Com 316 - Exam 2 Study Guide Material

Front 1

the functions of nonverbal communication

Back 1

- to supplement verbal communication

- to regulate interaction

- to establish relationships among levels of meaning

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types of nonverbal communication

Back 2

paralanguage

haptics

proxemics

artifacts

kinesics

physical characteristics

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paralanguage

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type of nonverbal communication that referes to the vocal cues used to express language (ex: "oh" volume and tone")

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haptics

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type of nonverbal communication that refers to how people touch others (i.e. controlling, sexualized, affectionate, etc.)

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proxemics

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type of nonverbal communication that refers to the space around our bodies and we we use it (i.e. distance, personal space)

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artifacts

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type of nonverbal communication that refers to the personal objects that we surround ourselves with (toys, jewelry, clothing, art, furniture, etc...)

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kinesics

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type of nonverbal communication that refers to face and body movements (gestures, facial expressions)

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physical characteristics

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type of nonverbal communication that refers to our physical appearance

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T/F: Women are mostly socialized to value communality

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true (communality: a feeling of group solidarity)

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T/F: Men are mostly socialized to value agency

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true (agency: action or intervention, especially such as to produce a particular effect.)

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"passing"

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your body is perceived in the gender/sex identity of your choice. (to "pass" as a man or a woman)

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T/F: Judith Butler's theory of gender performativity is linked to nonverbal communication.

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true

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crossdressing

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playing with gender. refers to the practice of wearing clothes that reflect a gender other than your own (personal)

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drag king

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refers to a women who performs as a man (entertainment)

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personal relationships

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those that endure over time, involve interdependence, and are characterized by strong feelings.

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the male deficit model

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there is a disagreement about how to interpret differences in masculine and feminine communication in close relationships.

- women are relationship "experts"

- men are less skilled at development and maintenance of relationships

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the alternate paths model

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men and women typically display different styles of communication in relationships.

- men are not socialized to be comfortable with verbal communication of feelings.

- there are different routes to creating and expressing closeness.

- men typically use instrumental displays of affection.

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women's friendships

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- woman-woman typically use talk to build closeness

- are comfortable with high levels of personal self-disclosure

- struggle with feelings of competition and envy

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men's friendships

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- Dolgin suggests that the "risk" of self-disclosure for men is too high.

- men's friendships are challenge by homophobia (dolgin)

- activities are the primary focus

- caring is shown instrumentally

- men create "covert intimacy" with other men (humor, competition)

- have different friends for different interests

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women-men friendships

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these friendships are challenged by

- heteronormativity and the assumption of sexual attraction

- childhood sex-segregation that denies access to building friendships

- women report liking less emotional intensity in friendships with men

- men report that they receive more emotional support from women friends

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butch-femme

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the idea that one member of a gay/lesbian couple will take on the role of a man, and the other will take on the role of a woman ----> may be a myth.

- lesbian couples report a desire for an egalitarian relationship and see "femme" as less equal.

- it is common in younger lesbians to adopt traditionally feminine ways of communicating (nonverbal)

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cohort relationships

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Huston and Schwartz suggest a "cohort" relationship in gay couples rather than "butch/femme"

- cohort refers to the existence of power difference in the relationship. Since men recieve more cultural power than women, heterosexual relationships often reflect a power difference.

- Gay cohort relationships include a similar difference in power, but the power is drawn from other social sources. For example, one man may be wealthier than the other, or one man may be older than the other. (mirrors heterosexuality)

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heterosexual script

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the cultural script for romance is gendered:

- feminine women and masculine men are desirable.

- men initiate and plan activities

- women talk, defer to men, control sexual behavior

- men earn money and women take care of the relationship, home, children

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heterosexual relationship maintanence

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- men express affection instrumentally

- women want to express caring through talk

- men tend to want more autonomy and less connection than women

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second shift

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majority of partnered women who work outside the home have a second shift job at home. family raising responsibility. women multitask and men do isolated chores.

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psychological responsibility

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women often experience this. "How am i going to do all of this?"

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gender harassment

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when a person feels threatened or humiliated because of their sex or gender.

ex: lewd comments, cat calls, stares, belittling comments.

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stalking

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occurs when a person makes a direct or indirect threat to another person and creates a fear of violence in that person.

- usually a pattern.

- 43% of male stalking victims stated that the offender was female

- 41% of male stalking victims stated that the offender was male

- female victims of stalking were significantly more likely to be stalked by a male (67%) rather than a female (24%) offender.

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bullying

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people who are bullied experience persistent harassment that often leaves them feeling trapped and vulnerable

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bullying and gender

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- boys bully more often than girls and are more often victims of bullying

- some research suggests that boys lash out at victims who are emotionally and physically weaker than themselves as a means of relieving tension or frustration

- some research suggests that girls utilize three types of bullying

1) relational

2) indirect

3) social

- majority of bullying is same-gender harassment

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Johnson's Typology

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relationship violence happens because of embedded patterns of coercive control.

this control results in differences among the causes and consequences of intimate partner violence.

1. intimate terrorism

2. violent resistance

3. situation couple violence

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partner violence

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acts of violence between people who are in close relationships.

can be physical, mental, emotional, or verbal.

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intimate terrorism

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an attempt to aggressively and violently control a relationship. (most extreme and violent)

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violent resistance

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a type of violence that comes from a person's resistance to intimate terrorism. (self-defense violence)

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situation couple violence

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violence is situationally evoked. (mutually based -> prevalent in both men and women counterparts)

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cycles of violence

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four phases:

tension

explosion

remorse

honeymoon

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1. tension

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small arguments and disagreements

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2. explosion

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the tension erupts into a violent act

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3. remorse

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the perpetrator may feel immediate remorse

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4. honeymoon

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the perpetrator is kind and loving

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Micro-inequity

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a theory that refers to hypothesized ways in which individuals are either singled out, overlooked, ignored, or otherwise discounted based on an unchangeable characteristic such as race or gender.

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Micro-Inequities

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are subtle, often unconscious, messages that devalue, discourage and impair workplace performance. They are conveyed through facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice, choice of words, nuance and syntax. Repeated sending, or receiving, of MicroInequities can erode commitment and loyalty and have the cumulative effect of diminishing overall workforce performance.

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wage gap

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according to the U.S. Census Bureau women earn $.78 for every $1.00 paid to men

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glass ceiling

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the invisible barrier that limits advancement of women and minorities

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glass walls

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a metaphor to describe sex-segregation on the job

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glass cliff

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examines what happens to women who excel to high ranks in organizations

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glass escalator

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men enter female dominated professions at a higher rate. male peers blight past the female counterparts to the top. men are getting promoted at a faster rate.

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gender stereotypes

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wood identifies several stereotypes that women and men face in professional contexts

women: sex object, mother, child, iron maiden

men: sturdy oaks, fighters, breadwinners

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Family Medical Leave Act (1993)

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FMLA of 1993 allows for reasonable unpaid leave for certain family and medical reasons.

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Equal Pay Act (1963)

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of 1963 prohibits discrimination in rates of pay and benefits

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Equal Opportunity Laws

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focus on discrimination against individuals

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Title VII (1964)

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of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. (age and disability added later)

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Affirmative Action

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addresses historical discrimination in organizations

- remedies are for groups rather than individuals

- preferential treatment

- results are more important than intent

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sexual harassment

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involves unwanted and unwelcome verbal or nonverbal behavior of a sexual nature.

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types of sexual harassment

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Quid pro quo

Hostile environment

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quid pro quo

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power. actual or threatened use of professional or academic rewards and/or punishments to gain sexual compliance from a subordinate or student.

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hostile environment

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unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature that interferes with a person's ability to perform a job or gain education and/or creates a hostile, intimidating or offensive working environment.

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hidden curriculum

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norms, values, and beliefs are transmitted to students by the social system of the school

- involves the presence of (often unnoticed) gender stereotypes that sustain gender inequities

- David Sadker describes it as "A syntax of sexism so elusive that most teachers and students were completely unaware of its influence"

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gender stratification

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-authority figures in public school systems are mostly men (superintendents)

- university faculty positions of professor and associate professor (the highest ranks) are mostly occupied by men

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curriculum content (textbooks)

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- images of boys outnumber images of girls

- photos depict girls who are focused on domestic life and are passive observers

- boys are unlikely to nurture others or stray from typical male careers

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teaching styles

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- college students identify their best men teachers as funny

- their best women teachers were more likely to be described as caring and nurturing

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rhetorical social movement

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rhetoric refers to a persuasive effort to bring about change in existing attitudes, laws, and policies

- gender identities

- gendered language

- gendered nonverbal communication

- gender and relationships

- gendered violence

- gendered education

- gendered organizations

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gendered rhetorical movements

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- men's organizations

- women's movements (feminisms)

- GLBTQ (IQ) activism

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men's political issues

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activism by men is often a response to feminism

the goals are mostly centered in defining and maintaining an understanding of masculinity

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women's movements

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first wave - 1840-1920

second wave - 1960-1990

third wave - early 1990's

fourth wave - ?

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first wave

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- women activists were already fighting for abolition of slavery and temperance

- Lucretia Coffin Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

- The cult of domesticity

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second wave

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- early 1960's

- linked to civil rights protests and American involvement in Vietnam

- promoted change via meetings, organizations (NOW), legislation, protests, academic circles, art and performance

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third wave

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- more inclusive of the struggles of all women (disabilities, race, age, class, etc...)

- putting theory into practice

- door-to-door feminism

- grrrrrl culture

- building coalitions - between groups that identify as oppressed

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fourth wave

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- inclusive of spiritually informed activism

- transnational feminism - action

- tech savvy and understand gender issues well

- use of social media

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types of feminisms

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radical

liberal

separatism

lesbian

revalorism

womanism

exofeminism

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radical feminism

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strong demands for change

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liberal feminism

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political, professional, educational equity for women

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separatism feminism

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women's values are superior

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lesbian feminism

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women-identified

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revalorism feminism

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revealing women's contributions to the world

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womanism feminism

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african american - intersections of race and sex

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ecofeminism

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ecological responsibility

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Stonewall Riot in NYC (1969)

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NYC police arrested and beat patrons of a gay establishment. There were several days of public outrage against this event.

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Anita Bryant "Save Our Children" (1977)

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Dade County passed a civil rights ordinance that included gays and lesbians. Bryant, who was a ad spokesperson for Florida orange growers, launched a national anti-gay campaign.

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AIDS epidemic (1980s)

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this health crisis in the gay community served as a catalyst for gay activists to address discrimination in medical research and partner benefit rights

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hate crime legislation

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Matthew Shepards death in 1998. This event launchd a public debate about whether or not homosexuality should be included in hate crime laws.

OCT 2009 - Obama signed the hate crime bill into law. (actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.)

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same-sex marriage

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13 countries in the world have legalized sam-sex marriage.

JUNE 2015 the US supreme court ruled (5-4) that states' gay marriage bans were unconsitituational

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transgender issues

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transgender people participate in gay rights movements but not all TG people identify as gay.

contemporary transgender movement has existed in the US since the early 1990's.

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NOMAS

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the national organization for men against sexism

- started in late 1970s

NOMAS states that its movement is formed directly out of and continually nourished by feminism

- defines itself as pro-feminist, gay affirmative, anti-racist, and dedicated to enhancing men's lives.

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mythopoetic men's movement

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started in 1980's by Robert Bly.

- men had become too soft

- men needed to be initiated into manhood

- called upon mythology

- outdoor retreats

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promise keepers (PK)

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a christian men's organization.

- began in 1990 (72 men)

- Bill McCartney

- PK now offers multiple conferences to thousands of men

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Feminist theory in communication

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developed and used by scholars to understand gender as a communicative process, with the goal of making social changes important to the well-being of women and, ultimately, everyone.