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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tom is running for Student Gov President. Bc he has previously taken a public speaking course, he is able to speak with confidence, conviction, and assurance. Tom is experiencing...
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Empowerment
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The address of a website is known as...
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URL - uniform resource locator
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The use of audio or video recorders can be a liability in an interview because...
a.) some people are more self-conscious and intimidated when being recorded b.) the interviewee must sign a consent form before you can begin recording |
a.) some people are more self-conscious and intimidated when being recorded
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the term periodical refers to...
a.) newspapers b.) magazines and journals |
b.) magazines and journals
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It is necessary to determine what individual or organization is response for a website in order to determine its...
accuracy, accountability, objectivity, diversity? |
accountability
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Critical listening means that you as a listener...
a.) are courteous and tolerant of the speaker b.) attempt to learn and retain the information presented c.) hold the speaker to his or her ethical responsibilities d.) remember the main ideas and organization presented |
c.) hold the speaker to his or her ethical responsibilities
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While listening to a classmate's speech, Seam began to think that the speaker was citing sources that were biased. Sean began to shake his head and frown. What was Sean doing in this instance?
a.) communicating his expectations as a listener to the speaker b.) attempting to be tolerant of differences between himself and the speaker c.) providing inappropriate nonverbal feedback to the speaker d.) listening critically and giving feedback to the speaker |
d.) listening critically and giving feedback to the speaker
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Stages of Listening are...
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1.) Select
2.) Attend 3.) Understand 4.) Remember |
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To single out a message from several competing messages.
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Select
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To focus on incoming information.
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Attend (focus for further processing)
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To assign meaning to the information. To make sense out of our experiences.
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Understand
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To recall information and ideas. What is it the final stage of?
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Remember (final stage of listening)
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Listeners who are able to evaluate the reasoning, logic, and quality of the speaker's message are engaged in...
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critical thinking
(wrong options were: inference evaluation & effective listening) |
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What type of listening style occurs when you want the speaker to get to the point and stat what needs to be done?
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Action-Oriented Style
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When listening to a lecture, you mentally rearrange the ideas presented, summarize the info, and remain alert for key information... you are considered?
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an active listener
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As listeners, if we become aware of the methods and techniques speakers use to achieve their goals while speaking, what are we listening for?
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the rhetorical strategies employed by the speakers
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What is rhetoric?
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the use of words and symbols to achieve a goal.
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General purpose
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the overarching goal of a speech is to either... inform, persuade, or entertain
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Specific purpose
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a concise statement of the desired audience response, indicating what you want your listeners to remember, feel, or do when you finish speaking.
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Central idea
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One-sentence summary of the speech content, it identifies the essence of your message.
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What identifies the essence of your message?
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central idea
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The organization and arrangement of ideas & illustrations, the process of developing an orderly speech.
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Disposition
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Speech Act
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A behavior, such as flag burning, that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication & is subject to the same protection and limitations as verbal speech.
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Ethical Speakers...
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1. Have clear & responsible goals
2. Use sound evidence & reasoning 3. Are sensitive to & tolerant of differences 4. Are honest 5. Avoid plagiarism |
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Ethical Listeners...
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1. Provide feedback
2. Are sensitive to and tolerant of difference 3. Listen critically |
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Sensitivity to the feelings, needs interests, and backgrounds of other people.
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Accommodation
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When selecting a topic for a speech, speakers need to consider the audience, the occasion, and...
a.) the length of time needed for the speech b.) the setting where the speech will be given c.) the speakers themselves d.) the knowledge of the audience regarding the topic |
d.) the knowledge of the audience regarding the topic
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Blueprint...
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The combination of your central idea and a summary of your main points.
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A complete central idea or thesis statement should be all of the following EXCEPT...
a.) a complete declarative sentence b.) a sentence with direct, specific language c.) a statement with at least three ideas d.) an audience-centered idea |
c.) a statement with at least three ideas
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Critical Listening is...
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evaluating the quality of information, ideas, and arguments presented by the speaker.
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Critical Thinking is...
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making judgments about the conclusions presented in what you see, hear, and read.
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Inference...
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a conclusion based on partial information or an evaluation that has not been directly observed.
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Separating facts from inferences is...
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one of the most basic critical thinking and listening skills
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Logic
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a formal system of rules used to reach a conclusion
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Reasoning
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the process of drawing a conclusion from evidence
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Rhetorical Criticism
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the process of using a method or standard to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of messages. To make a judgment about the value of something, its important to use criteria for what is and is not effective & appropriate.
*It is the process used to evaluate whether or not it is appropriate or effective. |
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Rhetoric
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is the use of symbols to create meaning to achieve a goal.
*as a speaker you are a rhetorician in that you are using symbols (words, images, nonverbals) to create meaning in the mind of your listeners and achieve a goal (to inform, persuade, or entertain) |
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Symbols
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words, images, and behaviors that create meaning
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Rhetorical Strategies
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Methods and techniques that speakers use to achieve their speaking goals.
*They are not always ethical strategies. |
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It is important to be aware of how some speakers may use these to deceive or manipulate you.
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Rhetorical Strategies
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Speakers sometimes use unethical strategies to achieve their goals, such as misusing evidence, relying to heavily on emotion to persuade, or fabricate information. What is this called?
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Rhetorical Strategies
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A learned system of knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people.
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Culture
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An individual's likes & dislikes
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Attitude
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An individual's perception of what is true or false
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Belief
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Enduring concept of good & bad, right & wrong.
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Value
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Which is the hardest to change...
Beliefs, Values, or Attitudes? |
Values
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The art & science of teaching children & adults...
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pedagogy (children)
andragogy (adults) |
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A detailed outline of a speech that includes main ideas, subpoints, supporting material, and may also include specific purpose, introduction, blueprint, internal previews, summaries, transitions, and conclusions.
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Preparation Outline
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Preparation outline purpose?
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Allows speaker to examine speech for completeness, unity, coherence, and overall effectiveness.
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What serves as the 1st rehearsal outline?
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Preparation outline
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A web site that indexes internet information in a specific field.
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Vertical Search Engine
i.e. Google Scholar |
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What needs to be evaluated when determining if a web site is appropriate for supporting material?
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accountability, accuracy, objectivity, date, usability, diversity.
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Accountability (website)
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find out who is responsible for the website
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Accuracy (website)
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is the author of the site credible? and assess the care with which it was made (errors? secondary sources?)
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a story or anecdote that provides an example of an idea, issue, or problem a speaker is discussing.
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Illustration
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How to use illustrations effectively…
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*be certain they are directly relevant to the idea or point
*choose illustrations that represent a trend *make your illustrations vivid and specific *use illustrations with which your listeners can identify *remember that the best illustrations are personal ones |
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an example that might happen but that has not actually occurred.
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hypothetical illustration
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a word picture of something. Provides the details that allow audience members to develop mental pictures of what the speaker is talking about.
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Description
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a statement that makes clear how something is done or why it exists in its present form or existed in its past form.
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Explanation
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a “dictionary definition” constructed by first placing a term in the general class to which it belongs and then differentiating it from all other members of that class.
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Definition by Classification
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A statement that shows how something works or what it does.
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Operational Definition
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a comparison between two things
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analogy
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a comparison between two similar things
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Literal Analogy
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a comparison between two essentially dissimilar things that share some common feature on which the comparison depends
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Figurative Analogy
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Reliable sources for statistics have 3 characteristics...
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*Reputable
*Authoritative (most authoritative is primary source statistics) *Unbiased |
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A statement expressing an individual’s attitudes, beliefs, or values
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Opinion
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Lay Testimony
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An opinion or description offered by a non-expert who has firsthand experience. This testimony can stir an audience’s emotions & be very memorable.
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Topical Organization
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organization of the natural divisions in a central idea according to recency, primacy, complexity, or the speaker’s discretion.
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Primary Organization
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= arrangement of ideas from the MOST to LEAST important.
•First point is the most important •Best with topics that your listeners are unfamiliar with or if they are hostile towards your central idea |
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Recency Organization
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= arrangement of ideas from the LEAST to MOST important.
•This arrangement suggests that the audience will remember the last point the best. •Best with topics that your audience is already knowledgeable about and generally favorable towards |
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Specificity
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Organization from specific to general, or general to specific
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Complexity
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Organization from simple to complex
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an illustration or brief story
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anecdote
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a question intended to provoke thought, rather than elicit an answer
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rhetorical question
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literal meaning of the word, what you find in a dictionary
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Denotation
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meaning listeners associate with a word, based on past experience
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Connotation
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a variety of English that includes words and phrases used by a specific ethnic group. i.e. Spanglish, Cajun, Ebonics
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Ethnic Vernacular
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language that deviates from the ordinary, expected meaning of words to make a description or comparison unique, vivid, and memorable.
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Figure of Speech
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implied comparison of two things that are similar in some vital way
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Metaphor
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a comparison between two things that uses the words “like” or “as”.
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Simile
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language used by speakers during momentous or overwhelming times.
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Crisis Rhetoric
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Different types of figurative speech...
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Metaphor, simile, crisis rhetoric, personification
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“I came, I saw, I conquered”
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omission = leaving out what audience expects to hear, leaving only the essence of the statement.
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“This much we pledge…”
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Inversion = reverses the expected order of words and phrases
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“For families wanting their sons and daughters to get the chance of college or university, we will meet the challenge of change”
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Suspension = withholding a key word or phrase until the end of the sentence. So it places a key word at the end of a phrase or sentence.
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“We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds”
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Parallelism = uses the same grammatical pattern for two or more phrases, clauses, or sentences.
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uses the same grammatical pattern for two or more phrases, clauses, or sentences.
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parallelism
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“Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”
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Antithesis = uses parallel structures but opposing meanings in two parts of a sentence. Antithesis means “opposition”.
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“Our true destiny is not to be ministered unto but to minister to ourselves and to our fellow men”
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Antithesis = uses parallel structures but opposing meanings in two parts of a sentence. Antithesis means “opposition”.
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uses parallel structures but opposing meanings in two parts of a sentence
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Antithesis
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“discipline & direction”
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Alliteration = the repetition of a consonant sound (usually the first consonant) several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence.
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the repetition of a consonant sound several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence
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Alliteration
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Nonverbal Expectancy Theory
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a communication theory that suggests that if listeners’ expectations about how communication should be expressed are violated, listeners will feel less favorable toward the communicator of the message. (if you have a poor delivery and someone expects it to be better, you lose credibility)
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Emotional Contagion Theory
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a theory suggesting that people tend to “catch” emotions of others. Emotions are regarded as contagious.
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Immediacy
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the degree of perceived physical or psychological closeness between people.
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immediacy behaviors
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behaviors such as making eye contact, making appropriate gestures, and adjusting physical distance that enhance the quality of the relationship between speaker and listeners.
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“Wanna” instead of “Want to”, “Dint” instead of “Didn’t”
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Articulation = the production of clear and distinct speech sounds
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“about” pronounced as “aboat” in northern Midwest areas
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Dialect = a consistent style of pronouncing words that is common to an ethnic group or geographic region.
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the use of sounds to form words clearly & accurately.
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Pronunciation
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how high or low your voice sounds
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Pitch
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the variation in the pitch of the voice.
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inflection
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the use of images as an integrated element in the total communication effort a speaker makes to achieve the speaking goal.
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Visual Rhetoric
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How to change beliefs
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**Beliefs are based on evidence or past experiences
**Harder to change that attitude, but easier to change than values, they are changed by providing evidence. |
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Ethos
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the term Aristotle used to refer to a speaker’s credibility.
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Logos
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Literally, “the word”; the term Aristotle used to refer to logic—the formal system of using rules to reach a conclusion.
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Pathos
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the term Aristotle used to refer to appeals to human emotion
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to think about information, ideas, and issues related to the content of the message. You are critically evaluating what you hear by paying special attention to the arguments and evidence.
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To elaborate
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Social Judgment Theory
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theory that categorizes listener responses to a persuasive message as either…
•the latitude of acceptance = they generally agree with the speaker •the latitude or rejection = they disagree •the latitude of non-commitment = they’re not sure how to respond |
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a good result or something that creates a positive emotional response in the listener.
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benefit
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a statement that summarizes the ideas with which a speaker wants an audience to agree.
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proposition
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a proposition that focuses on whether something is true or false or whether it did or did not happen.
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Proposition of fact
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a proposition that calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something. It is a statement that either asserts that something is better than something else or presumes what is right and wrong or good and bad.
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Proposition of value
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a proposition that advocates a change in a policy, procedure, or behavior.
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Proposition of policy
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an aspect of a speaker’s credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as believable and honest
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Trustworthiness
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an aspect of a speaker’s credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as energetic
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Dynamism
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characteristic of a talented, charming, attractive speaker
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Charisma
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reasoning that uses specific instances or examples to reach a general, probable conclusion. Specific instance leads to a general conclusion
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Inductive Reasoning
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reasoning that moves from a general statement of principle to a specific, certain conclusion
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Deductive Reasoning
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3-part way of developing an argument, using a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
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Syllogism
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a general statement that is the 1st element of a syllogism
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Major Premise of Syllogism (1st part)
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a specific statement about an example that is linked to the major premise (2nd part of syllogism)
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Minor premise
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the logical outcome of a deductive argument, which stems from the major premise and the minor premise.
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Conclusion of syllogism
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an illustration used to dramatize or clarify a fact
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Example
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false reasoning that occurs when someone attempts to persuade without adequate evidence or with arguments that are irrelevant or inappropriate
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Fallacy
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the oversimplification of an issue into a choice between only two outcomes or possibilities. This is when someone argues that there are only two approaches to a problem, when really there are other options
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Either/Or Fallacy
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a conclusion reached without adequate evidence
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Hasty Generalization
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an attack on irrelevant personal characteristics of the person who is proposing an idea, rather than on the idea itself
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Ad hominem
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attacking an issue by using irrelevant facts or arguments as distractions to the actual problem
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Red Herring
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use of testimony of an expert in a given field to endorse an idea or product for which the expert does not have the appropriate credentials or expertise.
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Appeal to misplaced authority
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Latin for “it does not follow”; an idea or conclusion that does not logically relate to or follow from the previous idea or conclusion.
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Non Sequitur
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“we need more parking on our campus, because we are the national football champions”
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Non sequitur
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a shared belief based on the underlying values, cultural heritage, and faith of a group of people
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Myth
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a speaker who gains control over others by using unethical emotional pleas and appeals to listeners’ prejudices
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Demagogue
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the circumstances surrounding or the occasion for a speech
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Kairos
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a speech delivered on a special occasion for celebration, thanksgiving, praise, or mourning
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Epideictic (ceremonial speech)
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the use of double meanings to create humor
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Pun
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a phrase in which the initial sounds of words are switched.
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Spoonerism
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"Perry Hotter"
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Spoonerism
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mistaken use of a word that sounds much like the intended word
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Malapropism
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exaggeration
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Hyperbole
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downplaying a fact or event
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understatement
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saying the opposite of what one means
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verbal irony
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relating an incident that takes an unexpected turn at the end
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Wit
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“For 50 years and more, Elizabeth Windsor has maintained her dignity, her sense of duty, and her hairstyle”
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Wit
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the process of acting on information. Someone does or says something, and others think or do something in response to the action or the words as they understand them.
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Communication definition
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the process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through the use of verbal and nonverbal messages.
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Human Communication
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are words, sounds, gestures, or visual images that represent thoughts, concepts, objects, or experiences.
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Symbols
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Model of Communication as Action: Message Transfer
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**Human communication is linear; meaning is sent or transferred from source to receiver
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Model of Communication as Interaction: Message Exchange
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**Human communication occurs as the receiver of the message responds to the source through feedback. This interactive model views communication as a linear sequence of actions & reactions.
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Model of Communication as Transaction: Message Creation
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**Human communication is simultaneously interactive. Meaning is created based on mutual, concurrent sharing of ideas and feelings. This transactive model most accurately describes human communication.
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is the new information, ideas, or suggested actions that the speaker wishes to express
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Content of communication
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the physical, historical, and psychological communication environment
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Context
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occurs when we treat people as objects or when we respond to their roles rather than to who they are as unique people.
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Impersonal communication
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the verbal and nonverbal message transactions that occur among from three to about fifteen people who share a common goal, who feel a sense of belonging to the group, and who exert influence on each other.
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Small group communication
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is a coordinated group of individuals intentionally organized to work together to achieve a specific common goal
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Team
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is the process of using symbols to persuade others.
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Rhetoric
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is any communication that is expressed via some channel other than those that are used when we communicate in person.
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Mediated Communication
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just as a traveler needs a map for a journey, a speaker needs a map for a speech. This detailed map of the speech is a...
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preparation outline
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According to the text, what is the purpose of using complete sentences in a preparation outline?
a.) you will use these exact same sentences when you deliver the speech b.) this will ensure that you use the best wording possible for the speech c.) this will help you judge the coherence of the speech d.) this will help you to realize the importance of good grammar |
c.) this will help you judge the coherence of the speech
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What does your textbook state is the major benefit of using standard outline form?
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it points out relationships between ideas and supporting material
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Behaviors such as eye contact, appropriate gestures, & physical closeness that enhance the quality of the relationship between the speaker and listener is known as..
a.) nonverbal behaviors b.) immediacy behaviors c.) delivery behaviors d.) concurrence behaviors |
b.) immediacy behaviors
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Pounding our fist on the podium when saying words like "sin" and "evil" functions as...
a.) emphasizing b.) complementing |
a.) emphasizing
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Words such as "dint" "mornin" "gunna" are examples of poor...
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articulation
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A figurative analogy is...
a.) a form of proof b.) a comparison of things actually similar c.) in the form of a metaphor or simile |
c.) in the form of a metaphor or simile
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The method a speaker uses to arrange her or his main ideas is called...
a.) the organizational pattern b.) the speaking outline c.) the preliminary outline |
a.) the organizational pattern
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What is the purpose of the technique when a speaker makes reference to the introduction in the conclusion?
-a good way to summarize the speech -providing a sense of closure -a way to build the speakers credibility |
To provide a sense of closure
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A speaker who describes her or his main points as part of the introduction is utilizing what device?
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A preview statement
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"Alice is a very beautiful young woman: she is as pretty as a rose."
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Simile
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"He made my skin crawl."
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Hyperbole
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Suppose you happen to be experiencing a streak of bad luck: your house has been robbed, your cat just died, your best friend is mad at you, and this morning you backed your car into a tree. You cry in exasperation: "Well that's just great!"
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Verbal Irony
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"Memory is a crazy woman that hoards colored rags and throws away food."
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Metaphor
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"Life is a journey, travel it well."
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Metaphor
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"Life is like an onion: You peel it off one layer at a time, and sometimes you weep."
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Simile
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"Good coffee is like friendship: rich and warm and strong."
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Simile
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"We must... hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends."
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Omission
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"I have done. You have heard me. The facts are before you. I ask for your judgement."
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Omission
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Many are called, but few are chosen.
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Antithesis
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Man proposes, God disposes.
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Antithesis
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"Listen, young men, to an old man to whom old men were glad to listen when he was young."
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Antithesis
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"I came, I saw, I conquered"
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Parallelism
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"I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to my horse."
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Parallelism
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"Many will enter. Few will win"
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parallelism
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"There are three things that will endure: faith, hope, and love. But the greatest of these is love."
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Suspension
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...the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
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Suspension
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"This much we pledge..."
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Inversion
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"Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers"
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Alliteration
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Why would a picture graph be used in a speech?
-to summarize statistical info which will be clear and immediately visible to the audience -to show the audience how statistical data are distributed in a given category or area -to present data in a less formal format which is easier for the audience to read |
-to present data in a less formal format which is easier for the audience to read
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The underlying internal force that drives us to achieve our goals is...
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motivation
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Knowing what your listeners value or need and appealing to those values or needs is known in persuasion as...
-self-actualization appeal -self esteem appeal -negative motivation -positive motivation |
-positive motivation
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A sentence having a parallel structure, but with the 2 parts contrasting each other in meaning...
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antithesis
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One strategy in improving your speaking style by creating cadence is...
-to leave out a word the audience expects -reverse the normal word order in the sentence -use words with strong audience connotation -to use parallelism in sentences or phrases |
-to use parallelism in sentences or phrases
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"we must relate instead of debate, we must inspire instead of retire, we must repair instead of despair"
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parallelism
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""a genius unrivaled"
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inversion
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"an inspiration unequalled"
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inversion
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The factor in a speaker's credibility that refers t his or her being perceived as energetic is known as..
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dynamism
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what is the term for a conclusion reached based on available evidence
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an inference
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Georgia argued that all people who commit murder should be punished. Further she stated that Farley committed second degree murder, thus concluding Farley should be punished. Georgia has used....
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a syllogism
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Phil referred to the "horror of the 11th of September, 2001". You recognize this emotional appeal to his audience's shared experience, also defined as...
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a myth
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The most common oral presentation of information or policy made in and related to the workplace is known as....
-a speech -a meeting -a brief -a report |
a report
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A special occasion speech given to ark an anniversary of a special event, the completion of a long task, or high achievement in some field....
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a presentation speech
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A phrase in which the initial sounds of words are switched is know as...
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spoonerism
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Routine summaries at meeting, reports to the board, sale pitches to clients, and training seminars for coworkers are all examples of...
-informative speeches -workplace public speaking -public relations speeches |
workplace public speaking
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"Is it kisstomary to cuss the bride?"
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spoonerism
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The principal part of a horse is the MANE(not main), of course.
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pun (on purpose)
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Our social studies teacher says that her globe means the world to her.
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pun (on purpose) - words with more than one meaning (might be spelled differently)
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"What a terrible cat's after me!" (i.e., catastrophe)
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malapropism (accidental/unvoluntary)
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"We heard the ocean is infatuated with sharks" (i.e. infested)
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malapropism (involuntary use)
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What is a pun?
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defined a pun as a sentence or utterance in which "two different sets of ideas are expressed, and we are confronted with only one series of words"
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I ate the whole cow.
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hyperbole
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