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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) |
Suggests that people have expectations about behavior (verbal and nonverbal) of others and react when those expectations are violated |
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Proxemics |
The study of how humans use space to communicate -Includes the way people use space in their conversations as well as the perceptions of another's use of space -Use of space can affect the ability of a communicator to achieve goals |
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Humans have two competing needs for space |
-Affiliation: The need to belong to a group -Personal Space: The "invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual which defines that individual's preferred distance from others" |
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Proxemics Zones |
Intimate distance: 0 to 18 inches Personal distance: 18 inches to 4 feet Social distance: 4 to 12 feet Public distance: 12 feet and beyond |
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Territoriality |
A person's ownership of an area or object |
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3 types of territories |
-Primary: The exclusive domain of an individual -Secondary: A personal connection with an area or object -Public: No personal affiliations; open to all people |
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Humans stake out territory in 4 ways |
1. markers 2. labels 3. offensive displays 4. tenure |
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Assumptions of Expectancy Violations Theory |
1. Expectancies drive human interaction 2. Expectancies for human behavior are learned 3. People make predictions about nonverbal behavior |
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Arousal |
Refers to the increased interest or attention when deviations from expectations occur. |
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Types of Arousal |
-Cognitive: Mental awareness of a violation -Physical: Behaviors employed by a receiver to indicate discomfort or orientation to a violation |
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Threat threshold |
The distance at which one experiences discomfort by the presence of another -If you don't mind people close to you, your threat threshold is high |
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Violation Valence |
Refers to the positive or negative assessment of a deviation from expected behaviors -If we like the violation, it has a positive violation valence -If we don't like the violation, it has a negative violation valence VIOLATION IS NOT ALWAYS NEGATIVE |
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Communicator Reward Valence |
Refers to the positive or negative characteristics that an individual brings to an interaction |
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Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT) |
Explains how communication is used to reduce the level of uncertainty between people engaging in initial interactions |
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URT's two types of uncertainty |
-Cognitive uncertainty: Uncertainty associated with beliefs and attitudes that we and others hold -Behavioral uncertainty: Uncertainty related to behavior |
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Uncertainty reduction processes (2) |
-Proactive: Attempts to reduce uncertainty prior to communication -Retroactive: Applying sense-making tools to events that already occurred. |
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7 Concepts related to uncertainty |
-verbal output -nonverbal warmth -information seeking -self-disclosure -reciprocity of disclosure -similarity -liking |
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definition of axiom |
truisms drawn from past research and common sense |
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3 antecedent conditions exist when one seeks to reduce uncertainty |
-potential to reward or punish -deviation from expectations -anticipation of future interactions |
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3 strategies to reduce uncertainty |
1. Passive: an individual assumes the role of unobtrusive observer of another person -Reactivity searching-->watching a person in action -Disinhibition searching--> watching a person's natural or uninhibited behavior in an informal setting 2. Active: An observer engages in some sort of effort, other than direct contact, to discover information about the other person 3. Interactive: The observer and the other person engages in direct contact or face-to-face interaction |
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Relational uncertainty |
uncertainty about the future and the status of a relationship |
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extractive strategy |
using online search engines to obtain information about a specific person |
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triangulation |
comparing a person's self-disclosure to information online/in public records |
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Social Exchange Theory (SET) |
Based on the notion that people review and weigh their relationships in terms of costs and rewards -A particular factor can be considered a reward at one point and a cost at another point |
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SET is guided by 3 assumptions about human nature |
-Humans seek rewards and avoid punishments -Humans are rational beings -The standards that humans use to evaluate costs and rewards vary over time and from person to person |
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SET is guided by 2 assumptions about the nature of relationships |
-Relationships are interdependent -Relational life is a process |
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2 types of comparison levels are used for evaluating relationships |
-Comparison level (CL) refers to a standard representing what people feel they should receive in terms of rewards and costs from a particular relationship -Comparison level for alternatives (CLalt) refers to the minimum level of relational rewards that an individual is willing to accept |
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Exchanges take several forms within 3 matrices |
-Direct exchanges: An exchange in which two people reciprocate costs and rewards -Generalized exchanges: An exchange in which reciprocation involves the social network and isn't confined to two individuals -Productive exchanges: An exchange in which both partners incur costs and benefits simultaneously |
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Social Penetration theory (SPT) |
Process of relationship bonding; individuals move from superficial communication to more intimate communication |
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4 assumptions of SPT |
1. Relationships progress from non-intimate to intimate 2. Relational development is generally systematic and predictable 3. Relational development includes de-penetration and dissolution 4. Self-disclosure is at the core of relational development |
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Self-disclosure |
Process of revealing information about oneself to others -Strategic: disclosures are planned -Nonstrategic: disclosures are spontaneous
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Relationships and onions |
Layers of an onion represent an individuals personality -outer layer: an individual's public image, or visible characteristic -central layer: aspects of the self-revealed only through self-disclosure |
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2 dimensions of self-disclosure |
1. breadth: number of topics discussed in a relationship 2. depth: degree of intimacy in topic discussions |
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SPT shares principles with |
SET |
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Reward-cost ratio |
Balance between positive and negative relationship experiences |
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4 stages of the social penetration process |
1. Orientation 2. Exploratory affective exchange 3. Affective exchange 4. Stable exchange |
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The invisible bubble that surrounds an individual and is used to define ones preferred distance from others is known as _______. |
personal space |
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_____ refers to the positive or negative characteristics that an individual brings to an interaction. |
Communicated reward valence |
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The two primary goals of individuals engaged in an initial interaction are _____ and _____. |
Prediction and explanation |
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One of the axioms of uncertainty reduction states that as nonverbal expressiveness _____ as uncertainty levels will _____. |
INCREASE/DECREASE |
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Stress, time, and energy can all be perceived as being ______ in a relationship |
Costs |
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The term used to refer to the variety of topics discussed in a relationship is______. |
Breadth |
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_____ is the process of bonding that moves a relationship to superficial to more intimate |
Social penetration |
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T or F: We frequently lay claim to various spacious areas that we want to protect or defend |
TRUE |
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T or F: Cultural norms might influence our expectancies |
TRUE |
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T or F: High levels of uncertainty produce high rates of reciprocity |
TRUE |
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T or F: New research that expanded URT found an inverse relationship between social networking and uncertainty |
TRUE |
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T or F: A prevailing belief in social exchange theory is that people are rational decision makers |
TRUE |
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T or F: Depenetration always leads to a relational dissolution |
FALSE |
