Com230

Front 1

control (result?)

Back 1

control: the controller feels they know what is good for the controllee (the "i know what's good for you" assumpion) People become defensive.

Front 2

problem orientation (result?)

Back 2

strives for a solution that will benefit all concerned (Rather than just yourself). Results in beter cohesiveness, more supportive climate, and increased productivity.

Front 3

certainty vs. provisionalism

Back 3

person acting with certainty can be perceived as being dogmatic, which may result in defensive attitudes. Provisionalism: described as being flexible and open to approaches and information.

Front 4

Social Exchange Theory

Back 4

describes relationships in terms of rewards and costs. As long as rewards exceed costs, group members will continue to be attractive.

Front 5

systems theory

Back 5

an open system of interdependent elemtns, employing input variables and process variables to yield output.

Front 6

synergy

Back 6

when the whole is greater than the sum of it's parts.

Front 7

Process variables

Back 7

the procedure that the group follows to reach its goals

Front 8

Structuration theory

Back 8

explains how people use rules and resources to interact in a social system.

Front 9

"action oriented"

Back 9

strategic DOING instead of strategic pondering.

Front 10

GDSS (group decision support system)

Back 10

any type of electronic communication used to organize group tasks.

Front 11

active listening/nonactive listening
steps

Back 11

al: notebook open, leaning forward, eye contact, asking questions, showing interested
nl: head down, not paying attention, computer in lap
1. stop, look, listen, ask questions, paraphrase content and feelings

Front 12

Task leadership

Back 12

involves the process of initiating discussion to spark ideas, coordinating differences in group member thinking, summarizing discussions when necessary, and elaborating to help visualize ideas. (michelle computing commons)

Front 13

Complementarity

Back 13

when attracted to others who exhibit qualities they do not have but admire. (opposites attract)

Front 14

Initiator-Contributor

Back 14

one that proposes new ideas or approaches to group problem solving, or suggesting a different approach to procedure or organizing the problem-solving task.

Front 15

Information Seeker

Back 15

asking for clarification of suggestions; also asking for facts or other info that may help the group deal with the issues at hand (asking to clarify tasks)

Front 16

Norms

Back 16

rules and standards that determine what is appropriate in a group. establish expectations of how group members hould behave. Help to reduce some of the uncertainty that occurs when people congregate.

Front 17

6 suggestions to reduce groupthink

Back 17

1. group leader should encourage critical, independent thinking.
2. group members should be sensitive to status differences.
3. invite someone from outside the group to evaluate the group's decision making process
4. Assign a group member the role of devil's advocate.
5. ask group members to subdivide into small groups or individually and consider potential problems with the suggested solution.
6. consider using technology to help gather and evaluate ideas.

Front 18

explanatory function:

Back 18

The power theories have to explain things.

Front 19

Predicted function:

Back 19

the power theories have to predict things.

Front 20

Process theories

Back 20

general theories that explain human behaviors across a variety of contexts.

Front 21

Method theories

Back 21

Special theories that offer prescriptions for behavior.

Front 22

Social Exchange Theory

Back 22

A description of human relationships in terms of their costs and rewards.

Front 23

Rewards

Back 23

pleasurable outcomes associated with particular behaviors

Front 24

costs

Back 24

mental effort, anxiety, embarrassment, etc

Front 25

systems theory

Back 25

an orderly strategy for understanding the complexity of groups in terms of input, processes, and output.

Front 26

interdependence

Back 26

a relationship among components in a system wherein a change in one component affects all other components.

Front 27

entropy

Back 27

the measure of randomness and chaos in a group

Front 28

equifinality

Back 28

a systems-theory principle that a final state may be reached by multiple paths and from different initial states.

Front 29

symbolic convergence theory

Back 29

The development of a group consciousness and identity through the sharing of fantasies or stories which are often chained together and have a common theme.

Front 30

fantasy

Back 30

in symbolic-convergence theory, the creative and imaginative shraed interpretation of events which fulfills a group psychological or rhetorical need.

Front 31

two levels of reality

Back 31

what actually happens
our interpretations and beliefs about what happens.

Front 32

fantasy theme

Back 32

the common or related content of the stories that the group is sharing during a group fantasy.

Front 33

fantasy chain

Back 33

a string of connected storiesthat revolve around a common theme that occurs when a group is sharing a group fantasy.

Front 34

structuration theory

Back 34

a general framework that explains how people use rules and resources to interact in a social systems

Front 35

rule

Back 35

a followable prescription for acceptable behavior that identify the appropriate or expected behavior of group members.

Front 36

functional theory

Back 36

communication in groups functions to promote sound reasoning, preventing errors and building productive relationships among members

Front 37

Groups remain attractive to their members so long as the rewards of group membership excced the costs

Back 37

Social Exchange Theory

Front 38

The small group is an open system of interdependent elements, employing input variables to yield output

Back 38

Systems theory

Front 39

Group members develop a group consciousness and identity through the sharing of fantasies or stories which are often chained together and have a common theme.

Back 39

symbolic convergence theory

Front 40

poeple use rules and resources in interaction to structure social sytems

Back 40

structuration theory

Front 41

communication in groups functions to promote sound reasoning, preventing errors, and buliding productive relationships among members

Back 41

functional theory

Front 42

Openness to environment means

Back 42

a group doesn't operate in isolation, members may change, goals may change,climate may change

Front 43

input variables

Back 43

group members and resources, funds, tools, knowledge, purposes, relationships to other groups or organizations, the physical environment

Front 44

process variables

Back 44

the procedures the group follows to reach its goals
6: situation, leadership, individual group goals, norms, roles, cohesiveness

Front 45

output variables

Back 45

outcomes of the group process ranging from solutions and decisions to personal growth and satisfaction

Front 46

proposes new ideas or approaches to group problem solving. May suggest a different approach to procedure or organizing the problem solving task

Back 46

Initiator-contributor

Front 47

Asks for clarification of suggestions: also asks for facts or other info that may help the gorup deal with the issues at hand

Back 47

information seeker

Front 48

asks for a clarification of the values and opinions expressed by other group members

Back 48

opinion seeker

Front 49

provides facts, examples, stats, and other evidence that pertains to the problem the group is attempting to solve

Back 49

information giver

Front 50

offers beliefs or opinions about the ideas under discussion

Back 50

opinion giver

Front 51

provides examples based on his or her experience or the pexperience of others that help to show how an idea or suggestion would work if the gorup accepted a particular course of action

Back 51

elaborator

Front 52

tries to clarify note relationships among ideas and suggestions that have been provided by others

Back 52

coordinator

Front 53

attempts to summarize what has occurred and tries to keep the gorup focused on the task at hand

Back 53

orienter

Front 54

makes an effort to judge the evidence and conclusions that the group suggests

Back 54

evaluator-critic

Front 55

tries to spur the group to action and attempts to motivate and stimulate the group to greater productivity

Back 55

energizer

Front 56

helps the group achieve its goal by performing tasks such as distributing papers, rearrnaging the seating, or running errands for the group

Back 56

procedural technician

Front 57

writes down suggestions and ideas of others; makes a record of the group's progress

Back 57

recorder

Front 58

offers praise, understanding, and acceptance of others' ideas and suggestions

Back 58

encourager

Front 59

mediates disagreements among group members

Back 59

harmonizer

Front 60

attemps to resolve conflicts by trying to find an acceptable solution to disagreements among group members

Back 60

compromiser

Front 61

encourages less-talkative group members to participate and tries to limit lengthy contributions of other gorup members

Back 61

gatekeeper/expediter

Front 62

helps to set standards and goals for the group

Back 62

standard setter

Front 63

keeps record of the gorup's process and sues the info that is gathered to evaluate the group's procedures

Back 63

group observer

Front 64

basically goes along with the sggestions and ideas of other group members

Back 64

follower

Front 65

destroys or deflates the status of other group members; may try to take credit for someone else's contribution

Back 65

aggressor

Front 66

is generally negative stubborn and disagreeable without apparent reason

Back 66

blocker

Front 67

seeks the spotlight by boasting and reporting on his or her personal achievements

Back 67

recognition seeker

Front 68

uses the group as an audience to report personal feelings, insights, or observations

Back 68

self-confessor

Front 69

tells jokes and stories that do not help the group, lack of interest

Back 69

joker

Front 70

makes an effort to assert authority by manipulating group members or attempting to take over the entire group;

Back 70

dominator

Front 71

tries to evoke a sympathetic response from others; often espresses insecurity or feelings of low self-worth

Back 71

help seeker

Front 72

works to serve an individual need; sepaks for a special group or organization that bbest fits his or her needs

Back 72

special-interest pleader

Front 73

factors that affect conformity to group members

Back 73

1. the clarity of the norm and the certainty of punishment for breaking it.
2. the number of people who have already conformed to the norm
3. the individual characteristics of the group members
4. the quality of the interpersonal relationships that have developed in the group
5. the sense of gorup identification that members have developed

Front 74

When you greet a person who is blind, identify yourself

Back 74

Do

Front 75

When assisting, offer your arms, the same way an usher does at a wedding

Back 75

do

Front 76

talk normally, using customary and typically expressions of speech

Back 76

do

Front 77

provide oral cues for hte blind who it is his or her turn to speak

Back 77

do

Front 78

gesture about the person who is blind

Back 78

don't

Front 79

Be protective

Back 79

don't

Front 80

assume the blind person needs braille

Back 80

don't

Front 81

speak directly to a person in a wheelchair

Back 81

do

Front 82

ask directly how you may assist

Back 82

do

Front 83

sit down so tha tyou are at eye level

Back 83

do

Front 84

shake hands or touch people who are physically impaired

Back 84

do

Front 85

ask questions about the person's disability

Back 85

don't

Front 86

touch or move the wheelchair

Back 86

dont

Front 87

tlak about the person if he/she is not present

Back 87

don't

Front 88

let them talk at their own pace

Back 88

do

Front 89

if you can't understand, ask quesiotns that require onlyh a short answer

Back 89

do

Front 90

repeat or confirm that you understand

Back 90

do

Front 91

if can't get it, encourage them to say it a different way

Back 91

do

Front 92

invite to conribute to discussion if shy

Back 92

do

Front 93

pretned to understand when you dont

Back 93

dont

Front 94

confuse mental impairment with speech impairment

Back 94

dont

Front 95

status

Back 95

an individuals position of importance

Front 96

h/l talk more

Back 96

high status

Front 97

h/l have more influence

Back 97

high status

Front 98

h/l communicate more often with other high-status members

Back 98

high status

Front 99

h/l generally abide by group norms

Back 99

high status

Front 100

h/l are less likely to be ignored

Back 100

high status

Front 101

h/l are less likely to complain about their responsibilities

Back 101

high status

Front 102

h/l talk to the entire group

Back 102

high status

Front 103

h/l are likely to serve in leadership roles

Back 103

high status

Front 104

h/l direct conversation to high-status rather than low-status members

Back 104

low status

Front 105

h/l communicate more positive messages to high status members

Back 105

low status

Front 106

h/l are more likely to have their comments ignored

Back 106

low status

Front 107

h/l communicate more irrelevant information

Back 107

low status

Front 108

h/l talk to high status members as a substitute for climbing the social hierarchy in the group

Back 108

low status

Front 109

h/l have more influence on group decision

Back 109

high status

Front 110

h/l group members usually abide by the norms of the group more than h/l

Back 110

high status, low

Front 111

group memberse more likely to ignore h/l status comments

Back 111

low

Front 112

h/l talk to the entire group more

Back 112

high

Front 113

power

Back 113

the resources an individual has with which to exert control over others.

Front 114

legitimate power

Back 114

stems from a group member's ability to influence others because of being elected, appointed, or selected to exert control over a group.

Front 115

stems from a group member's ability to influence others because of being elected, appointed, or selected to exert control over a group.

Back 115

legitimate power

Front 116

Referent power

Back 116

the power of interpersonal attraction

Front 117

the power of interpersonal attraction

Back 117

referent power

Front 118

expert power

Back 118

stems from a group member's ability to influence others based on the knowledge and information the member possesses.

Front 119

stems from a group member's ability to influence others based on the knowledge and information the member possesses.

Back 119

expert power

Front 120

reward power

Back 120

based on person's ability to provide rewards for behaviors

Front 121

coercive power

Back 121

based on the perception that another can punish you for acting or not acting in a certain way

Front 122

m/f more easily influenced?

Back 122

women

Front 123

m/f have less power over others

Back 123

female

Front 124

defensive communication

Back 124

communicative behavior that arouses in another person the need to protect his or her self-concept.