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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
pigment epithelium
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nutrients for rods/cones embedded; recycles and feeds from receptors
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Isomerization
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Converting light into a neural signal
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photopigment receptors that react to light
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Lamellae
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_____ absorbs light and changes shape, breaking off of the _____
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retinal, opsin
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eyes have to adapt because _____s already broke off
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retinal, photopigment regeneration
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Receptor Graded Potential
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retinal breaks off opsin; retinal stimulates Gmp 2nd messenger; opens Na+ gates rush out, Ca++ rushes in, Neurotransmitter released (IN THE DARK)
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Sensitivity
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cones low convergence cannot detect in dim light, rods high convergence combined effect can set off ganglion action potential
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Receptive Fields
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specific receptors that influences activity of target cell
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general and preserves spatial relations with magnification factor
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Retinotropic Map
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Ventral Stream
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Parvocellular, Temporal; Smaller receptive fields; Who/What; LGN > V1 Striate Cortex > V2 > V3 > V4 Occipital > Inferior Temporal
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Across fiber coding of three lengths makes color wheel
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Trichromatic Color Vision
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Color Opponency
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Red/Green; Blue/Yellow; Black/White; located in V1 hypercolumns
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V1
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simple cells give best response to certain orientation or color
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V2
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complex cells give best response to moving lines
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V3
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combination of V1/V2; moving scenes
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IT
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Inferior Temporal active in recognition of faces in fusiform gyrus
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damage to fusiform gyrus
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propagnosia
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Doral Stream
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Magnocellular Pathway; deals with motion; medial temporal > medial superior temporal > superior temporal sulcus
Super Colliculus > Palv > Posterior Parietal Cortex |
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Superior Temporal Sulcus
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active during biological movements e.g. walking; facial expressions
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Binocular Disparity
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distance from fovea added together; V2 cares about where disparity is; MT cares about how much disparity
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Medial Superior Temporal
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Optic flow; contraction of cells from visual field
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Auditory System
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Pinna, Auditory Canal, Eardrum, Ossicles: Malleus, Incus, Staples, Oval Window, SemiCircular Canals, Cochlea, Round Window, Auditory Nerve
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Organ of Corti
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Cilia moves; Potasssium channels open; Second Messengers open Ca++ channels; NT released with graded response to spiral ganglions
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Place Coding
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Basilar Membrane in cochlea with oval window as stick narrow base for high frequencies;
Concerned with amount of displacement |
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Temporal Coding
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Basilar Membrane but concerned with rate of displacement; "Frequency Theory"
Volley Principle combines activity of spiral ganglions across fiber coding because of refractory period |
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Localization
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Intensity differences; Phase differences; Timing differences
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Intensity Differences
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especially high frequency sounds; Head shadow
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Phase Differences
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especially lower frequency sounds; can detect difference between peak and trough
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Timing Differences
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via Interaural Time-Disparity Detectors;
Superior olive cells wait for info from right and left to match up |
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Auditory Pathway
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Inner/Outer Hair cells > Spiral Ganglions > Cochlear Nucleus > Superior Olive > Inferior Colliculus > Medial Geniculate > A1/A2
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Inner Hair cells
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like cones; encodes frequency; divergent
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Outer Hair cells
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like rods; encodes amplitude; convergent
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Spiral Ganglions
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8th cranial nerve; no lateral inhibition but some negative feedback
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Cochlear Nucleus
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in Medulla; Monaural
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Superior Olive
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in Medulla; Biaural because some axons cross over to contralateral superior olive
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Inferior Colliculus
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in Tectum (Midbrain); Binaura; some from contralateral cochlear nucleus but mostly from ipsi lateral superior olive
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Medial Geniculate
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tonotopic map in thalamus; cells repond to highest frequencies next to med, next to low
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A1
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lateral sulcus of temporal cortex; tonotopic amplitude map; simple vs. complex sounds
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A2
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in temporal lobe; responds best to complex sounds; Wernickes Area
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Vestibular System
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only detects changes; Hair cells > Vestibular Ganglions > Vestibular Nuclei of Medulla > Cerebellum; Spinal Cord; Cranial Nerves; Superior Colliculus > Temporal Lobe?
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compensates spinning
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Nystygmus
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Free Nerve Endings
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thermoreceptors; nociceptors; hair follicle receptors
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Encapsulated Nerve Endings
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mechanoreceptors respond to touch; proprioception
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small receptive field; fast adapting
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Meissner's Corpuscules; E.g. slipping
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small receptive field; slow adapting
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Merkel's Discs; E.g. Reading braille
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large receptive field; fast adapting
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Pacinnian Corpuscules; E.g. bending
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large receptive fields; slow adapting
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Ruffini Endings; E.g. sitting
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Spinal-Thalamic Pathway
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Free nerve endings; nerves small and unmyelinated; slow transmission;
dorsal > contralteral ventral > same medulla > same thalamus (VPN) > S1/S2 |
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Medial-Lemniscal Pathway
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Encapsulated Receptors; Nerves large and myelinated; Very rapid transmission
dorsal/straight up > ipsilateral medulla > contralateral thalamus (VPN) > S1/S2 |
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SomatoSensory Cortex
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post central gyrus posterior to central sulcus is S1: contains topological penfield map
contains magnification factor |
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Gate Theory
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Analgesia;
Periaqueductal gray area releases inhibitory endorphins; inhibits cells in Raphne system in hindbrain sending excitatory NT to spinal cord; Stimulates inhibitory interneurons Touch receptors near source of pain are stimulated; stimulates inhibitory interneurons in brain via axo-axonal inhibition e.g. runner's high; sexual activity |
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neuro muscular junction
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myosin contracts to grab actins when Ca++ enters after effector neuron sends ACh
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Stretch Reflex
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keeps you from kicking yourself in the face; monosynaptic
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Golgi Reflex
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proprioceptors called Golgi Tendon Organs detect too strong intensity and send signal to interneuron inhibiting motor neuron that extends
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Pain Withdrawal Reflex
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stimulated nociceptors singal interneurons to excite motor neurons that hit relevant flexor muscles
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Scratch Reflex
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Oscillator circuit like dogs; rate fixed by spinal cord; produced by central pattern generators
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Instant Reflex
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E.g. rooting ; grasping
Via cerebellum |
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Primary Motor Cortex
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in frontal lobe on precentral gyrus anterior to central sulcus
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Secondary Motor Cortex
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involved in planning movement; has mirror cells and Broca's area
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CorticoSpinal Tract
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mostly contralateral; fast myelinated tracts; precise control of peripheral movements e.g. hands, face
Large pyramid cells > red nucleus > cord > muscles |
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VentroMedial Tract
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bi-lateral midline control; multiple subpaths that synapse @ spinal cord; mostly repetitive motions/posture
largely ipsilateral; anything involving both sides of body |
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Cerebellum
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rapid, coordinated movements; ballistic: knows when and where to stop
proprioception from spinal cord and sensory info via cranial nerves |
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Cerebellar Cortex
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timing of outputs translated by spatial array of purkinje cells connected to deep nuclei and parallel fibers and parallel cells
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Basal Ganglia
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Caudate Nuclei and Putamen receive sensory, Globus Pallidus sends out to motor cortex via thalamus
Involved in smooth changing voluntary movements (posture/walking) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, ADD, Parkinson's Disease treated with LDopa |