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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
5 divisions in vertebral column:
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1. cervical
2. thorax 3.lumbar 4.sacral 5.coccygeal |
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__-the structure or form of the body
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anatomy
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__-the functioning of the body
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-physiology
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__-a slice that inserts into the mid-saggital suture, which joins the R and L parietal bones of the calvaria
--it divides the body into equal-sized R and L parts |
Sagittal or Median plane
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__-perpendicular to the median plane, and runs through the coronal suture of the skull
--divides the body into front and back halves, but can be defined at any point along te anterior-posterior axis of the body |
-Coronal plane
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__-divides the body into upper and lower parts
--can be taken at any point along the inferior-superior axis of the body |
-Horizontal or transverse plane
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Components of the pelvic girdle: (4)
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1-sacrum
2-ilium 3-ischium 4-pubis |
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components of the pectoral girdle: (2)
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1-clavicle
2-scapula |
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__-strong, but capable of a degree of movementp; protection to the heart and lungs, elasticity (costal cartiliage)
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-ribs
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4 components of ribs ?
3 general classes of ribs / |
-head, neck, shaft, and angle
-true ribs (1-7) -false ribs (8-10) -floating ribs (11 and 12) |
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Components of sternum: (3)
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1-Manubrium Sterni
2-Corpus (body) 3-Xypoid process |
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__-Lungs; in the superior aspect by the first rib and clavicle and in the inferior by the twelth rib
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-thorax
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__-flat, blade-like bone located at the center of the chest
--serves as the anterior site of articulation for the ribs via cartilaginous connections. |
-sternum
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__- clavicle, 1st rib
__-juncture of the manubrium and corpus, 2nd rib |
-manubrium
-manubrosternal angle |
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___-extremities attached to vertebral column by means of __&___
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-pelvic girdle (lower) and pectoral girdle (upper)
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__-a strong structure for attaching the legs to the vertebral column
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-pelvic girdle
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__-has its only skeletal attachment via the clavicle, which in turn has its only skeletal attachment at the sternum
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-scapula
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__-attached to the superior sternum, running laterally to join with the wing-like scapula
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-clavicle
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the rib cage is composed of __ ribs. (7 __, 3 __, and 2 __)
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-12
-true -false -floating |
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the ___ of the ribs to the sternum permits the ribs to rotate slightly during respiration, allowing the rib cage to elevate.
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-cartilaginous attachment
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The bony support structure of the respiratory system is composed of the __ & __.
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-ribs and vertebral column
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__-the exchange of gas between an organism and its enviorment
__-the regulation of breathing for voice and speech production |
-respiration
-speech breathing |
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Boyles Law: (formula)
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P=F/A
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___ provides the basis for the respiratory framework, because they form the posterior point of attachment for the ribs of the bony thorax.
__-points of attachment for the ribs |
- T1 - T12
-Superior/inferior |
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__-five sacral vertebrae
__-composed of the fused coccygeal vertebrae |
-sacrum
-coccyx |
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__-quite large in comparison to those of the thoracic and cervical region; lifting and ambulation
--transverse and spinous processes; smaller, while corpus is much larger than in thoracic and cervical verterbrae |
-lumbar vertebrae
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3 kinds of muscles: list
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-heart or cardiac
-smooth or involuntary -striated or voluntary or skeletal |
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basic and standard package of muscles:__,__,__
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-belly, epimysium, tendon
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:tension greater than load, muscle shortens
:tension equal to load, length remains unchanged :tension less than load, muscle lengthens |
-concentric
-isometric -eccentric |
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:a muscle that contracts to achieve a given movement
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-agonist
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:a muscle that opposes contraction of another muscle ex. shoulder movement
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-antagonist
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__-expand as a result of enlargement of the structure surrounding them.
--contract the diaphragm to enlarge the vertical dimension --elevate the rib cage to enlarge the transverse dimension |
-lungs
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Muscles of inspiration
:primary- __-seperates the abdominal and thoracic cavities -central tendon Accessory: |
-diaphragm
-external intercostal, interchondral portion -levatores costarum, serratus posterior superior |
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Primary muscles of inspiration:__
-separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. -central tendon: thin but strong aponeurosis |
-Diaphragm
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Accessory muscles of inspiration:
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-External intercostal, interchondral portion
-Levatores costarum (Brevis and Longis), serratus posterior superior -sternocleidomastoid -Scalenes (anterior/middle, posterior) |
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The diaphragm contracts to expand the ___ for __
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-thorax, inspiration
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Located on the back close to head.__
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-tubercle
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From head to tubercule is called ___
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nape of neck.
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Accessory Muscles affecting the Pectoral girdla: (4)
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-Trapezius
-Pectoralis major -Pectoralis minor -Serratus anterior |
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When subclavius contracts the arm ___
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moves forward
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__has some attachment to bone of scapula
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Levator scapulae
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Primary muscle of expiration is __-
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Internal intercostals
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Accessory muscles of expiration __ & __
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-Transversus thoracis
-Serratus Posterior Inferior |
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Muscles of expiration (forced)
Thoracic (anterior/lateral) |
-Internal intercostals
-transversus Thoracis |
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Muscles of expiration (forced)
Thoracic (posterior) |
-Serratus Posterior Inferior
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Muscles of expiration (forced)
Abdominal (anterolateral) (4) |
-Transversus abdonminis
-Internal Oblique abdominis -External oblique abdominis -Rectus abdominis |
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Muscles of expiration (forced)
Abdominal (posterior) |
-Quadratus Lumbarum
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Muscles of expiration (forced)
Upper Limb |
Latissimus Dorsi
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the only posterior muscle of expiration is ____
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serratus posterior inferior
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Abdominal Muscles
__-runs from xipoid process to pubic synphysis |
Linea alba
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Abdominal muscles
__-midline structure for muscular attachment |
Linea alba
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__-a band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine.
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Inguinal ligament
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only posterior abdominal muscle of expiration. runs superiorally & medially.
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-Quadratus Lumborum
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___-the largest muscle in the shoulder
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trapezius
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the function of this muscle is the movement of the upper extremity, chest stability, (perhaps) expiration
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Latissimus Dorsi
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Expiration may be passive driven by the forces of ___,___, and ___.
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-torque, elasticity, and gravity.
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__-twisting of rib--chondral portion.
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torque
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__-spongy-like, highly elastic, porous tissue of lungs
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elasticity
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___-pull ribs back after expansion
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Gravity
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used for measurment of respiration: __&___
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spirometer and monometer
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Gas exchange: __->___->___->__
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-Ventilation --> distribution--> perfusion--> diffusion
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Respiration cycle:
adult- newborn- during early development, the lungs ____ |
-12 to 18 cycles per min
-40 to 70 cycles per min -completely fill the thorax |
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__-an estimate of the amount of air each compartment can hold.
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volume
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volume of air exchanged in one cycle of respiration
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tidal volume (TV)
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volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration
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Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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volume of air that can e expired following tidal expiration (=resting lung volume)
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Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)
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Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation
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Residual volume (RV)
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Volume of air that cannot be involved in gas exchange
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Dead Air
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__-functional unit of volumes (ml, cc)
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capacity
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volume of air that can be inhaled following a maximal exhalation
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Vital Capacity (VC)
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volume of air in the body at the end of passive exhalation
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Functional residual capacity (FRC)
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sum of inspiratory reserve volume
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total lung capacity (TLC)
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Maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration
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Inspiratory capacity IC
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VC =
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IRV + ERV +TV
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FRC=
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ERV + RV
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TLC=
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TV + IRV + ERV + RV
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IC=
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TV + IRV
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Structure of the larynx:
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cartilages & epiglottis
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Muscles of the larynx:
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Intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic muscles |
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___-a funnel-shaped arrangement of cartilage, connective tissue, and muscle
-slightly wider above than below |
-Larynx
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the larynx is __to the spine and esophagus, __ to the pharyns, and sits on top of the ___, forming a valve whose maine function is to ____.
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-ventral
-caudal -trachea -protect the lower airway |
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Comprised of ___ and ___ bound by ligaments and lined with mucous membrane.
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3 unpaired and 3 paired cartilages
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__-inferior most structure of larynx & rests on top of the trachea
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Cricoid Cartilage
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the largest, unpaired.
contains angle and notch. |
thyroid cartilage
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__-superior most part of thyroid angle
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thyroid notch
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superior cornua articulates with ___
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hyoid cartilage
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inferior cornua articulates with ___
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cricoid cartilage
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-Paired, b/w cricoid and thyroid
-superior posterolateral surface of the cricoid cartilage |
Arytenoid cartilage
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__-toward thyroid notch, VF
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vocal process
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the point of attachment for muscles that adduct and abduct the VF
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muscular process
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-ride on arytenoid, landmark of aryepiglottic folds
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-Corniculate cartilage
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-embessed within the aryepiglottic folds
-above and anterior to the corniculate cartilages |
-Cuneiform cartilage
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-unpaired, arise from the inner surface of TC, Median glosso-epiglottic fold, lateral glosso-epiglottic ligaments (velleculae)
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epiglottis
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-U shaped-union b/w the tongue and the laryngeal structure
-articulating with the superior cornu of the thyroid C. ___:lateral surface of the corpus ___:at the junction of the corpus and greater cornu |
-Hyoid bone
-greater cornu -lesser cornu |
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__-b/w the tongue and epiglottis. ppl w/ swallowing problems have problems with this.
-space above vocal folds is called___ |
-vellculae
-vestibule |
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The front end of both vocal folds are anchored to the font-middle ____.
The back ends of both vocal folds are anchored to the ____. |
-anterior commisure
-arytenoid cartilages |
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__-entry to the larynx from the pharynx above
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-Aditus laryngis (aditus)
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__-epiglottis & aryepiglottic folds
__-cuneiform C & corniculate C |
-Boundary
-Prominences |
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__-space b/w the aditus and ventricular folds (false VF)
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Vestibule
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__-middle space of the larynx lies b/w the margins of the FVF and the TVF below.
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laryngeal ventricle (laryngeal sinus)
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__-the space b/w the VF, variable sphincter that permits voicing.
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glottis
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-the junction of the cricoid cartilage and inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage
-permitting the cricoid and thyroid to rotate and glide relative to each other -vocal pitch |
Cricothyroid joint
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-the articulation formed b/w the cricoid and arytenoid C.
-making vocal processes toward each other (permitting the vocal folds to approximate) -vocal fold approximation and abduction |
Cricoarytenoid joint
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__- O & I on laryngeal cartilage
-making adjustments of the vocal mechanism itself |
Intrinsic muscles
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__-one on a laryngeal C., and the other on a nonlaryngeal C.
-major adjustments of the larynx -appendix D -helps move larynx as one structure |
Extrinsic muscles
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-cricoid (O)-the muscular process of the arytenoid (I)
-the muscular process will be drawn forward (arytenoid inward and down) |
Lateral cricoarytenoid
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Functions
:involved in vocal folds mechanism ex. abductors & adductors :involved in articulation for swallowing |
-Intrinsic
-Extrinsic |
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__-unpaired band of fibers running from the lateral margin of the posterior surface of one arytenoid to the corresponding surface of the other arytenoid.
-pulling the two arytenoids closer together |
Transverse Arytenoid M.
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__-the degree of force that may be applied by VF at their point of contract.
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Medical Compression
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-immediately superficial to the transverse arytenoid M.
-paired /similar function with TAM -__-posterior base of the muscular processes (O), apex of the opposite arytenoid (I) |
-Oblique arytenoid M.
-X arrangement |
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-sole abductor of the VF
-Posterior cricoid lamina (O), posterior aspect of the muscular process of the arytenoid C. (I) -pulling the muscular process posteriorly, rocking the arytenoid C out; abducting the VF |
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
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-rocking the tyroid C forward relative to the cricoid C.
-__-medial-most -__-lateral to recta -superior course, rocking the thyroid cartilage forward, then stretching VF |
-Cricothyroid M.
-pars recta -pars oblique |
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__-the medial muscle of the VF (vocalis)
-Inner surface of the thyroid C. near the thyroid notch (O), the lateral surface of the arytenoid vocal process (I) -___-drawing the thyroid and cricoid C. farther apart in front; antagonist of the cricothyroid M. |
-Thyrovocalis M.
-contraction |
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-muscularsis, external (lateral) thyroarytenoid
-immediately lateral to each ___ Contraction: same with the lateral cricoarytenoid, ___ and _____ |
-thyromuscularis
-thyrovocalis -adduction and lengthening of VF |
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Intrinsic Adductors:
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-Lateral cricoarytenoid
-Transverse Arytenoid M. -Oblique arytenoid M. |
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Intrinsic Layngeal M.-Abductors
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Posterior cricoarytenoid
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Intrinsic Layngeal M.-Glottal Tensors
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-Cricothyroid M.
-Thyrovocalis M. |
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Intrinsic Layngeal M.-Relaxers
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-Thyromuscularis
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Muscle:
anterior-drawing hyoid up and forward posterior-drawing hyoid up and back |
Digastricus anterior and posterior
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__-medially down, crossing the path of the posterior digastricus
-elevating and retracting the hyoid bone |
Stylohyoid
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-the underside of the mandible(O), corpus hyoid(I)
-fanlike, floor of the oral cvity -elevating & projecting the hyoid forward |
Mylohyoid
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-superior to the mylohyoid
-elevating and drawing the hyoid forward |
Geniohyoid
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-forming the majority of tongue
-attachment to hyoid (elevating) |
-Genioglossus
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-laterally placed
-greater cornu of hyoid (O) -side of tongue(I) |
Hyoglossus
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-attachment to the cricoid and thyroid: laryngeal elevation
-of inferior constrictor |
Thyropharyngeus
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-sternum-hyoid; depressing the hyoid. one end in sternum the other is in hyoid bone
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Sternohyoid
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-depressing the thyroid cartilage
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Sternothyroid
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-coursing from the oblique ine of the thyroid cartilage to the inferior margin of the greater cornu of the hyoid
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Thyrohyoid
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-passes deep to the sternocleidomastoid
-depressing the hyoid bone and larynx |
Omohyoid
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Extrinsic Laryngeal M. Depressors (4)
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-Sternohyoid
-Sternothyroid -Thyrohyoid -Omohyoid |
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Extrinsic Laryngeal M. Elevators (7)
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-Digastricus anterior and posterior
-Stylohyoid -Mylohyoid -Geniohyoid -Genioglossus -Hyoglossus -Thyropharyngeus |