Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List the congenital anomalies of the gut
|
1 duplications, malrotation, 2 omphalocele (guts outside abdomen, viscera covered with peritoneal membrane); 3 gastroschisis (vicera outside abdomen, uncovered); 4 heterotopia (normal tissue, abnormal location); 5 atresia/stenosis; 6 meckel diverticulum (vitelline duct does not involute); 7 congenital aganglionic megacolon (hirschsprung disease)
|
|
antiobiotic associated (pseudomembranous) colitis
|
course of antibiotics, followed by growth of resistant bugs, namely clostridium dificile; produces toxins A & B which can be detected in stool, fibrinoppurulent exudates
|
|
Classifications of inflammatory lesions of the bowel
|
infections; antibiotic-assoc; mechanical; ischemic; radiation induced; idiopathic (crohn and ulcerative colitis)
|
|
Rectal involvement UC vs CD
|
+++; +
|
|
Bleeding in UC vs CD
|
+++; +
|
|
Segmental disease in UC vs CD
|
-; +++
|
|
Fistulas in UC vs CD
|
-; ++
|
|
Anal disease in UC vs CD
|
+; +++
|
|
Remissions, excacerbations in UC vs CD
|
+++; +
|
|
Distribution in UC vs CD
|
diffuse, continuous vs focal, skip areas
|
|
Serosa in UC vs CD
|
normal vs fat wrapping; vascular congestion
|
|
Bowel wall thickness in UC vs CD
|
normal vs increased in sm. int.
|
|
mucosa in UC vs CD
|
varies with activity; intense hyperemia pseudopolyps vs serpiginous ulcers; longitudinal fissures; cobblestones
|
|
small bowel in UC vs CD
|
backwash ileitis vs usually involved; stricture formation
|
|
inflammation in UC vs CD
|
diffuse mucosal and submucosal vs focal transmural
|
|
UC microscopic findings
|
crypt abscesses; decreased mucin; vascular congestion; mucosal atrophy; crypt distortion
|
|
CD microscopic findings
|
granulomas lymphoid aggregates; aphthoid ulcers; neural hypertrophy
|
|
complications of UC
|
toxoid megacolon; carcinoma risk
|
|
complications of CD
|
fistulas, strictures
|
|
Diverticulosis complications
|
inflammation; fistula; obstruction; bleeding
|
|
polyp definition
|
protrusion of mucosa into gut lumen
|
|
pedunculated polyp
|
raspberry on a stalk
|
|
sessile polyp
|
no stalk; difficult to excise
|
|
hyperplastic polyps prognosis; morphology
|
small; saw tooth appearance of mucosa; not associated with increased risk of malignancy
|
|
juvenile polyps
|
large; acute inflammation in lamina propria; no increased risk
|
|
peutz jeghers polyps
|
associated with melanin n lips; similar to other polyps
|
|
cowden syndrome
|
hamartomatous polyps develop along with facial trichilemal tumors; acral keratoses; oral papilomas; increased thyroid breast cancer risk
|
|
Cronkite-canada syndrome
|
non hereditary, hamartomatous polyps in gi, nail atrophy, skin pidmentation; and alopecia
|
|
inflammatory polyps
|
occur in long standing inflammatory disease, not true polyps
|
|
adenomatous polyps
|
neoplastic outgrowths of gi mucosa.
|
|
tubular adenomas
|
75% adenomatous polyps; found in stomach and small intestine as well as colon. branching test tube shaped glands in polyp. may be pedunculated or sessile
|
|
villous adenomas
|
sessile. may be large. papillary fronds. pts may experience water and electrolyte loss, bleeding can occur
|
|
tubulovillous adenomas.
|
adenomatous polyps with 20 to 50% of polyp demonstrating villous features
|
|
serrated adenomas
|
1% adenomas. occur in right side of colon. sessile or pedunculated. serrated glands lining cryps, cells are stratified and dysplastic. goblet immaturity, upper zone and surface mitoses, prominent nucleoli, probably premalignant potential
|
|
familial polyposis
|
autosomal dominant, same gross appearance as all adenomatous polyps, so numerous mucosa is fuzzy. high risk of cancer – inevitable
|
|
gardner’s syndrome
|
soft tissue tumors elswehree in addition to numerous adenomatous polyps. autosomal dominance. similar morphology to familial polyposis
|
|
turcot’s syndrome
|
gliomas in addition to multiple adenomatous polyps. autosomal recessive
|
|
factors that play a role in polyps to cancer risk
|
type, villous > mixed > tubular; size 2cm > 1 cm; time, cancer after at least 10 ys; cancer not inevitable; APC gene; K ras; DCC; p53 mutations accumulate in colonic mucosa
|
|
carcinoma of colon morphology
|
yellow; in submucosa; monotonous cell pattern; fiew mitoses; neuroendocrine markers such as chromogranin
|
|
Clinical manifestations of colonic cancer
|
vasoactive disturbances (flushing, seating, hyptension), intestinal hypermotility (diarrhea); bronchoconstrictive attacks (asthma); cardiac involvement (plaques on right side of heart)
|