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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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unitary frame of reference
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emphasis is placed on common organizational goals
conflict is rare and negative power is the natural prerogative of management ex: classical approach, HR approach: role of theorist is to find effective techniques for organizing |
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pluralist frame of reference
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organization consists of many groups with divergent interests
conflict is positive and inherent ex: systems and cultural approach: considering management divergent subgroup interests |
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radical frame of reference
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organization is a battleground where rival forces strive for the achievement of largely incompatible ends
conflict and power are seen as reflections of larger class struggles in society ex: critical approach: consider organizations as sites of domination, theory can emancipate individuals from dominating forces, activist role |
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What critical theory believes
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1) certain societal structures and processes lead to fundamental imbalances of power
2) imbalances of power lead to alientation and oppression 3) role of theorist is to explore and uncover imbalances, bring them to attention of group... where then emancipation is possible |
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How critical theorists see power
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a defining, ubiquitous feature of organizational life
control and domination concerned with the deep structures that produce and reproduce relationships, and the contradictions between deep and surface powers |
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Traditional approach to power
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considers power to be relatively stable entity that people or a group posses
scholars ask questions about factors that lead to org power and the impact of the power on outcomes like satisfaction and performance equate power with control over resources or with hierarchical status (classical and human relations) formal authority, control of scarce resources, control of knowledge and information |
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Symbolic approach to power
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views power as a product of communicative interactions and relationships
interested in how communication constitutes understandings of power through scoially constructed relationships (cultural theorists) |
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Radical-critical approach to power
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concerned with deep structures that produce and reproduce power relationships
believe there are inherent contradictions between surface structure and deep structure role is to explore ways in which economic, social, and communicative relationships produce and maintain organizational power relationships looks at controls of modes and means of production and control of organizational discourse |
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How are power relationships produced and reproduced through communication?
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organizational discourse
reality is constructed through communicative interactions critical scholars suggest that reality created through discourse is the site of domincation |
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ideology
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the taken for granted assumptions about reality that influence perceptions of situations and events
refers to more than a set of attitudes or beliefs, but that ideology structures our thoughts and controls our interpretations of reality shapes understanding of what exists, what is good, and what is possible involves assumptions that are rarely questioned or scrutinized for critical scholars, ideology is tied to domination and power |
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hegemony
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a process in which a dominant group leads another group to accept subordination as the norm
manufactured consent in which employees willingly adopt and reinforce hierarchical power structures control is gained by shaping ideology in such a way that the controlled group accepts and actively participates in the control process |
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Ultimate goal of critical model
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emancipation
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Emancipation
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liberation of people from unnecessarily restrictive traditions, ideologies, assumptions, power relations, identity formations... etc that inhibit or distort opportunities for autonomy and satisfaction
emerging awareness and communicative action on the part of the oppressed |
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Resistance
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How workers can exert counter pressure on exercise of power and control
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Concertive Control
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When smaller groups within an organization self govern and often exert more control than the organization itself
Workers achieve concertive control by reaching a negotiated consensus on how to shape their behavior according to a set of core values, such as the values found in a corporate vision statement |
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Concertive system qualities
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Flat hierarchy
Informal networks, increased communication Teamwork, cooperation Flexibility, innovation Blurring of member distinctions Value consensus |
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Why does concertive control become more controlling?
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small groups become self governing because people buy into small group ideology more than the entire company's
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Feminist approach to organizing
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Egalitarian/heterarchical
Empowerment Informal assignation of tasks Work-life integration Informal, subjective control; shared ideologies |
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Feminist organization
vs Feminist approach to organizing |
goals are feminist- ex political change, empowerment, indomination
vs uses feminist principles to organize, ex bike co-op emphasis on anyone's empowerment, informal |
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3 waves of feminism
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1st- basic woman's rights
2nd- radical, body rights, reproductive 3rd- end domination, inclusive, collective empowerment |
