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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Between Groups Variance
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variance of scores between categories or groupings of independent variable sufficient to distinguish themselves from one another
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Nominal data
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discrete data that describes the presence or absence of some characteristic or attribute
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causal variable
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variable manipulated by the researcher: cause of change
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concurrent validity
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method for establishing criterion-related validity of a new measurement;
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confidentiality
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protection of research participant
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construct validity
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extent to which measuring device measures the core concept that was intended to be measured
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content analysis
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quantitative research method that integrates both data collection method and analytical technique to measure the occurrence of some identifiable element in a complete text or set of messages.
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content validity
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degree to which the measurement items are representative of all the potential items available for measuring the construct of interest.
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control group
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group in which assigned participants receive no treatment
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correlation
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statistical test that examines the linear relationship between two continuous level variables.
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correlation matrix
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display of variables in a table: shows how every variable is correlated with every other variable
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dependent variable
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variable that is influenced or changed by the independent variable
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deception
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situation where researcher purposefully misleads participants
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deductive reasoning
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reasoning process in which researcher begins with a theory and then gathers evidence
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descriptive design
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type of research design in which a researcher lacks direct control over variation of the independent variables and temporal order
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descriptive statistics
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numbers that summarize essential and basic information about the dataset as a whole
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directional hypothesis
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a precise statement indicating the nature and direction of the relationship or difference between the variables
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discussion section research
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section of the written research report in which the authors provide an interpretation of the results
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ethnography
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detailed study and representation of people and their interaction
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empirical
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refers to observations or experiences based on or derived from experiences with observable phenomenons
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experimental research
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type of research most often conducted in a lab
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external validity
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degree to which findings can be extended beyond what was studied
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face validity
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extent to which items reference the construct intended to be measured
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focus group
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facilitator-led group discussion
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generalizablity
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extent to which conclusions developed from data collected from a sample can be extended to the population
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heuristic
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characteristic of research, results of one study lead to more questions
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irb
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university committee charged with formal process of judging research proposals
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hypothesis
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educated guess
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independent variable
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variable manipulated by the researcher
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inductive reasoning
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data is gathered, hypotheses formulated, and theories are developed
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informed consent
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agreement participant gives to researcher
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interaction analysis
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codes the content of ongoing communication between two or more individuals
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internal reliability
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degree to which multiple items invoke the same responses from participants
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internal validity
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extent to which one can draw valid conclusions about the effects of one variable on another
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interrater reliability
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degree to which two coders assign communicator behaviors to the same categories
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interval data
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data measured; distance between two points is equal
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latent content
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content coded in content analysis; inferences or interpretations
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likert-type scale
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degree to which participant agrees disagrees
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literature review
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section of written research report that provides framework of the research investigation
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manifest content
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content coded in content analysis; description of the characteristics of the content itself
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manipulation check
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verification that participants regard independent variable in way researcher intended
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measurement
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use of numbers to represent a communication phenom.
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methods section
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describes how study was executed
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mutually exclusive
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choices in a response set that present only one option for which a person is able to identify
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narratives
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stories people tell
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negatively skewed curve
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distribution; very few scores on left side
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nominal data
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discrete data that describes presence or absence of some characteristic
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nondirectional hypothesis
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statement that a difference or relationship between variables will occur, does not specify direction
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non probability sampling
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sampling technique that does not rely on any form of random selection
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null hypothesis
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implicit complementary statement to the research hypothesis that states there is no relationship
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operationalization
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statement that denotes how the variable is observed and measured in a specific way
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ordinal data
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data based on rank order
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participant observation
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researchers observe communication first-hand
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population
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all units of the universe
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positively skewed curve
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distribution very few scores on right side
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predictive validity
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method for establishing criterion related validity; measurement predicts performance
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probability
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degree to which a particular event will occur
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probability level
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level of error the researcher is willing to accept
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qualitative methods
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research where researcher is primary data collector
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quantitative methods
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research relies on numerical measurement
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quasi-experiment
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research design; variation in the independent variable is natural
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random
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sample in which probability of selection is equal
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range
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lowest score minus highest score
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ratio data
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intervals between data points is equal, true zero exists
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reliability
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achieved when researchers are consistent in their use of data collection
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research
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discovery of answers to questions
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research question
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question that asks tentative relationship between variables
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sample
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subset of population
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sampling frame
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set of people that are available to be selected
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semantic differential scale
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form of interval measurement using a stimulus statement
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significance level
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level of error researcher is willing to accept
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skewed distribution
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shape of a distribution of scores that is not normal
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social science research
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research conducted through the use of scientific and systematic methods
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split-half reliability
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expression of internal consistency between two separate but equal versions of the same test
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standard deviation
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the amount scores deviate from the mean
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test-retest reliability
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correlation between scores at two administrations of the same test to the same participant
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theory
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related set of ideas that explains how or why something happens
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treatment
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one of the ways in which the researcher varies the type of stimuli
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triangulation
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use of several kinds of methods or data to further validate research outcomes
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t-test
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statistic used to find differences between two groupings of the independent variable
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type 1 error
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null is rejected even though it is true
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type 2 error
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alternative hypothesis rejected even though it is true
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unit of analysis
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discrete element coded and counted
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validity
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achieved when the measurement does what it is intended to do
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within-groups variance
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variation among scores within any category or level of an independent variable
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