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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The specific process of avoiding information that is discrepant from that which one already believes is called a) selective exposure b) rationality c) predictive selection d) cognitive dissonance |
a) selective exposure |
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Cognitive dissonance will be great if the discrepant act is a) not very important b) accompanied by a substantial reward c) difficult to reverse d) intellectually stimulating |
c) difficult to reverse |
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According to Festinger, the $1/$20 experiment illustrates a) the greater the reward, the more likely a person will behave attitudinally b) dissonance is created by a person doing something for a smaller reward c) there is a gender difference associated with cognitive dissonance d) people will lie when asked to by a world-renowned researcher |
b) dissonance is created by a person doing something for a smaller reward |
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Dieter Frey found that selective exposure does not operate if a) the rewards for paying attention are great b) we do not regard the information as a threat c) we are allowed to choose what we hear and see d) none of the answers are correct |
b) we do not regard the information as a threat |
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Elliot Aronson extended Festinger's theory by a) calling attention to the relationship between dissonance and effort b) emphasizing psychological, rather than logical, inconsistency c) insisting on the importance of personal responsibility d) both "calling attention to the relationship between dissonance and effort" and "emphasizing psychological, rather than logical, inconsistency" |
d) both "calling attention to the relationship between dissonance and effort" and "emphasizing psychological, rather than logical, inconsistency" |
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The focus of cognitive dissonance is a) attitude change b) behavior modification c) belief discrepancy d) all of the answers are correct |
a) attitude change |
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According to Festinger's minimal justification hypothesis, the best way to affect long-term attitudinal change is to a) persuade your subjects that the desired attitude is desirable b) persuade you subjects to change their behavior, and their attitudes will follow c) use reverse psychology by asking them to believe the opposite d) offer your subjects a generous reward or severe punishment as inducement |
b) persuade you subjects to change their behavior, and their attitudes will follow |
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For Joel Copper, dissonance is generated by a) the knowledge that one's actions have unnecessarily hurt another person b) high self-esteem c) low self-esteem d) the fact that we are rationalizing, rather than rational, animals who want to appear reasonable to ourselves |
a) the knowledge that one's actions have unnecessarily hurt another person |
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Having run his own $1/$20 experiment, Daryl Bem argues that a) Festinger's basic hypothesis remains sound b) Aronson's contributions to the theory are suspect c) recent assertions about self-perception enhance the minimal justification hypothesis d) self-perception is a simple explanation of the observed bahavior than is cognitive dissonance |
d) self-perception is a simple explanation of the observed bahavior than is cognitive dissonance |
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Cognitive dissonance theory has been criticized for being too a) simplistic b) difficult to test c) reliant on humanistic research techniques d) deterministic |
b) difficult to test |
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T/F Post-decision dissonance is likely to occur when an individual delays choosing between two equally attractive alternatives. |
True |
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T/F Aronson holds that humans are not so much rational as rationalizing. |
True |
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T/F The amount of dissonance a person experience in inversely related to the effort invested in the behavior. |
False |
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T/F One of the criticisms of cognitive dissonance theory is that it is too difficult to disprove. |
True |
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T/F Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that when we make major decision, we reduce potential dissonance by looking for justification before completing the action associated with the decision. |
False |
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T/F Selective exposure is not significant factor if we do not regard the dissonant information a a threat. |
True |
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T/F The less reward offered to perform a behavior, the greater the cognitive dissonance. |
False |
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T/F Cognitive dissonance is not prompted by threats or punishments, only by promises or rewards. |
False |
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T/F Dissonance is more likely if the decision at hand will be difficult to reverse. |
True |
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T/F To put cognitive dissonance theory into practice, a salesperson should employ the hard sell. |
False |
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The basic unit of analysis for SCT is a a) fantasy b) fantasy theme c) symbolic cue d) rhetorical vision |
b) fantasy theme |
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Ernest Bormann's symbolic convegence theory has a) interpretive roots b) objective roots c) both a and b d) neither a or b |
c) both a and b interpretive roots and objective roots |
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The majority of fantasy theme analyses target a) dramatizing messages that rely on fictitious, symbolically created realities b) families' use of fantasy chains to effectively create unity c) fantasy chains that have failed to ignite within the group d) rhetorical visions of varied rhetorical communities and how they communicate a unified fantasy |
d) rhetorical visions of varied rhetorical communities and how they communicate a unified fantasy |
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While predicting when a fantasy will ignite has proven difficult for SCT researchers, which of the following conditions make chaining on more likely? a) when a group has a clear leader b) when a group is frustrated with their current circumstances c) when a group is isolated from other influences d) when a group lacks a long-term history |
b) when a group is frustrated with their current circumstances |
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Fantasy themes are expressed in the form of a) metaphors b) jokes c) stories d) all of the answers are correct |
d) all of the answers are correct |
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According to Bormann, what is the relationship between fantasies and the development of a group's shared identity or consciousness? a) fantasies tend to derail a group's bonding efforts b) groups who do little fantasizing tend to be highly attractive to others and cohesive c) sharing fantasies causes the transformation d) when a group is able to push fantasies aside, they can get to a shared identity |
c) sharing fantasies causes the transformation |
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Rhetorical visions a) are fostered by powerful individuals within small groups b) are too abstract to be embraced by communities c) catch on with large groups of people d) replace fantasy themes |
c) catch on with large groups of people |
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Which of the following components is NOT a feature of a rhetorical vision? a) characters b) interpretive schemes c) plot lines d) sanctioning agents |
b) interpretive schemes |
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Which of the following pieces of advice is offered by Bormann, regardless of one's group? a) avoid personification, which erodes a group's character b) be cautious as fantasies can be unpredictable and take on a life of their own c) be sure dramatic messages are kept to a minimum d) drama that emphasis the group's future are most beneficial |
b) be cautious as fantasies can be unpredictable and take on a life of their own |
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T/F Comments that lack imagery are considered dramatizing messages. |
False |
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T/F Bormann restricts the term fantasy to children's literature, sexual desire, or "things not true". |
False |
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T/F According to SCT, disruptions and counterproductive stories hinder a group's ability to become a cohesive unit. |
False |
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T/F Dramatizing messages emphasizes something other than the "here and now" reality. |
True |
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T/F Dramatizing messages help group members make sense of a confusing situation. |
True |
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T/F Groups must choose between sharing group fantasies and creating symbolic convergence. |
False |
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T/F In order to be classified as an effective fantasy, it needs to be positive and altruistic. |
False |
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T/F Bormann claimed that symbolic convergence holds for all people, in any culture, at any time, in any communication context. |
False |
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Group members that hold a ___ vision place value on practical or everyday answers. |
FIND ANSWER |
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According to SCT, without ___ there will be no cohesiveness. |
shared fantasies |
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Think of a small group of which you are/were a part of. What fantasies has the group shared? How have the fantasies created community within the group? |
Many of the fantasies that I share with a group are centered around the Marine Corps and the other group members are fellow Marines. Many time the theme is discontent and pride for the Marine Corps. We all agree that there are mindless aspects of the Corps, but its our Corps therefore, we have pride. For example, we may complain all the time about the stupid rules there are, but the moment another service talks poorly about the MC, we become extremely proudful and those asinine aspects no longer matter. |
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Deetz's communication model emphasizes a) Shannon and Weaver's theory that communication is the transmission of information b) language's role in shaping social reality c) gender and ethnic aspects of managerialism d) nonverbal elements of corporate culture |
b) language's role in shaping social reality |
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Deetz's critical communication theory a) emphasizes the structure of corporate culture b) requires that researchers observe, but not influence, the corporations they study c) suggests that belief will follow behavior d) seeks to balance corporate and human interests |
d) seeks to balance corporate and human interests |
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Above all else, "managerialism" prizes a) control b) participatory democracy c) involvement d) both "control" and "involvement" |
a) control |
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Which of the following is not one of the four different ways corporate decisions can be made? a) strategy b) involvement c) critique d) participation |
c) critique |
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Through the process of consent, employees of a corporation a) reach the highest level of fulfillment b) are forced to follow the company's dictates or quit c) speak their minds openly, but do not participate in decision-making d) accomplish the interests of management in the faulty attempt to fulfill their own interests |
d) accomplish the interests of management in the faulty attempt to fulfill their own interests |
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Deetz is convinced that meaningful democratic participation i corporate decision-making a) is impossible in a capitalistic society b) benefits both the employees and the corporation c) systematically undermines manager' credibility d) is more important in the earlier stages of an organization that in its maturity |
b) benefits both the employees and the corporation |
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To enhance stakeholder participation, Deetz recommends that a) quality information must be widely distributed b) management must maintain its autonomy c) the social structure must grow from the top down d) all employees must embrace managerialism |
a) quality information must be widely distributed |
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Corporate decision processes that invite open dialogue among all stakeholders are called a) managerial control b) constent c) strategy d) codetermination |
d) codetermination |
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The process through which a corporation suppresses potential conflict is called a) managerialism b) corporate colonization c) discursive closure d) consent |
c) discursive closure |
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Deetz's approach to corporate decision-making is inherently attractive, yet a) his constructivist view of communication does not necessarily support his reformist agenda b) his campaign for stakeholder negotiation may be infeasible c) it may be unrealistic to expect one theory to reform both commonsense conceptions of communication and private business simultaneously d) all of the answers are correct |
d) all of the answers are correct |
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T/F Deetz's communication model derives from Shannon and Weaver. |
False |
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T/F Deetz has developed a critical communication theory aimed at ensuring the financial health of corporations while increasing the representation of diverse human interests. |
True |
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T/F Deetz's endorsement of strategy, consent, involvement, and participation provides the core of his critique of managerialism. |
False |
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T/F Codetermination represents the collaborative constructions of self, other, and the world. |
True |
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T/F Through the process of consent, most employees are richly rewarded for their loyalty. |
False |
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T/F If involvement does not lead to participation, it can create worker cynicism. |
True |
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T/F Deetz envisions at least six classes of stakeholders with multiple needs and desires. |
True |
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T/F Deetz believes that there is no legitimate basis for privileging one group of stakeholders over another. |
True |
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According to Deetz, ___ is/are the dominant force in today's society. |
multinational corporations |
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The ___ model regards language as the principal medium to create and sustain reality. |
communication |
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Why does McLuhan contend that media environments are "invisible"? a) as things grow more obvious, we tend to play less attention to them b) they are permeable and regularly changing c) we are so immersed we don't notice them d) while we may notice the every day, we fail to account for emerging technologies |
c) we are so immersed we don't notice them |
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Accounting for the ___ of the media environment means considering both incremental and sudden changes. a) complexity b) determinism c) simplicity d) variability |
a) complexity |
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According to McLuhan, the phonetic alphabet inspired a) group culture b) linear thinking c) mass literacy d) a new acoustic space |
b) linear thinking |
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McLuhan believed that the course of history was determined by changes in a) modes of pronunciation b) localities of living c) modes of communication d) conceptions of time |
c) modes of communication |
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"The medium is the message" suggests that a) the channel is more influential that the content it carries b) television is the most effective form of communication ever invented c) print culture was superior to the global village d) television is a hot medium |
a) the channel is more influential that the content it carries |
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The most important characteristic about moveable type is a) repeatability b) globality c) immediacy d) artificiality |
a) repeatability |
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Scholars suggest that we may be in the ___ age, the next epoch in human history. a) digital b) internet c) multimedia d) web |
a) digital |
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McLuhan has been criticized because a) he relies too heavily on empirical data b) his work demonstrates a Canadian bias c) media ecology is difficult to test d) both b and c |
c) media ecology is difficult to test |
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T/F The phonetic alphabet transformed the world into a global village. |
False |
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T/F McLuhan was widely accepted academically, but failed to connect with popular thinking. |
False |
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T/F The dominant medium of any age shapes its people. |
True |
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T/F McLuhan felt that the electronic media were retribalizing the world. |
True |
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T/F McLuhan held that we should focus attention on the everyday uses of technology. |
True |
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T/F Media becomes an extension of the human self. |
True |
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T/F Postman, unlike McLuhan, believed that media ecology should make moral judgments. |
True |
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T/F For Postman, television has costs society more than it has given us in return. |
True |
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T/F In the years since his death, McLuhan has achieved a rather rare feat - unanimous approval from the academic community. |
False |
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McLuhan's most notable or memorable expression is: ___ |
the medium is the message. |
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According to McLuhan, human history is divided into four epochs, with each period marked by ___. |
new developments in media. |
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A ___ is a "deal with the devil", an exchange that at first seems beneficial but may come at a high price. |
Faustian bargain |
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The Swiss linguist who coined the term semiology in the early 1900s was a) Roland Barthes b) Ferdinand de Saussure c) Jacques Semion d) Douglas Kellner |
b) Ferdinand de Saussure |
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Semiotics is concerned with everything a) that can be taken as a sign b) that has potential symbolic significance c) that actually exists, whether natural or artificial d) all of the answers are correct |
a) that can be taken as a sign |
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The "I'd like to be like Mike" commercial Griffin discusses a) suggests a second-order signified that glorifies unfulfilled desire b) challenges the status quo through its valorization of an African-American hero c) deliberately manipulates stereotypes and imagery to create a counterculture system d) all of the answers are correct |
a) suggests a second-order signified that glorifies unfulfilled desire |
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Barthes labeled the ideological baggage that signs can carry as a) annotation b) connotation c) denotation d) semiotician |
b) connotation |
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Barthes held that the relationship between nonverbal signifiers and signifieds was a) arbitrary b) quasi-arbitrary c) causal d) symbiotic |
b) quasi-arbitrary |
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Griffin uses the example of the yellow ribbon to a) illustrate a second-order semiological system b) argue that some signs are nonmythic c) suggest that new symbols arise every day d) demonstrate that subversive semiotic systems are eventually co-opted by mainstream society |
a) illustrate a second-order semiological system |
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Barthes claimed that every ideological sign is the result of two interconnected sign systems in which the first system a) becomes the signified b) retains its entire denotative meaning c) becomes the connotative system d) is strictly descriptive |
d) is strictly descriptive |
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In Barthe's view, mythic signs typically a) idealize some previous semiological structure b) produce new values for society c) reinforce the dominant values of their culture d) question the legitimacy of the status quo |
c) reinforce the dominant values of their culture |
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Which of the following might best reflect Barthes view of the transitionary nature of signs? a) go with the flow. signs are dynamic and bound to change b) it it ain't broke, don't mess with it. signs that "work" are signs that stick c) out with the old, in with the new. don't waste your time on the past d) resist change. fight to keep original meaning. |
a) go with the flow. signs are dynamic and bound to change |
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T/F Unfortunately, Barthes' writing style is dull, ponderous, and overly predictable. |
False |
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T/F In a secondary (connotative) system, the meaning of the original denotative system is impoverished. |
True |
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T/F According to Barthes, all semiological systems are mythic. |
False |
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T/F Some mass communication scholars are critical of Barthes' claims that all connotative systems uphold the values fo the dominant class. |
True |
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T/F Douglas Kellner uses Barthes' approach to support his claim that Madonna's media image perpetuates negative stereotypes of women. |
False |
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T/F Ideological signs enlist support for the status quo by transforming history into nature. |
True |
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T/F Barthes believed mythic signs reinforce the dominant values of their culture. |
True |
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T/F Semiology has its roots in the medieval study of signs and symbols. |
False |
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The sign is a combination of ___ and ___. |
signifier and signified |
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For Barthes, a sign is part of ___; it cannot be interpreted without this context. |
a semiotic system |
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What is the relationship among a sign, a signifier, and a signified? |
The signifier is what we physically see like an image. The signified is how we interpret the signifier and together the combination of the two create the sign. For example, the sign is represented by a piece of paper. The signifier is on one side and the signified on the other. You cannot have one without the other. |
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Hall maintains that he wants to a) become a prophetic mouthpiece for the masses b) unmask the power imbalances in society c) interpret history with the strict economic determinism central to classical Marxism d) all of the answers are correct |
b) unmask the power imbalances in society |
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What is Hall's take on Marxism a) he suggests it oversimplifies the role of economic determinism but still stands by the idea of the "haves and the have nots" b) he argues against its basic and secondary premises completely c) he advocates that Marxism is destructive to anyone expect the least powerful d) he would rather see the triumph of capitalism than further Marxist ideology |
a) he suggests it oversimplifies the role of economic determinism but still stands by the idea of the "haves and the have nots" |
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Hall's main concern with corporate control of mass communication is that it a) makes media products more expensive for consumers b) gives the consumer too many choices among viewing options c) prevents many stories from being told d) forces communication scholars to overemphasize power relations and social structures in their research |
c) prevents many stories from being told |
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The media process that limits the range of alternative ideas and presents these restricted choices as the only options is a) oppositional coding b) ideological discourses of constraint c) economic determinism d) micro-level semiotics |
b) ideological discourses of constraint |
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Hegemony is a) a media plot to support the status quo b) a method employed by the ruling class to exercise total control over people c) both reflected and reinforced in the media d) all of the answers are correct |
c) both reflected and reinforced in the media |
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Preponderant influence or dominance, especially of one nation over another, is a) totalitarianism b) ideology c) consensus d) hegemony |
d) hegemony |
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Luke Winlsow argues that through Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, the media a) loses its credibility as a culture critic b) pushes an agenda to show that the "system" works c) commoditized American life by selling products with a lifestyle d) is overt in its criticism of the disenfranchised |
b) pushes an agenda to show that the "system" works |
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Both speaking out on oppression and linking that subjugation with the communication media, are incorporated in the term a) connotation b) articulation c) information d) overdetermination |
b) articulation |
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Hall's brand of cultural studies has been criticized because a) its strong ideological component limits its credibility b) it overestimates the ability of individuals to resist social control while enjoying the media c) it becomes too mired in specifics and lacks a strong overall framework d) it underestimates the connotative force of language |
a) its strong ideological component limits its credibility |
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T/F Hall doubts the scientific community's potential to find any useful answers to important questions about media influence. |
True |
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T/F According to Michael Foucault, it is inaccurate to separate signs and symbols from mass media images. |
True |
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T/F According to Hall, any theory that deconstructs the current structure of media studies should be loudly denounced as supporting the power structure of the elite. |
False |
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T/F According to cultural studies, communication is a unique discipline that should remain separate from other academic disciplines within the overall structure of the university. |
False |
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T/F Hall claims that survey research can be useful in explaining the power of multinational corporations over consumers. |
False |
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T/F Hall's most positive contribution to mass communication study is his constant reminder that it is futile to talk about meaning without considering power at the same time. |
True |
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T/F Most cultural studies theorists bring an empirical approach to their analyses. |
False |
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T/F Hall's theoretical framework lacks a basis for preferring one ideology over another. |
True |
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Hall places less emphasis on rationality and more emphasis on ___. |
resistance |
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Rather than say, "words don't mean; people mean," Hall would like to go a step further and ask, ___? |
"where do people get their meanings" |
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Discuss Hall's claim that discourse makes meaning. What role do the mass media play in this process? How is this function of discourse connected to social power? |
Discourse makes meaning in the sense that it creates a framework of interpretation. Mass media plays a role int his process because they and the social powers that own the media decide what information is distributed, therefore, molding the framework from which we make our interpretations. This can be avoided as a consumer by consuming multiple, differing sources of media so that we can create our own authentic interpretation of the information. |
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Instead of asking, "What do media do to people?" Katz suggested the question to ask is a) "how should we use media?" b) "what do people do with media?" c) "what effect does the media have on people?" d) "why do people gravitate towards certain mediums?" |
b) "what do people do with media?" |
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The ___ model assumes that a media message affects most consumers in the same way. a) global effects b) limited effects c) personal effects d) uniform effects |
d) uniform effects |
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Which of these conclusions reflects a "straight-line" effect of media? a) both Caroline and Ralph thought it was a good film but for different reasons: Caroline enjoyed the acting while Ralph thought it has a good story b) it's hard to find a movie that both Caroline and Ralph both enjoy, but they agree that they prefer to watch movies at home rather than in the theater c) since it was a "feel good" movie, both Caroline and Ralph enjoyed it d) since it was a "feel good" movie, Caroline was in a good mood, but Ralph was miserable throughout the show |
c) since it was a "feel good" movie, both Caroline and Ralph enjoyed it |
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What position do uses and grats researchers take regarding self-reported data? a) consumers are capable of discerning their own reasons for media consumption b) consumers are hesitant to report their motives but usually forthcoming about usage c) consumers are historically unreliable and give inconsistent answers d) consumers are overly accommodating and self-protecting; they're more likely to give socially desirable answers than accurate reports |
a) consumers are capable of discerning their own reasons for media consumption |
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Katz suggests that ___ must be uncovered to understand people's media choices a) needs vs wants b) source of our needs c) the structure and hierarchies of motivations d) underlying needs |
d) underlying needs |
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Emma is overwhelmed with the amount of work she ahs to do in the next 48 hours. When she thinks about it, her blood pressure rises and she feels rather sick to her stomach. She finds that even 10 mins of Angry Birds helps to diffuse the situation. What is her most likely motivation? a) enjoyment b) escape c) excitement d) passing time |
b) escape |
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A ___ relationship develops when viewers become attached to media personalities and characters. a) gratificiation b) mediated c) paranormal d) parasocial |
d) parasocial |
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Bradley Greenberg suggested that, in addition to the eight categories given by Rubin, people may consume media because of ___. a) curiosity b) habitual usage c) need to individualize d) social pressure |
b) habitual usage |
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If people can't accurately report their own motives for media usage, which evaluation criteria is in question? a) predictability b) simplicity c) testability d) utility |
c) testability |
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According to the chapter, why might uses and grats have limited practical utility? a) based on qualitative methodology, few scientific tests of the study have been constructed b) it fails to reinforce some people's concerns about the negative effects of media c) most of the theory's findings have been postulated but rarely tested in the "real world" d) with the emergence of more diverse forms of new media, the theory has limited application |
b) it fails to reinforce some people's concerns about the negative effects of media |
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T/F Uses and Gratifications is a new theory, and as such is still largely untested. |
False |
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T/F Katz proposed that audiences are passive targets who are just waiting to be hit by a magic bullet. |
False |
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T/F Uses of media are inextricably tied to the gratifications people receive from those media. |
True |
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T/F The same message doesn't necessarily affect everyone the same way. |
True |
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T/F In order to understand why people make the media choices they do, you must understand what underlying needs motivate our behavior. |
True |
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T/F According to Katz, parasocial relationships tend to be destructive and anti-social. |
False |
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T/F For most critics, the emphasis on prediction and explanation, rather than description, is the strength of the theory. |
False |
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T/F Primarily an interpretative theory, uses and grats has been widely tested using qualitative methods. |
False |
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In Ruben's typology, each category includes both ___ and a ___. |
used and gratification |
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A ___ is a sense of friendship or emotional attachment that develops between viewers and media personalities. |
parasocial relationship |
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The overt expression of physical force (with or without a weapon, against self or others), compelling action against one's will, on pain of being hurt and/or killed or threatened to be so victimized, as part of the plot, is called a) dramatic violence b) dramatic license c) violent episode d) overt action |
a) dramatic violence |
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Which one of the following is not considered violent using Gerbner's index plan? a) automobile crashes b) natural disasters c) verbal abuse d) fights in a cartoon format |
c) verbal abuse |
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To be defined as a heavy viewer, one must watch at least a) 2 hours of television a day b) 4 hours of television a day c) 6 hours of television a day d) 8 hours of television a day |
b) 4 hours of television a day |
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Another name Gerbner uses for a heavy viewer is a a) television type b) video viewer c) tube type d) couch potato |
a) television type |
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Heavy television viewers usually label themselves a) blue collar b) politically conservative c) middle class d) politically liberal |
c) middle class |
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The recurring dramatic theme focused upon by Gerbner is a) sex b) violence c) materialism d) social class |
b) violence |
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Gerbner gauged the overall level of violence by looking at the a) percentage of programs that scripted violence b) rate of violence in programming c) percentage of characters involved in physical harm and killing d) all of the answers are correct |
d) all of the answers are correct |
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Gerbner found that a) over half of prime-time programs contain violence b) the rate of violence on television has increased over the years c) blue-collar workers are less likely to be victimized on television than white-collar executives d) all of the answers are correct |
a) over half of prime-time programs contain violence |
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The term that describes the process of blurring, blending, and bending the opinions of heavy television viewers is a) resonance b) cultivation c) plowing the mind d) mainstreaming |
d) mainstreaming |
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Cultivation theory has been criticized a) for having a variety of methodology problems b) for its overreliance on lab testing c) because Gerbner's prose is often obscure and nonlinear d) because of the correlation between hours watched and the tendency to give "television answers" is statistically insignificant |
a) for having a variety of methodology problems |
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T/F Gerbner chose to allow cartoon action to be characterized as violence if it met other criteria. |
True |
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T/F A heavy television viewer does not watch specific shows as much as watch television, regardless of what is on. |
True |
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T/F For resonance to occur, an individual must have had a firsthand experience with physical violence. |
True |
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T/F Cultivation theory predicts that the effects of television viewing are discernible almost immediately after a person begin watching television. |
False |
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T/F Morgan and Shanahan suggest that at least a portion of the strident attack on cultivation theory is politically motivated. |
True |
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T/F Both light and heavy viewers overestimate the possibility that they will be the victims of violence in the near future. |
True |
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For those with real-life experience with violence, the ___ process can amplify the cultivation effects. |
resonance |
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How would you describe your own habits and those members of your family or household? What do you believe are the consequences of these patterns of television exposure? |
I believe I watch far too much tv. I never really paid attention to how much I did, when including the time I spend watching shows on my phone or laptop. My husband watches far less tv, only watching when he gets home in the evenings. I believe I do hold the view that the world is more dangerous than it actually is and after hearing about this theory last semester, I have made an effort to watch less and interact with people more. Getting a job on campus at the bookstore has really helped decrease this view point. |
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For McCombs and Shaw, an important story in the newspapers would be a) a three-column story on an inside page b) a lead editorial c) a front-page headline story d) all of the answers are correct |
d) all of the answers are correct |
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At the second level of agenda setting in the media a) tell us what issues are important b) give prominence to stories that reinforce the capitalistic agenda, particularly if they feature violence against minorities c) transfer salience of a collection of attributes that the media associate with an attitude object to the audience's image of the object d) both a and b |
c) transfer salience of a collection of attributes that the media associate with an attitude object to the audience's image of the object |
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Which of the following groups are not considered important agenda setters? a) media gatekeepers b) candidates and their spin doctors c) public-relations professionals d) industry leaders |
d) industry leaders |
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In analyzing the public priorities, McCombs and Shaw considered the opinions of voters who were a) undecided b) committed to leading candidates c) committed to underdog candidates d) all of the answers are correct |
a) undecided |
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In comparison to readers of traditional print media, readers of electronic media a) know more stories in depth b) remember more content details c) are more shut off from the larger flows of public information d) rate international stories as more important |
c) are more shut off from the larger flows of public information |
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The need for orientation arises from a) framing b) high relevance and uncertainty c) the influence of spin doctors d) gatekeeping |
b) high relevance and uncertainty |
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Later, McCombs concluded that a) the media does influence the way we think b) framing is a dubious theoretical concept c) context, mood, and selectivity are not relevant to journalism d) the index of curiosity requires more study |
a) the media does influence the way we think |
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T/F People with a high need for orientation tend to be resistant to the media's political priorities. |
False |
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T/F In order for the agenda-setting function hypothesis to be established as a causal relationship, a lag between media priorities and public priorities must be observed. |
True |
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T/F Recent agenda-setting research suggests that the media not only set the agenda for what issues are important, but also make some aspects of issues more salient than others. |
True |
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T/F The public's perception of professional basketball has been affected by the television network's agenda. |
True |
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T/F In their initial research, McCombs and Shaw found a nearly perfect correlation between the media's and the public's ordering of priorities. |
True |
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T/F Funkhouser's research clearly demonstrated that the twin agendas of the public and the media are not simply reflections of reality. |
True |
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T/F With the rise of new media, agenda-setting no longer exists. |
False |
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At the core, agenda-setting theory argues that media agenda is the ___ and that the public's agenda is the ___. |
cause and effect |
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The early mantra of agenda-setting was "the media aren't very successful in telling us what to think but ___." |
"what to think about." |
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According to agenda-setting: media agenda --> __. |
voters' agenda |
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How do the agendas of the mass media get set in the first place? |
Media looks at all the stories that can be told and then determine which ones will be told based on relevance, utility and how much attention it will attract. The media doesn't want to bring a lot of attention to stories that won't do this because this media is a business first and a news source second - in my opinion. |
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Tannen believes that, more than anything else, women seek a) control b) human understanding c) human connection d) status |
c) human connection |
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Tannen believes that, more than anything else, men seek a) control b) human understanding c) human connection d) status |
d) status |
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Tannen maintains that men use talk a) as a weapon b) to divert attention c) to prevent the transmission of info d) all of the answers are correct |
a) as a weapon |
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Womens' behavior when interrupting another person to add a word of agreement or show support is called a) stroking b) merging talk c) cooperative talk d) rapport talk |
c) cooperative talk |
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Women typically ask questions to a) solicit info b) establish a connection with another person c) change the topic of a conversation d) show competence |
b) establish a connection with another person |
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According to Tannen, the first step in overcoming destructive responses and miscommunication between men and women is to a) understand each other's styles and the motives behind them b) learn to talk as the other gender talks c) alter the destructive communication patterns of males d) teach women to be more assertive; teach men to be more sensitive |
a) understand each other's styles and the motives behind them |
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The "aha factor" refers to a) situations in which men and women transcend the barriers of gender b) situations in which men and women discover the value of the other gender c) situations in which a theory is reaffirmed by one's personal experience d) situations in which men attempt to override rapport talk with report talk |
c) situations in which a theory is reaffirmed by one's personal experience |
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Tannen's work on genderlects style has been criticized because a) it is too hard on men b) it is not hard enough on men c) it risks becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy d) all of the answers are correct |
d) all of the answers are correct |
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T/F Tannen claims that conversations between men and women reflect men's conscious efforts to dominate women. |
False |
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T/F Tannen believes that male-female conversation is inherently cross-cultural. |
True |
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T/F Tannen found that although two girls could sit comfortably face-to-face and carry on a serious conversation about people they knew, when two boys were asked to do the same, they were restless, never looked at each other, and could not complete the task. |
True |
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T/F Tannen believes that, despite popular mythology, both men and women are primarily interested in human connection. |
False |
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T/F Whereas women value report talk, men emphasize rapport talk. |
False |
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T/F Tannen's research indicated that -- despite the prevailing mythology -- women talk less than men do in private conversations. |
False |
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T/F Women tell more stories and jokes than do men. |
False |
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T/F Tannen maintains that men usually are more comfortable with conflict. |
True |
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T/F According to Tannen, when women share problems with men they are looking for understanding, not advice. |
True |
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Tannen believes that, more than anything else, men in conversation seek ___. |
status |
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Compare and contrast your experience of men's talk vs women's talk. Is one better, or does each have its advantages in certain situations? Explain your answer and provide examples. |
Women seek human connection when communicating whereas, men seek status. Men talk less, but tell more stories than women. Women value rapport talk and men value report talk. I think the most effective way to communicate would be making use of both. Understanding how each gender generally communicates and knowing how to effectively use both can be extremely helpful. For example, as a professor, one would need to understand how students generally communicate in order to establish a connection with them . |
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Standpoint theorists view genders as a) an essentialist category b) culturally constructed c) a metanarrative about which we should be skeptical d) none of the answers are correct |
b) culturally constructed |
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Standpoint theorists reject postmodernists' a) skepticism about Enlightenment rationality b) male-centered bias c) absolute relativism d) focus on economic determinism |
c) absolute relativism |
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Wood suggests that one reason why marginalized people have a "less partial" perspective than those who hold power in society is that those who are marginalized a) have little reason to defend the status quo b) view truth as value-free and accessible to any objective observer c) dismiss any relationship between the knower and the known d) are unfamiliar with the perspectives of those who are in power |
a) have little reason to defend the status quo |
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Standpoint theorists maintain that the perspectives of subordinate groups are a) monolithic b) more enlightened that those of privileged groups in society c) based on weak objectivity d) less complete than those of men who are in dominant positions |
b) more enlightened that those of privileged groups in society |
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Which of the following does Patricia Hill Collins argue is one of four ways of validating knowledge claims? a) lived experience as a criterion of meaning b) the ethic of corporate accountability c) the ethic of apathy d) the use of monologues in assessing knowledge claims |
a) lived experience as a criterion of meaning |
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Because she is committed to critiquing an androcentric world, Wood believes that a) men cannot be feminists b) a sense of solidarity among women is politically necessary c) we need to discover the "essence of women" that motivates their communication d) all of the answers are correct |
b) a sense of solidarity among women is politically necessary |
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Standpoint theorists believe that research should be grounded in a) rigorous empirical testing b) an unbiased perspective that is detached from a particular historical situation c) the lives of women and others who are marginalized d) the economic determinism of Marx |
c) the lives of women and others who are marginalized |
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Some critics charge that the concept of strong objectivity a) is inherently contradictory b) is not clearly defined c) is not realistic d) is too firmly rooted in postmodern theory |
a) is inherently contradictory |
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T/F Standpoint theorists believe that people in dominant positions in society have more motivation to understand those who are marginalized than vice versa. |
False |
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T/F Benhabib believes that the idea of a universal ethic is still possible. |
True |
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T/F Wood's study of caregiving in the United States demonstrated that women are naturally suited for caregiving because of their maternal instinct. |
False |
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T/F Standpoint theorists maintain that an approach based on strong objectivity is the best way to discover truth that is value-free and accessible to any objective observer. |
False |
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T/F German philosopher Georg Hegel's analysis of the master-slave relationship demonstrated that what people "know" depends upon what group they are in. |
True |
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T/F Standpoint theorists have developed a hierarchy that establishes which social groups are more marginalized than others. |
False |
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__ knowledge is situated in time, place, experience, and relative power; it is NOT value-free. |
Local |
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Haring and Wood believe that the best way to discover how the world works is to ask those ___. |
on the margins |
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What social groups to which you belong shape your standpoint, and how do they do so? How possible is it for you to answer this question objectively? |
The two main social groups I belong to are Marine Corps veterans and college students. I have found that the two have conflicting viewpoints which have greatly shaped by standpoint. I find one to be extremely institutionalized and the other more liberal/free-thinking. The merging of these two has, in my opinion, given me a more objective point of view that is also well-rounded. However, it is possible that I abandoned my first social group once I successfully integrated into college life and my view points are now a product of the free-thinking that is encouraged in college. |
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Kramarae found that the most notable characteristic of women in cartoons was their a) subservience b) negative stereotype c) absence d) family orientation |
c) absence |
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Kramarae begins with the basic assumption that women perceive the world differently from men because of women's and men's different a) functions in reproduction b) experience and activities rooted in the division of labor c) needs and wants d) beliefs and cognitive structures |
b) experience and activities rooted in the division of labor |
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The ultimate goal of muted group theory is to a) transcend the "normal" world and place women in a special place b) reduce the status of men and increase that of women c) return to an earlier era of stable gender roles d) change the man-made linguistic system that keeps women "in their place" |
d) change the man-made linguistic system that keeps women "in their place" |
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The Feminist Dictionary, the term for the human story as told by women about women is a) gossip b) herstory c) sub-version d) femalestream |
b) herstory |
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Kramarae believes men have difficulty understanding women's communication because a) of biological reasons b) they haven't made the effort to find out about it c) women feel the need to conceal their experiences from men d) all of the answers are correct |
b) they haven't made the effort to find out about it |
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Kramarae discovered that compared with the simple, forceful statement voiced by cartoon males, the language assigned to female characters was a) vague b) flowery c) peppered with words like "nice" and "pretty" d) all of the answers are correct |
d) all of the answers are correct |
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Muted group theory has been criticized because it a) relies too heavily on empirical data b) has not adequately considered issues of power and dominance c) has ignored the issue of sexual harassment d) is difficult to prove the assumption that men are trying to control women |
d) is difficult to prove the assumption that men are trying to control women |
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T/F Kramarae is certain that the language of a particular culture does not serve all of its members equally well. |
True |
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T/F The idea of women as a muted group was first proposed by Kramarae and met with a very negative response from the male-dominated intellectual circles. |
False |
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T/F Because of their political majority (women comprise over 51% of voters), women are not truly a muted group. |
False |
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T/F Females are never likely to find ways of expressing themselves outside of the dominant public modes of expression, thus increasing the mutedness of the gender forever. |
False |
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T/F According to this theory, the battle over sexual harassment is as much a struggle over language as it is over sexual conduct. |
True |
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T/F According to the perspective of this theory, man-made language aids in defining, depreciating and excluding women. |
True |
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According to Muted group theory, a muted group is to always completely ___. |
silent |
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A muted group must ___ their thoughts, ideas, or attitudes into the language of the dominant worldview. |
translate |
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What current linguistic practices in Honolulu, and/or on the HPU campus, can you claim perpetuate male dominance? |
I have noticed that people refer to one another as "dude" or "man," including myself, regardless of gender. I'm not sure if this is a regional habit, but it does happen here at HPU. This is an example of the male dominance because people are automatically referencing male pronouns there are no expressions like these two, that I know of, that are inherently feminine. |
