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414 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
urinary tract pathogen linked to struvite stones
|
proteus
|
|
urinary tract pathogen that expresses a blue-green pigment (pyocyanin) in the urine and gives off a fruity, grape-like odor
|
pseudomonas
|
|
2 most common causative agents of otitis media in children
|
H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae
|
|
Most common cause of atypical pneumonia and treatment
|
mycoplasma- treat with erythromycin
|
|
common cause of endocarditis on normal or prosthetic valves
|
Staph. epidermidis
|
|
cell walls and cell membranes are characteristic of which group of bacteria
|
gram positive
|
|
outer membranes are characteristic of which group of bacteria
|
gram negative
|
|
major compenent of the outer membrane
|
LPS
|
|
major compenent of the cell wall / cell membranes
|
teichoic acid
|
|
bacterial structure that confers resistance to antibiotics
|
plasmid
|
|
bacteria that have neither gram positive nor gram negative characteristics (no cell wall)
|
mycoplasma
|
|
what do treponema, rickettsia, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, legionella, and chlamydia all have in common
|
they do NOT show up on gram stains
|
|
requires an acid fast stain
|
mycobacteria and nocardia
|
|
requires darkfield microscopy or fluorescent antibody staining to visualize
|
treponema
|
|
specific stain for acid fast organisms
|
Ziehl-Neelsen
|
|
only bacteria to stain with a silver stain (normally for fungi)
|
legionella
|
|
special agar used for E.coli
|
MacConkey's agar
|
|
special media used to visualize N. gonorrhea
|
thayer-martin
|
|
special agar used for H. influenzae
|
chocolate agar
|
|
the main obligate aerobes (4)
|
nocardia, bacillus, pseudomonas, mycobacteria
|
|
the main obligate anaerobes (3)
|
clostridium, bacteroides, actinomyces
|
|
the main obligate intracellular organisms (2)
|
rickettsia and chlamydia
|
|
which bacteria have a positive quellung reaction (3)
|
encapsulated bacteria- S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, and Neisseria (SHiN)
|
|
which bacteria are urease positive (4)
|
H. pylori, ureaplasma, proteus, klebsiella
|
|
bacteria that produces yellow sulfur granules
|
actinomyces
|
|
2 bacteria that have superantigens
|
S. aureus (toxic shock syndrome) and S. pyogenes (scarlet fever)
|
|
which bacteria have ADP ribosylating AB toxins (4)
|
C. diphtheriae, V. cholerae, E. coli, and B. pertussis
|
|
causative organism of gas gangrene, and what enzyme does this organism express
|
clostridium perfringens-- enzyme is alpha-lecithinase
|
|
causative organism of lockjaw
|
clostridium tetani
|
|
streptolysin O is a toxin of what bacteria
|
S. pyogenes
|
|
characterized by voluminous rice water diarrhea
|
V. cholerae
|
|
taxonomy difference between Staph and Strep
|
Staph species are catalase +
Strep species are catalase - |
|
taxonomy difference between Staph species
|
S. aureus is coagulase +
S. epidermidis is coagulase - S. saprophyticus is coagulase - |
|
taxonomy difference between S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus
|
S. epidermidis is novobiocin sensitive
S. saprophyticus is novobiocin resistant |
|
what are the alpha hemolytic streptococci
|
S. pneumoniae and S. viridans
|
|
what are the beta hemolytic streptococci
|
S. pyogenes (group A) and S. agalactiae (group B)
|
|
taxonomy difference between S. pneumoniae and S. viridans
|
S. pneumoniae is optochin sensitive
S. viridans is optochin resistant |
|
taxonomy difference between S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae
|
S. pyogenes is bacitracin sensitive
S. agalactiae is bacitracin resistant |
|
diseases caused by S. pyogenes
|
pharyngitis ("strep throat"), cellulitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis
|
|
group of the population usually affected by S. agalactiae
|
neonates (<6 months)
|
|
which bacteria are characterized as group D strep
|
enterococci and S. bovis
|
|
organism characterized by forming gray pseudomembranes in the pharynx
|
C. diphtheria
|
|
what are the spore forming gram positive bacteria (2)
|
bacillus and clostridium
|
|
what is the ONLY bacteria that contains a polypeptide capsule (polyD-glutamate)
|
bacillus anthracis
|
|
branching gram positive organism that is part of the normal flora of the mouth
|
actinomyces israelii
|
|
morphologic characteristic of primary TB
|
ghon focus / complex
|
|
morphologic characteristic of secondary TB
|
cavitation and caseating granulomas
|
|
next course of action after testing positive on a PPD test
|
chest xray to check for cavitation (i.e. secondary TB)
|
|
symptoms of this bacterial infection include fever, night sweats, weight loss, and hemoptysis
|
TB
|
|
patient presents with "leonine facies" which includes loss of eyebrows, nasal collapse, and lumpy earlobes; what's the causative organism, what's the disease, and what's the DOC?
|
causative organism is mycobacterium leprae
disease is leprosy (Hansen's disease) DOC is dapsone |
|
reservoir for leprosy in the US
|
armadillos
|
|
gram negative, oxidase positive, comma shaped bacteria that grows in 42 degrees celsius
|
C. jejuni
|
|
taxonomy difference between N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhea
|
N. meningitidis ferments maltose
N. gonorrhea doesnt ferment maltose |
|
causative organism of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
|
N. meningitidis
|
|
causative organism of epiglottitis
|
H. influenzae
|
|
cause of pontiac fever
|
legionella
|
|
DOC for legionaires disease
|
erythromycin
|
|
this organism is linked to wound/burn infections, pneumonia in CF patients, swimmer's ear, UTIs, drug abuse, diabetic osteomyelitis, malignant otitis externa in diabetics, and "hot-tub" folliculitis
|
pseudomonas
|
|
which form of E.coli produces a heat labile and heat stable toxin, and causes traveler's diarrhea
|
ETEC
|
|
which form of E.coli has no toxins and affects mainly children
|
EPEC
|
|
which form of E.coli is the MOST common type; it produces a shiga-like toxin and can cause HUS; it doesnt ferment sorbitol like the others
|
EHEC (O157:H7)
|
|
bacteria associated with red current jelly sputum
|
klebsiella
|
|
bacterial structure that protects against phagocytosis
|
capsule
|
|
bacteria whose structure contains mycolic acid
|
mycobacteria
|
|
cryptococcus requires what special stain
|
india ink
|
|
4 organisms that require a giemsa stain
|
borrelia, plasmodium, trypanosomes, chlamydia
|
|
special culture used to grow bordetella
|
bordet-gengou
|
|
special cultures (2) used to grow C. diphtheria
|
loffler's media or a tellurite plate
|
|
A lowenstein-jensen agar is used to grow what bacteria
|
mycobacteria
|
|
eaton's agar is used to grow what bacteria
|
mycoplasma
|
|
sabouraud's agar is used to grow which group of organisms
|
fungi
|
|
bacteria that produces a red pigment
|
serratia
|
|
virulence factor of S. pyogenes
|
M protein
|
|
which bacteria produce IgA protease
|
the encapsulated bacteria: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and Neisseria (SHiN)
|
|
do gram positive bacteria produce an exotoxin or endotoxin, and which toxin has a high fatality rate
|
gram positive bacteria produce exotoxins (gram negative bacteria produce endotoxins)
exotoxins have a high fatality rate (endotoxins have a low fatality rate) |
|
infant presents with with multiple coughs per breath followed by a deep inspiratory breath; whats the causative organism?
|
bordetella pertussis ("whooping cough")
|
|
which bacteria (2) inactivates EF2
|
C. diptheriae and pseudomonas
|
|
C. tetani blocks the release of which neurotransmitters
|
GABA and glycine
|
|
C. botulinum blocks the release of which neurotransmitter
|
ACh
|
|
which bacteria has a toxin that expresses edema factor
|
bacillus anthracis
|
|
which bacteria will have a positive CAMP test
|
S. agalactiae
|
|
what are the gram positive branching bacteria
|
nocardia (acid fast) and actinomyces (not acid fast)
|
|
associated with rust-colored sputum
|
S. pneumoniae
|
|
cause of dental carries
|
S. mutans
|
|
prophylaxis against S. agalactiae in pregnant women
|
penicillin
|
|
which bacteria grow in 6.5% NaCl and bile
|
enterococci (group D strep)
|
|
bacteria that has metachromatic red/blue granules
|
C. diptheriae
|
|
cause of pseudomembranous colitis and what the treatment
|
C. difficile-- treat with metronidazole
|
|
antibiotic associated with pseudomembranous colitis
|
clindamycin
|
|
characterized by black eschars, hemoptysis, mediastinitis, and shock
|
anthrax
|
|
motility mechanism utilized by listeria
|
actin rockets, tumbling motility
|
|
gram negative rod that's oxidase positive but does not ferment lactose
|
pseudomonas
|
|
gram negative comma shaped bacteria that grows in an alkaline media
|
vibrio cholera
|
|
DOC for most gram negative bacilli
|
ampicillin
|
|
prophylaxis for N. menigitidis
|
rifampin
|
|
DOC for most causes of bacterial meningitis
|
ceftriaxone
|
|
DOC for S. aureus
|
naficillin
|
|
DOC for pseudomonas
|
piperacillin
|
|
causative organisms of bloody diarrhea
|
SSYC (shigella, salmonella, yersinia, campylobacter) plus EHEC, EIEC, C. difficile, and E. histolytica
|
|
gram negative bacteria that produces H2S
|
salmonella
|
|
bacterial infection characterized by fever, progressively worse diarrhea, headache, nosebleeds, delirium, and rose spots on the abdomen
|
typhoid fever (salmonella typhi)
|
|
common infections (2) that precede Guillain-Barre syndrome
|
C. jejuni and mycoplasma
|
|
causative organism of mesenteric adenitis (mimics appendicitis) and diarrhea; common in day care centers
|
yersinia enterocolitica
|
|
1st and 2nd line treatments for H. pylori
|
1st line treatment: metronidazole + bismuth + tetracycline + amoxicillin
2nd line treatment (more expensive): metronidazole + omeprazole + clarithromycin |
|
what are the 3 main spirochetes
|
borrelia, leptospira, treponema
|
|
question marked shaped bacteria found in animal urine; most common in the tropics around the water
|
leptospira interrogans
|
|
bacterial infection characterized by severe jaundice, azotemia, fever, hemorrhage, and anemia; transmitted to humans by contact with animal urine; more common in tropical areas closer to waters
|
Weil's disease (leptospirosis)
|
|
infection characterized by bilateral bell's palsy, arthritis, cardiac block, neurodegeneration, and erythema migrans (bull's eye rash); transmitted by deer ticks
|
Lyme disease
|
|
characteristic of primary syphilis
|
painless chancre on genitals
|
|
DOC for syphilis
|
benzathine penicillin G
|
|
characteristics of secondary syphilis
|
maculopapular rash on the palms and soles and condylomata lata
|
|
characteristics of tertiary syphilis
|
gummas, aortitis, neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis), argyll robertson pupils
|
|
characterized by saber shins, saddle nose, deafness, Hutchinson teeth, and mulberry molars
|
congenital syphilis
|
|
MOST common cause of atypical walking pneumonia
|
mycoplasma
|
|
what is the only bacteria whose outer membrane contains cholesterol
|
mycoplasma
|
|
what viruses make up the herpesvirus family
|
HSV, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV6, HHV7, HHV8
|
|
cause of roseola
|
HHV6
|
|
cause of retinitis in immunocompromised people
|
CMV
|
|
cause of shingles
|
VZV
|
|
cause of pharyngoconjunctivitis
|
adenovirus
|
|
viral cause of erythema infectiosum (aka "5th disease" or "slapped cheek disease") as well as aplastic crisis in Sickle cell
|
B19 virus
|
|
cause of multifocal leukoencephalopathy
|
JC virus
|
|
MOST common cause of sporadic encephalitis in the US
|
HSV-1
|
|
cause of infectious mononucleosis
|
EBV
(CMV can cause mononucleosis-like infection) |
|
virus linked to Burkitt's lymphoma and several subtypes of Hodgkin's lymphoma
|
EBV
|
|
cause of Kaposi sarcoma
|
HHV-8
|
|
test to differentiate between HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV
|
Tzanck test
|
|
MOST common lymph nodes affected in mononucleosis
|
posterior cervical nodes
|
|
MOST common cause of fatal diarrhea in children
|
rotavirus
|
|
cause of Colorado tick fever
|
reovirus
|
|
cause(s) of the "common cold"
|
rhinovirus (major) and coranovirus (minor)
|
|
cause of myocarditis
|
coxsackievirus
|
|
common causative agent of VIRAL gastroenteritis on cruise ships
|
norwalk virus
|
|
viral cause of T cell leukemia
|
HTLV
|
|
unique characteristic of retroviruses
|
reverse transcriptase
|
|
cause of croup
|
parainfluenza virus
|
|
cause of bronchiolitis in babies
|
RSV
|
|
This is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease characterized by very high fever, black vomitus, jaundice, muscle aches, and possible death; it's transmitted by mosquitos common in South America and Africa
|
yellow fever
|
|
which virus contains hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
|
influenza virus
|
|
cause of German measles
|
rubella
|
|
characterized by koplik spots in the mouth with a rash on the hands and feet
|
rubeola (measles)
|
|
difference in the rash between rubella (german measles) and rubeola (regular measles)
|
rubella has a truncal rash and rubeola has rash on the extremities
|
|
viral infection characterized by parotitis, orchitis (with possible sterility), and aseptic meningitis
|
mumps
|
|
morphologic feature of rabies
|
Negri bodies (in the Purkinje cells)
|
|
glycoprotein that mediates attachment of the HIV virus to the host T cell
|
gp120
|
|
glycoprotein that mediates fusion and entry of the HIV virus
|
gp41
|
|
HIV binds to what receptors on the host's cells
|
CXCR4 and CD4
|
|
what test is used to diagnose HIV and what test confirms the diagnosis
|
ELISA makes a presumptive diagnosis
Western blots confirm the diagnosis If Western blot is NOT conclusive, then use PCR |
|
causative organism of pneumonia in someone with AIDS
|
Pneumocystis jiroveci
|
|
diseases associated with a CD4 count <50
|
CMV retinitis/esophagitis, M. avium-intracellulare, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
|
|
neoplasms involved with HIV
|
Kaposi's sarcoma, invasive cervical carcinoma, CNS lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
|
|
geographical distribution for histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis
|
histoplasmosis: Mississippi and Ohio River
Blastomycosis: East coast and central america Coccidioidomycosis: SW US and west coast Paracoccidioidomycosis: South America |
|
fungus that hides within macrophages
|
histoplasmosis
|
|
fungus characterized by pseudohyphae
|
candida albicans
|
|
causative organisms of thrush, vulvovaginitis, diaper rash, and endocarditis
|
candida albicans
|
|
treatment for candida infections
|
nystatin/fluconazole (superficial infection) or amphotericin B (systemic infection)
|
|
cause organism of "soap bubble" lesions in the brain
|
cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
the septate hyphae of this fungus branch at a 45 degree angle
|
aspergillus
|
|
fungus which mainly infects diabetics and leukemic patients
|
Mucor species
|
|
cause of rose gardener's disease
|
Sporothrix schenckii
|
|
this protozoa causes foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea and is associated with hiking/camping
|
giardia lamblia
|
|
DOC for giardiasis
|
metronidazole
|
|
protozoa causing bloody diarrhea, liver abscesses, and flask shaped ulcers in the colon
|
entamoeba histolytica
|
|
causes SEVERE diarrhea in AIDS and mild watery diarrhea in the non-immunocompromised
|
cryptosporidium
|
|
protozoa that stains with an acid-fast stain
|
cryptosporidium
|
|
treatment for Entamoeba histolytica
|
metronidazole plus iodoquinol
|
|
characterized by the classic triad of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications
|
CONGENITAL toxoplasmosis
|
|
protozoa found in cat feces
|
toxoplasma gondii
|
|
treatment for toxoplasmosis
|
sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine
|
|
protozoa that causes RAPIDLY FATAL meningoencephalitis commonly found in freshwater
|
Naegleria fowleri
|
|
vector for African sleeping sickness
|
tsetse fly (bite is painful)
|
|
vector for Chagas disease
|
reduviid bug (bite is PAINLESS)
|
|
This organism causes rapidly fatal cardiomyopathy along with megacolon and megaesophagus
|
trypanosoma cruzi (chagas disease)
|
|
DOC for leishmaniasis
|
sodium stibogluconate
|
|
vector for leishmaniasis
|
sandfly
|
|
vector for malaria
|
anopheles mosquito
|
|
DOC for P. vivax/ovale
|
primaquine
|
|
DOC for sensitive plasmodium species
|
chloroquine
|
|
DOC for chloroquine-resistant plasmodium species
|
mefloquine
|
|
malaria characterized by daily cyclical fevers
|
P. falciparum
|
|
required to differentiate between plasmodium and babesia
|
thin films
|
|
unique distinguishing feature of Babesia
|
maltese crosses
|
|
DOC for babesiosis
|
quinine plus clindamycin
|
|
causes foul-smelling green discharge from the vagina
|
trichomonas vaginalis
|
|
causes a vaginal discharge with a fishy odor
|
Gardnerella vaginalis
|
|
causes a cottage-cheese like vaginal discharge
|
candida albicans
|
|
MOST common cause of duodenal ulcers
|
H. pylori
|
|
what test is used to screen for syphilis and what tests confirms the diagnosis
|
screen with VDRL
confirm with FTA-ABS |
|
antibiotics that react with what substance can cause a VDRL false positive
|
cardiolipin
|
|
cause of cat-scratch fever
|
bartonella
|
|
cause of tularemia
|
francisella tularensis
|
|
cause of the plague
|
yersinia pestis
|
|
morphologic feature of gardnerella vaginalis
|
clue cells
|
|
DOC for gardnerella vaginalis
|
metronidazole
|
|
cause of Q fever
|
coxiella burnetii
|
|
antibodies against rickettsia can be tested for with what test
|
weil-felix test
(will be negative in Q fever) |
|
In a weil-felix reaction, the ricketssial antibodies cross-react with antigens from what bacteria
|
proteus
|
|
what is the rash pattern seen in RMSF
|
rash starts on distal extremities and migrates to the trunk
|
|
chlamydia serotypes L1-L3 cause what disease
|
lymphogranuloma venereum
|
|
treatment of chlamydia
|
azithromycin or doxycycline
|
|
cause of granuloma inguinale (aka donovanosis)
|
klebsiella granulomatosis
|
|
bacterial infection characterized by a high titer of cold agglutinins (IgM) which can agglutinate or lyse RBCs
|
mycoplasma
|
|
fungus found in bird/pigeon/bat droppings
|
histoplasma
|
|
fungus whose structure contains spherules and endospores
|
coccidioidomycosis
|
|
fungus which exhibits broad-based budding
|
blastomycosis
|
|
cause of tinea versicolor
|
malassezia furfur
|
|
forms "fungus balls" in pulmonary infection
|
aspergillus
|
|
which cells are involved in the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis
|
TH1 cells
|
|
DOC for African sleeping sickness
|
suramin
|
|
DOC for chagas disease
|
nifurtimox
|
|
cause of kala-azar
|
leishmania donovani
|
|
where in the cell do DNA and RNA viruses replicate
|
DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus
RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm |
|
ONLY family of SS DNA viruses
|
parvovirus family (B19)
|
|
viral structure of the herpesvirus family
|
enveloped, DS, linear DNA virus
|
|
HSV-1 lies dormant in what ganglion
|
trigeminal
|
|
antibodies in mononucleosis
|
heterophile
|
|
morphologic feature of herpes infections
|
intranuclear inclusions-- "cowdry bodies"
|
|
ONLY DS-RNA virus family
|
reovirus family (includes reovirus and rotavirus)
|
|
HCV, yellow fever, dengue, St. Louis encephalitis, and west nile viruses ALL belong to what viral family
|
flaviviruses
|
|
parainfluenza, RSV, rubeola, and mumps viruses ALL belong to what viral family
|
paramyxoviruses
|
|
polio, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackievirus, and HAV viruses ALL belong to wha viral family
|
picornaviruses
|
|
characterized by a seal-like barking cough
|
croup (parainfluenza virus)
|
|
characterized by fever, malaise, agitation, photophobia, and hydrophobia which progress to paralysis, coma, and death
|
rabies
|
|
animals that carry rabies virus
|
bats (most common of the 4), raccoons, skunks, and dogs (least common of the 4)
|
|
cause of smallpox
|
variola virus
|
|
what is the ALT/AST ratio in alcoholic hepatitis
|
ALT/AST ratio is < 1
(AST will be higher) |
|
what is the ALT/AST ratio in viral hepatitis
|
ALT/AST ratio is > 1
(ALT will be higher) |
|
only hepatitis virus that has a DNA genome
|
hepatitis B
|
|
MAIN mode of transmission of HAV
|
fecal-oral
|
|
MAIN modes (3) of transmission of HBV
|
parenteral, sexual, congenital
|
|
MAIN modes (2) of transmission of HCV
|
drug abuse and transfusions
|
|
HDV has to coexist with what other hepatitis virus
|
HBV
|
|
HEV is most common and most serious in what people
|
pregnant women
|
|
which hepatitis viruses predispose you to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma
|
HBV and HCV
|
|
antibodies associated with acute hepatitis
|
IgM HBcAb plus HBsAg and HBeAg
|
|
Major antibody associated with the window period of hepatitis infection
|
Anti-HBcAb
|
|
Major antibody associated with chronic active hepatitis
|
HBeAg
|
|
Major antibody associated with chronic asymptomatic hepatitis
|
IgG HBeAb
|
|
Major antibody associated with successful immunization against hepatitis
|
IgG HBsAb
|
|
acquired prion disease from eating human flesh/brains
|
kuru
|
|
MOST common prion disease
|
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
|
|
morphologic feature of prion disease
|
spongiform degeneration
|
|
parasite causing anal puritis; diagnose via scotch tape test
|
Enterobius vermicularis (pin worm)
|
|
cause of river blindness; characterized by black skin and black sight
|
onchocerca volvulus
|
|
you can see this helminth crawling if your conjunctiva if infected
|
loa loa
|
|
cause of elephantiasis
|
wuchereria bancrofti
|
|
cause of neurocysticercosis
|
taenia solium
|
|
morphologic feature of the brain in neurocysticercosis
|
swiss cheese appearance
|
|
vitamin deficiency caused by the "fish tapeworm" (D. latum)
|
B12
|
|
helminth found in dog feces; causes liver cysts; must inject ethanol before surgical removal in order to kill the offspring
|
Echinococcus granulosus
|
|
helminth that increases risk for bladder cancer
|
Schistosoma haematobium
|
|
helminth that increases risk for cholangiocarcinoma
|
Clonorchis sinesis
|
|
helminth found in undercooked crab meat that causes hemoptysis
|
Paragonimus westermani
|
|
cause of epidemic typhus
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Rickettsia prowazekii
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cause of endemic typhus
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Rickettsia typhi
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cause of scrub typhus
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Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
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organism that causes food poisoning after ingesting re-heated rice
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bacillus cereus
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organism found in canned fruits and honey
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C.botulinum
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causes of pneumonia in the neonate
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group B strep and E.coli
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cause of hospital acquired pneumonia
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S. aureus and enteric gram negative rods
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incidence of this causative agent of meningitis has greatly decreased with recent discovery of a vaccine
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H. influenzae
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MOST common cause of osteomyelitis
|
S. aureus
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cause of vertebral osteomyelitis
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M. tuberculosis
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cause of osteomyelitis in sickle cell patients
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salmonella
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cause of osteomyelitis in diabetics and drug addicts
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pseudomonas
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enzyme tested for in suspected UTI
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leukocyte esterase
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name of test to check for suspected UTI
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nitrite test
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MOST common cause of UTI
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E.coli
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organisms that cause UTIs
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E.coli, S. saprophyticus, klebsiella, serratia, enterobacter cloacae, proteus, and pseudomonas
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what does the pneumonic "ToRCH3eS-List" stand for
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microbes that are passed from mother to fetus causing congenital infection:
To- Toxoplasmosis R- Rubella C- CMV H- HIV H- HSV H- HBV E- E.coli S- syphilis List- Listeria |
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characterized by vesicular rash on palms of the hand and soles of the feet with ulcers in the oral mucosa; caused by Coxsackievirus A
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Hand-foot-mouth disease
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characterized by a "slapped cheek" rash starting on the face and spreading through the body in a "lace-like" pattern; can cause hydrops fetalis in pregnant women; causative agent is B19 virus
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erythema infectiousum (aka fifth disease)
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characterized by an erythematous, "sandpaper-like" rash with fever and sore throat; often associated with "strep throat"
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scarlet fever (S. pyogenes)
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symptoms of this STD include urethritis, cervicitis, conjunctivitis, Reiter's syndrome, and PID
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chlamydia
|
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symptoms of this STD include urethritis, cervicitis, PID, prostatitis, epididymitis, reactive arthritis
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gonorrhea
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cause of chancroid
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haemophilus ducreyi
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PID can increase risk for this liver condition characterized by adhesions to the parietal peritoneum of the liver
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Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
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Tropheryma whippelii stains positive for what
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PAS
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class of drugs that block cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking
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penicillins
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MOA of these 2 drugs involves blocking peptidoglycan synthesis
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bacitracin and vancomycin
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organisms treated with penicillin
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most gram positive bacteria including syphilis
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these drugs are often added to penicillin antibiotics to protect the antibiotic from destruction by B-lactamase
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clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam (CAST)
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this class of drugs have the same MOA as penicillins but are less susceptible to penicillinases
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cephalosporins
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this drug is synergistic with aminoglycosides, and is used to treat gram-negative rods in people with penicillin allergies (no cross-reaction with penicillins like most beta-lactams)
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aztreonam
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SE of vancomycin
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nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis, "red-man" syndrome (pretreat with antihistamines)
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antibiotic given as prophylaxis before bowel surgery
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neomycin
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this class of drugs is used to treat Lyme disease, H. pylori, mycoplasma, rickettsia, and chlamydia
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tetracyclines
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this class of drugs is used to treat atypical pneumonias, STDs, neisseria, and URIs
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macrolides
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macrolides increase the serum concentrations of what drugs
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theophylline and anticoagulants
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SE of chloramphenicol
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anemia and gray baby syndrome
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DOC for anaerobic infections and bacterial abscesses
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clindamycin
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SE of sulfonamides
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hypersensitivity reactions, hemolysis in G6PD deficient patients, nephrotoxicity, photosensitivity, kernicterus
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sulfonamides inhibit what enzyme
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dihydropteroate synthetase
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trimethoprim inhibits what enzyme
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dihydrofolate reductase
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DOC for recurrent UTIs and P. jiroveci
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TMP-SMZ
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which drugs carry sulfa allergies
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sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, thiazides, acetazolamides, furosemide, celecoxib, probenecid
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SE of metronidazole
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disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol and metallic taste
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active ingredients in neosporin
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bacitracin, neomycin, and polymyxin B
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treatment for TB
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rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol
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prophylaxis for TB
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isoniazid
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prophylaxis for M. avium-intracellulare
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azithromycin
|
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SE of ethambutol
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red-green color blindness
|
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TB drug that causes lupus-like reaction
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isoniazid
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MOA of isoniazid
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decrease synthesis of mycolic acid
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MOA of rifampin
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inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
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SE of rifampin
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orange urine, thrombocytopenia, cholestasis
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DOC for RMSF
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chloramphenicol
|
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DOC for invasive aspergillosis
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caspofungin
|
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MOA of caspofungin
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inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of B-glucan
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DOC for onychomycosis ("river blindness")
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terbinafine
|
|
this drug can be used as prophylaxis for influenza A and can also treat Parkinsons
|
Amantadine
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MOA of amantadine
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blocks uncoating of M2 proteins
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MOA of oseltamivir and zanamivir
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inhibit neuraminidase
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DOC for RSV and hepatitis C
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ribavirin
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anti-hepatitis drug that acts as a severe teratogen
|
ribavirin
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MOA of ribavirin
|
inhibits IMP dehydrogenase
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DOC for HSV, VZV, and EBV
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acyclovir
|
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mechanism of resistance to acyclovir
|
lack of viral thymidine kinase
|
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DOC for CMV
|
ganciclovir
|
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DOC for ganciclovir-resistant or acyclovir-resistant strains
|
foscarnet
|
|
what are the 2 accepted combinations for HAART (general)
|
2 NRTIs and 1 protease inhibitor
or 2 NRTIs and 1 NNRTI |
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nevirapine, efavirenz, and declaviridine are all members of this class of drugs
|
NNRTIs
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zidovudine, lamivudine, and didanosine are members of what class of drugs
|
NRTIs
|
|
ritonavir and indinavir are members of what class of drugs
|
protease inhibitors
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|
antiviral drug given as general prophylaxis during pregnancy to reduce the risk of fetal transmission of HIV
|
zidovudine
|
|
SE of didanosine
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pancreatitis
|
|
SE of zidovudine
|
bone marrow suppression and megaloblastic anemia
|
|
drug that can treat chronic hepatitis B,C and Kaposi's sarcoma
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IFN-a
|
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treatment of NADPH oxidase deficiency
|
IFN-y
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Antibiotics you must avoid during pregnancy
|
sulfonamides (kernicterus)
aminoglycosides (ototoxicity) fluoroquinolones (cartilage damage) erythromycin (hepatitis in mom) clarithromycin (embryotoxic) metronidazole (mutagensis) tetracyclines (discolored teeth) ribavirin (teratogenic) griseofulvin (teratogenic) chloramphenicol (gray baby) |
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MOA of tazobactam, sulbactam, and clavulanic acid
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inhibition of penicillinases
|
|
do penicillins cross the BBB?
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yes, but only when the meninges are inflamed
|
|
do cephalosporins cross the BBB?
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only 3rd generations (minus cefipime)
|
|
this group of drugs has a 5-10% risk of cross-reactivity with penicillins
|
cephalosporins
|
|
DOC for klebsiella
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aztreonam
|
|
what drug is imipenem usally combined with and why
|
cilastin-- this is because imipenem is normally rapidly inactivated by renal dehydropeptidase and cilastin inhibits this enzyme, thus increasing the concentration of imipenem
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|
DOC for vancomycin-resistant strains
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daptomycin
|
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Major 1st generation cephalosporins (2)
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cephalexin and cephazolin
|
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Major 2nd generation cephalosporins (3)
|
cefotetan, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime
|
|
Major 3rd generation cephalosporins (4)
|
ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime
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|
Main 4th generation cephalosporin
|
cefipime
|
|
MAJOR SE of the carbapenems
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seizures
|
|
what are differences between the conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia and the conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus
|
adenovirus: resolves spontaneously after a short time period; no morphologic features; discharge is watery
chlamydia: does NOT resolve spontaneously; increased risk for blindness; forms basophilic inclusion bodies within the conjunctiva; treat with doxycycline or erythromycin; discharge is purulent |
|
ONLY form of hepatitis that can affects neonates/infants
|
hepatitis B
|
|
DOC for loa loa, wuchereria bancrofti, toxocara canis
|
diethylcarbamazine
|
|
DOC for most cestodes (tapeworms) including taenia solium, D. latum, schistosoma, and clonorchis
|
praziquantel
|
|
normal flora of the vagina
|
lactobacillus, GBS, and E.coli
|
|
normal flora of the colon
|
bacteroides and E.coli
|
|
organism responsible for food poisoning after ingesting contaminated seafood
|
vibrio parahaemolyticus
|
|
symptoms of congenital rubella infection
|
PDA, cataracts, deafness, and "blueberry muffin" rash
|
|
symptoms of congenital toxoplasmosis infection
|
chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications
|
|
symptoms of congenital CMV infection
|
hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash
|
|
causes vaginitis with a strawberry cervix; corkscrew motility is seen on wet mount
|
trichomonas vaginalis
|
|
asplenic patients are at risk for what 3 main organisms (hint: encapsulated)
|
S. pneumonia, H. influenzae, and N. meningitidis ("SHiN")
|
|
ampicillin/amoxicillin are effective against what organisms
|
HELPS:
H. influenza E.coli Listeria Proteus Salmonella |
|
1st generation cephalosporins are effective against what organisms
|
PEcK
Proteus E.coli Klebsiella |
|
2nd generation cephalosporins are effective against what organisms
|
HEN PeCKS
H. influenzae Enterobacter Neisseria Proteus E.coli Klebsiella Serratia |
|
toxicity of aminoglycosides
|
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, teratogen
|
|
tetracycline used in SIADH
|
demeclocycline
|
|
why are fluoroquinolones contraindicated in pregnancy and children
|
damage to cartilage in children; tendon rupture in adults
|
|
DOC for H. ducreyi
|
ceftriaxone
|
|
ONLY species of plasmodium that causes cerebral malaria
|
P. falciparum
|
|
which virus increases the risk for neoplasm by inactivating p53 and Rb by binding to E6 and E7, respectively
|
HPV
|
|
bacteria that is urease, catalase, and oxidase positive
|
H. pylori
|
|
bacteria associated with undercooked meat
|
E.coli
|
|
causes of watery diarrhea
|
ETEC, EPEC, cholera, C. perfringens, giardiasis, cryptosporidium, rotavirus, adenovirus, and norwalk virus
|
|
causes of meningitis in the newborn (<6 months)
|
S. agalactiae (group B strep), E. coli, and Listeria
|
|
causes of meningitis in children (older that 6 months)
|
S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, enteroviruses
|
|
causes of meningitis in adults
|
S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, enteroviruses, and HSV-1
|
|
causes of meningitis in the elderly
|
S. pneumoniae, Listeria
|
|
MOST common cause of meningitis overall
|
S. pneumoniae
|
|
MOST common cause of meningitis in college students
|
N. meningitidis
|
|
complication of N. meningitidis seen at onset of symptoms
|
DIC
|
|
viral causes of meningitis
|
enteroviruses (echoviruses and coxsackievirus), HSV-1, HIV, West Nile virus, VZV, and mumps
|
|
clinical signs suggesting bacterial meningitis
|
Kernig and Brudzinski signs
|
|
characteristics of a lumbar puncture in bacterial meningitis
|
increased CSF opening pressure
increased PMN cells (neutrophils) increased protein decreased glucose |
|
characteristics of a lumbar puncture in viral meningitis
|
normal-slightly increased CSF opening pressure
increased lymphocytes normal-slightly increased protein normal glucose |
|
characteristics of fungal/TB meningitis
|
increased CSF opening pressure
increased lymphocytes increased protein decreased glucose |
|
what time of the year is bacterial meningitis MOST common, and what time of the year is viral meningitis MOST common
|
bacterial meningitis is common in the winter
viral meningitis is common in the summer |
|
aka roundworm
|
ascaris lumbricoides
|
|
helminth found in undercooked pork; infects mainly the muscle (forms cysts); also causes periorbital edema
|
trichinella spiralis
|
|
helminth that causes portal HTN
|
schistosoma mansoni
|
|
treatment for intestinal helminths
|
albendazole/mebendazole
|
|
cause of condylomata acuminata
|
HPV 6,11
|
|
cervical motion tenderness (chandelier sign) along with purulent discharge and abdominal pain suggests what condition
|
PID
|
|
PID and salpingitis (mainly via chlamydia and gonorrhea) increase the risk for what condition in women
|
ectopic pregnancy
|
|
nosocomial infection linked to urinary catheterization
|
E.coli and proteus
|
|
nosocomial infection linked to renal dialysis
|
HBV
|
|
P. jiroveci infection FIRST becomes a concern at what CD4 level
|
<200
|
|
organism linked to dog/cat bites
|
Pasteurella multocida
|
|
disease associated with S. aureus
|
toxic-shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning, MRSA, nosocomial/community-acquired infection, acute endocarditis, osteomyelitis, empyemas, atopic dermatitis, and lung abscesses
|
|
which class of antibiotics block protein synthesis at the 30S ribosomal subunit
|
aminoglycosides and tetracyclines
|
|
SE of ampicillin
|
rash
|
|
drug that binds to D-ala D-ala terminus of the cell wall
|
vancomycin
|
|
class of antibiotics that inhibits the formation of the initiation complex
|
aminoglycosides
|
|
class of antibiotics that prevents attachment of the aminoacyl-tRNA
|
tetracyclines
|
|
SE of macrolides
|
prolonged QT, GI distress, acute cholestatic hepatitis, eosinophilia, and skin rashes
|
|
MOA of fluoroquinolones
|
inhibits DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II)
|
|
must supplement this vitamin to people taking isoniazid
|
B6
|
|
MOA of amphotericin B and nystatin
|
binds to ergosterol tearing holes in the fungal membrane
|
|
MOA of ketoconazole/fluconazole
|
inhibits P450 enzymes that convert lanosterol to ergosterol
|
|
MOA of flucytosine
|
inhibits DNA synthesis by conversion to 5-fluorouracil
|
|
MOA of terbinafine
|
inhibits squalene epoxidase
|
|
MOA of griseofulvin
|
interferes with microtubule function and disrupts mitosis
|
|
DOC for most dermatophytes (excluding onychomycosis)
|
griseofulvin
|
|
MOA of chloroquine
|
blocks heme polymerase in he plasmodium
|
|
MOA of pyrimethamine
|
inhibits dihydrofolate reductase in the plasmodium
|
|
DOC for influenza
|
oseltamivir
|
|
MOA of acyclovir and ganciclovir
|
inhibits viral DNA polymerase
|
|
DOC for VZV (shingles)
|
famciclovir
|
|
morphologic feature of EBV
|
Downey cells
|
|
prophylaxis DOC before surgery for cholecystitis
|
3rd generation cephalosporin
|
|
MOA of the TSST superantigen toxin of S. aureus
|
Binds MHC-II and T-cell receptor simultaneously activating a large numbers of T cells to release IFN-γ and IL-2
|
|
what glycoprotein do you check for when doing an ELISA for HIV
|
gp24
|