fibers that innervate the carotid bodies and aortic arch originate from what brainstem nucleus
|
caudal nucleus solitarius
|
|
parasympathetic fibers from the vagus nerve originate in what brainstem nucleus
|
dorsal motor nucleus
|
|
nerve at risk during thyroid surgery or carotid endartectomy
|
recurrent laryngeal nerve
|
|
MAJOR muscle that sticks on the tongue
|
genioglossus
|
|
morphologic feature of rabies
|
negri bodies
|
|
bleed characterized by "lucid intervals"
|
epidural
|
|
bacterial causes of meningitis in the newborn
|
Listeria, Group B strep, and E.coli
|
|
MOST common bacterial cause of meningitis overall
|
S. pneumoniae
|
|
MOST common bacterial cause of meningitis in children
|
N. meningitidis
|
|
bacterial causes (2) of meningitis in the elderly
|
Listeria and S. pneumoniae
|
|
MOST common bacterial cause of meningitis in immunocomprimised patients
|
Klebsiella
|
|
MOST common bacterial cause of meningitis in drug abusers
|
S. aureus
|
|
spinal tap characteristics in bacterial meningitis
|
increased CSF pressure, increased PMN cells (neutrophils), increased protein, decreased glucose
|
|
cause of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in meningitis patients
|
N. meningitidis
|
|
spinal tap characterstics in viral meningitis
|
increased CSF pressure, increased lymphocytes, slightly increased protein, normal glucose
|
|
spinal tap characteristics in TB/fungal meningitis
|
increased CSF pressure, increased lymphocytes, increased protein, decreased glucose
|
|
cause of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
|
JC virus
|
|
cause of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
|
measles virus (Rubeola)
|
|
MOST common cause of meningitis in AIDS patients
|
cryptococcus
|
|
MOST common cause of Sydenham chorea
|
S.pyogenes (in girls with rheumatic fever)
|
|
neurotransmitters affected in Huntington's
|
ACh and GABA (both decreased)
|
|
trinucleotide repeat in Friedrich's ataxia
|
GAA
|
|
diseases (2) associated with a cherry red spot on the macula
|
Tay-Sachs and Niemann Pick disease
|
|
condition associated with a white eye reflex
|
retinoblastoma
|
|
area of the brain that degenerates in Wilson's disease
|
lentiform nucleus
|
|
brain tumor associated with calcifications
|
oligodendroglioma
|
|
MOST common childhood tumor that occurs SUPRAtentorial
|
craniopharyngioma
|
|
characterized by optic nerve gliomas, Lisch nodules, inguinal/axillary freckling, and cafe-au-lait spots
|
NF type 1
|
|
characterized by bilateral 8th nerve schwannomas, juvenile cataracts, and meningiomas
|
NF type 2
|
|
eye abnormality suggested by light flashes
|
retinal detachment
|
|
eye abnormality suggested by rainbow halos
|
acute glaucoma
|
|
origin of postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the eye
|
superior cervical ganglion
|
|
clinical triad of Horner's
|
ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
|
|
characterized by a mid-dilated pupil that doesnt react to light; caused by damage to ciliary ganglion
|
Adie's myotonic pupil
|
|
"setting-sun eyes" are associated with what condition
|
Parinaud syndrome
|
|
what's the direct pathway of the basal ganglia
|
striatum -> GPi and SNr -> thalamus
|
|
what's the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia
|
striatum -> GPe -> STN -> GPi and SNr -> thalamus
|
|
2 different pathways of the GPi that synapse with the thalamus
|
ansa lenticularis and lenticular fasciculus
|
|
caused by atrophy of the intermediolateral cell column; symptoms include parkinsonisms and autonomic disturbances
|
Shy Drager syndrome
|
|
symptoms of Gerstmann syndrome
|
acalculia, finger agnosia, R-L disorientation, and agraphia
|
|
location of lesion in Gerstmann syndrome
|
dominant inferior parietal lobule (angular gyrus)
|
|
what's the Papez circuit pathway
|
it's a cyclical pathway: starting at the hippocampal formation -> fornix -> mamillary nuclei -> mammillothalamic tract -> anterior thalamic nucleus -> cingulate gyrus -> entorhinal cortex -> back to the hippocampal formation
|
|
difference between a simple and complex partial seizure
|
simple maintains consciousness, and complex doesn't
|
|
MOST common seizure in children and whats the DOC
|
absence seizures- DOC is ethosuximide
|
|
tonic-clonic seizures in children are aka as what
|
febrile seizures
|
|
acute treatment for status epilepticus
|
diazepam/lorazepam
|
|
prophylaxis for status epilepticus
|
phenytoin
|
|
DOC for status epilepticus in children
|
phenobarbital
|
|
disease caused by increased dopamine
|
schizophrenia
|
|
DOC for OCD
|
clomipramine
|
|
middle meningeal artery travels through what foramen
|
foramen spinosum
|
|
what's Cushing's triad
|
HTN, bradycardia, and respiratory insuffciency
|
|
pathways (2) of drainage for the superficial veins through the cavernous sinus
|
1.) cavernous sinus -> superior petrosal sinus -> transverse sinus -> sigmoid sinus -> IJV
2.) cavernous sinus -> inferior petrosal sinus -> IJV |
|
food linked to botulism
|
honey, corn syrup, canned fruit
|
|
infectious cause of "floppy baby syndrome"
|
C. botulinum
|
|
MOST potent neurotoxin known to mankind
|
botulism
|
|
initial complication in most cases of N. meningitidis
|
DIC
|
|
genetic deficiency that increases risk for N. meningitidis
|
C5-C9 complement deficiency
|
|
long-term sequelae of meningitis in children
|
mental retardation, deafness, ischemic necrosis of the extremities (leading to amputation), and arthritis
|
|
mechanism of motility in Listeria seen in meningitis
|
actin rockets, tumbling motility
|
|
foods linked to Listeria
|
unpasteurized dairy products
|
|
MOST common cancer of the eye
|
melanoma of the uvea
|
|
characterized by saddle anesthesia, urinary retention, and impotence
|
cauda equina syndrome
|
|
pupils appear to dilate when light is flashed in the affected eye
|
Marcus-Gunn pupil
|
|
these pupils can accomodate but can't react to light
|
Argyll Robertson pupil
|
|
presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular transmission in which ACh release is impaired
|
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic syndrome
|
|
what side does the head tilt to in trochlear nerve palsy
|
away
|
|
what happens when cold water is injected into the R ear
|
eyes deviate to the R
|
|
what happens when warm water is injected into the R ear
|
nystagmus to the R
|
|
location of lesion in upper altitudinal hemianopia
|
lingual gyri
|
|
location of lesion in lower altitudinal hemainopia
|
cunei
|
|
symptoms of 3rd nerve palsy
|
eye looks down and out, ptosis, blown pupil
|
|
which muscle intorts the eye
|
superior oblique
|
|
part of the brain that regulates homeostasis
|
hypothalamus
|
|
2 major pathways of the amygdala
|
VAFP (projects to brainstem) and striae terminalis (projects to hypothalamus and septal nucleus)
|
|
DOC for myoclonic seizures
|
valproic acid
|
|
SE of phenytoin
|
gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, diplopia, ataxia, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and megaloblastic anemia
|
|
benzodiazepine used in anesthesia
|
midazolam
|
|
new hypnotic used for sleep disorder
|
zolpidem (ambien)
|
|
DOC for malignant hyperthermia
|
dantrolene
|
|
drug combined with L-dopa in Parkinsons treatment
|
carbidopa (inhibits dopa decarboxylase to increase levels of L-dopa)
|
|
rescue therapy drug for on-off phenomenom of Parkinsons
|
apomorphine
|
|
treatment for Alzheimers
|
tacrine, donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine
|
|
treatment for Huntingtons
|
reserpine, haloperidol, and tetrabenazine
|
|
DOC for neuroleptic malignant syndrome
|
diphenhydramine
|
|
treatment for motion sickness
|
meclizine, cyclizine (1st generation antihistamines)
scopolamine (muscarinic antagonist) |
|
DOC for chemotherapy-induced nausea
|
ondansetron
|
|
vomiting area of the brain
|
area postrema near 4th ventricle (only paired circumventricular organ)
|
|
MOST common artery involved with trigeminal neuralgia
|
superior cerebellar artery
|
|
cranial nerve that exits medially in the interpeduncular fossa/cistern
|
CN III
|
|
what muslce is left intact in a lesion to the R side of the pons causing "one and a half" syndrome
|
left lateral rectus
|
|
Main blood supply to the choroid plexus
|
posterior choroidal artery
|
|
bilateral weakness of the extremities can be explained by an infarct to what region on the brainstem
|
caudal portion of the pyramidal decussation (cervicomedullary junction)
|
|
blood supply to lateral portions of midbrain
|
quadrigeminal arteries
|
|
if the L optic n. is transected, what will happen if light is shown in the R eye, and if light is shown in the L eye
|
If light is shown in the R eye, both the direct and consensual pupillary response will be normal
If light is shown in the L eye, neither the direct nor consensual reflex will be present |
|
how are prion diseases commonly transmitted
|
direct inoculation or ingestion (most commonly via corneal transplant)
|
|
presenting symptoms that can differentiate Alzheimer's from Pick's disease
|
Pick's disease will have hyperorality and language dysfunction
|
|
DOC for an acute dystonic reaction
|
benzotropine
|
|
serious SE of clozapine
|
agranulocytosis
|
|
there is an increased risk for ruptured aneursysms when taking what illegal drug
|
cocaine
|
|
changes in personality can be attributed to what lobe of the brain
|
frontal
|
|
what is seen on imaging studies in patients with Huntingtons
|
enlarged lateral ventricles and degeneration of the head of the caudate
|
|
DOC for ALS
|
riluzole
|
|
what would a LP in a patient with Guillain-Barre reveal
|
normal cell count with increased protein
|
|
brain waves in stage 1 sleep
|
theta
|
|
brain waves while awake with eyes open
|
beta
|
|
brain waves while awake with eyes closed
|
alpha
|
|
what are the highest frequency, lowest amplitude brain waves
|
beta
|
|
when does the brain produce beta waves
|
while awake with eyes open, and during REM
|
|
what sleep stage has sleep spindles and K complexes
|
stage 2
|
|
what sleep stage does bruxism occur
|
stage 2
|
|
what sleep stage represents the largest portion of sleep
|
stage 2 (45%)
|
|
brain waves during deep sleep
|
delta waves
|
|
sleepwalking, night terrors, and enuresis all occur during which stage of sleep
|
deep sleep (3,4)
|
|
what sleep stage is growth hormone secreted the most in children
|
deep sleep (3,4)
|
|
erection, dreaming, and memory formation occurs during which stage of sleep
|
REM
|
|
what are the physiologic effects that occur during REM
|
decreased muscle tone, increased pulse, increased metabolism, and increase oxygen use by the brain
|
|
what substances decrease REM
|
anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol
|
|
brain receives what percent of the cardiac output
|
15%
|
|
what effects does depression have on various sleep stages
|
decreased deep sleep, decreased REM latency, increased total REM, increased nighttime awakenings, more frequent early morning awakenings
|
|
DOC for enuresis
|
imipramine
|
|
DOC for sleepwalking and night terrors
|
diazepam
|
|
DOC for narcolepsy
|
amphetamines or modafinil
|
|
treatment for neurogenic and anaphylactic shock
|
sympathomimetics
|
|
treatment for hypovolemic shock
|
blood/plasma replacement
|
|
test to confirm vertigo
|
Dix-Hallpike
|
|
patients complains of R contralateral hemianopia with macular sparring- what vessel is MOST likely involved
|
PCA
|
|
what are the paired cranial bones
|
parietal, temporal, lacrimal, nasal, palatine, inferior turbinate, maxillary, and zygomatic bones
|
|
portion of the skull fractured leading to epidural bleed via laceration of the middle meningeal artery
|
pterion (portion of temporal bone)
|
|
what does the falx cerebri separate, and what sinuses (2) does it contain
|
separates the cerebral hemispheres and contains the inferior/superior sagittal sinuses
|
|
what does the tentorium cerebelli separate, and what sinuses (2) does it enclose
|
separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum, and encloses the transverse sinus and superior petrosal sinus
|
|
forms the roof of the sella turcica
|
diaphragma sellae
|
|
blood supply to dura mater
|
middle meningeal artery
|
|
viral causes of meningitis
|
mumps, echoviruses, coxsackievirus, EBV, HSV
|
|
what are the muscles of mastication
|
temporalis, masseter, lateral/medial pterygoids
|
|
branches of the external carotid (6)
|
superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, maxillary, and superficial temporal arteries
|
|
branches of the maxillary artery (2)
|
middle meningeal and inferior alveolar artery
|
|
origin on the pontine (aka striate) arteries
|
basilar artery
|
|
origin of anterior/posterior spinal arteries
|
vertebral arteries
|
|
what veins form an anastomosis between superficial veins and the dural venous sinuses
|
emissary veins
|
|
what sinus drains directly into the IJV
|
sigmoid sinus
|
|
hyperacusis is a symptoms of what cranial nerve lesion
|
facial nerve
|
|
Kiesselbach's plexus involves anastomoses between what 2 vessels
|
sphenopalatine and superior labial arteries
|
|
damaged muscles that cause ptosis
|
superior tarsal (Muller's muscle) and levator palpebrae
|
|
innervation to the inner surface of the tympanic membrane
|
CN IX
|
|
3 nerves that innervate the external surface of the tympanic membrane
|
CN V,VII,X
|
|
what is the "danger zone" of the scalp
|
loose areolar tissue (contains emissary veins)
|
|
prostate cancer can spread to the brain via what venous plexus
|
Batson's plexus
|
|
where does aqueous fluid first drain to
|
posterior chamber
|
|
ONLY duct that drains into the inferior meatus of the nose
|
nasolacrimal duct
|
|
what vein is the MOST common route for spread of infection into the cavernous sinus
|
ophthalmic vein
|
|
MOST common location for metastasis to the brain
|
gray-white junction
|
|
3 anti-seizure drugs that can cause Steven-Johnson syndrome
|
Carbamazepine
Ethosuximide Lamotrigine |