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86 Cards in this Set

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Dyslexia

bottom 10-15% of readers


not intelligence related


developmental/aquired


many types



Stages of Reading Development

1) Logographic


2) Alphabetic


3) Orthographic

Logographic

4-5yrs


Small sight vocab identified by salient images


Can't attempt unfamiliar words

Alphabetic

5-7yrs


phonics


Attempts new words



Orthographic

7-8+ya


Reads words whole


Not visual or cue based


Rapid recognition of letter strings

Dual Route Model

Lexical Route (whole words)


Nonlexical Route (sounding out)

Lexical Route

Print -> Letter Recognition -> Written Word Store -> Word Meaning Store -> Spoken Word Store -> Speech Sounds -> Speech

Nonlexical Route

Print -> Letter Recognition -> Letter-Sound Rules -> Speech Sounds -> Speech

Developmental Surface Dyslexia

Failure to acquire written word store/poor whole word recognition


Spell as the word sounds


Have difficulties with homophones




bean/been


yacht -> y a ch t

Phonological Dyslexia

Lexicalisation Errors


Reads nonwords as familiar words (Regularises)


Problem with letter/sound rules




dink -> drink

Hyperlexia

Often associated with Aspergers/Autism


Very good reading of real and nonwords


Poor comprehension and spoken vocab

Letter ID Dyslexia

Good matching orientation and across fonts


Poor matching across cases (Aa)


not a visual problem

Letter Position Dysleixa

Migrateable words/anagrams


cloud/could




definitions task

Treatment

Target Particular difficulties


Intense phonics learning

Surface Dyslexia Treatment

Flashcards


- effects depend on amount of words and frequency of difficult words

Hyperlexia Treatment

Vocab Training

Phonological Dyslexia Treatment

Phonics training programs

Letter ID Dyslexia Treatment

Letter training


- letterland

Letter Position Dyslexia Treatment

Following with finger

Aphasia

acquired communication disorder


usually after a stroke


Language skills are impaired, intelligence is not



Aphasia difficulties

speaking


writing


understanding speech and text


reading aloud


repeating


gesturing

Aphasia Cause

Damage to Temporo-parietal region in the left hemisphere


head injury


brain tumours


brain surgery


brain infection


progressive brain diseases (dementia)

Recovery

Treatment is individual speech pathology for many years, most rapid improvement is withing 3 months, many never recover.

Patterns of Impairment

Receptive or Expressive


Symptoms clustered into syndromes


- Broca's, Wernicke's, conduction, transcortical motor

Broca's Aphasia

Good comprehension


not fluent


little grammatical error


Left Frontal Area


eg. walk dog, book book two table


generally understand, get frustrated



Wernicke's Aphasia

Poor comprehension


Fluent


Jargon

Identifying the Cause of Aphasia

-tasks with which they have problems


-what errors they make


-what influences whether they make an error

Types of Errors Aphasia

Semantic Errors


Phonological


Unrelated


Visual


Circumlocation


No Response


Preservation

Semantic Errors Aphasia

words related to the target word


square -> triangle

Phonological Errors Aphasia

words sounding similar to target


Square -> Scare?

Circumnavigation Aphasia

describes the target, does not give a word


Square -> shape with four sides

Preservation Aphasia

Repetition of the same word


Does not realise


Generally frontal lobe damage


Square -> Square


Cat -> Square


fridge -> square

Model of Word Production Aphasia

-Lexical Semantics


-Word forms


-Word Sounds


(fur, paws, tail, pet, barks, four legs, fins) -> (cat, dog, fish)

Impaired Word Meaning Aphasia

semantic


problems with writing, listening comprehension, reading comprehension

Impaired Word Forms Aphasia

Access


No problems with writing, or comprhension

Assessing Aphasia

Picture Matching with either spoken or written word

Specific Language Impairment

Unexplained difficulty in learning to understand (receptive) and/or speak (expressive) one's native language.


Affects around 5% of people

Why is it specific?

Normal:


-intelligence


- hearing


-articulation


- environment


- development in other areas


- physiology/psychology

Appearance in receptive SLI

not listening


disinterest in stories


hard to follow instructions


parroting


depends on non-verbal cues


poor understanding of complete sentences

Appearance of expressive SLI

hard to find the right word


limited vocabulary


short simple sentences


uses the wrong words


incorrect grammar


poor relaying of info

Hidden Disability SLI

less awareness


good at many things


poor understanding can seem unintelligent or rude


failure to express oneself can look unintelligent or rude

Assessment of Specificity

Standard tests for hearing - audiologist


Nonverbal intelligence and attention - psychologist


articulation - speech therapist



Phonology SLI

Use of speech sounds in language


R- CELF4 Phoneme Segmentation


(what sounds are in the word "wizard"? w i z u d)


E- Nonword repetition


(repeat "expeliarmus")

Vocab SLI

Knowledge of words and their meanings


R- Peabody Picture Vocab Test


(select the picture that shows a witch)


E- Expressive Vocab Test


(name an object (broomstick))



Syntax SLI

Rules for combining words into sentences


R- Test for reception of grammar


(select the picture of "a witch stunning a wizard")


E- CELF4 Formulated Sentences


(create a sentence a sentence about a picture using a given word)

Pragmatics

language in a social setting

Proximal SLI Treatment


Train cognitive processes that immediately underpin receptive and expressive language


Carried out by trained speech pathologists


Computer Programs (Fast ForWord, Daisy Quest, Earobies)

Distal SLI Treatment

Treats deficits hypothesised to be an underlying cause of SLI


Poor auditory processing (Fast ForWord, Tomatis Therapy (music))


Poor working memory (CogMed)


Poor brain functioninig (Fish Oil, Brain Gym)

Choosing a Treatment SLI

1) Find a Systematic Review (about the topic, independent and peer reviewed)


2) DIY Systematic Review (with control group, significant or little difference)


3) Use indirect evidence (find out what the treatment is meant to treat)




Focus on changes in behaviour, not in the brain

Autism

Kanner 1943 - Autistic disturbance of affective contact "children's inability to relate themselves in the ordinary way"


Asperger 1944 - Autistic psychopathy in childhoor "a fundamental disturbance which... results in severe and characteristic difficulties of social integration"

Autism Spectrum Disorder (DSM-5)


Social Communication deficits

Need all 3


social emotional reciprocity


nonverbal communication


developing and maintaining social relationships

Autism Behaviour and Interests

At least 2


abnormally restricted interests


inflexible routines and rituals


motor mannerisms


preoccupation with parts of objects

Non diagnostic Features of Autism

intellectual disability


savant skills


prosopagnosia


epilepsy


language impairment


sensory hypersensitivity


memory problems


attention deficit


motor discoordination


reading difficulties


dietary issues

Theory of Mind

the ability to comprehend and predict behaviour in terms of underlying mental states


other minds are invisible


understanding others' mental states may differ from one's own


Overcoming the "salience of reality"


may be due to inhibiting own belief system

False Beliefs

after beinng shown something, difficult to understand others don't know same thing


20% of people with autism pass the test


struggle to remember past mental states




can pass picture sequencing if do not involve mental states


understange sabotage but not deceipt


no problem with fasle photos

Modular View Autism

Humans evolved discrete genetically programmed cognitive modules


frontal lobe handles executive functions


- planning, hold memory while completing other tasks, shifting response set, inhibit responses and info

Agosia

brains generate a percept based on input and experience


allows us to recognise and understand the world


"absence of knowledge"




Damage to extra sriate cortex


normal colour, depth, movement, visual field


disordered object perception

Three stage model of object perception

local features


shape representation


object representation

Apperceptive Agnosia

unable to group elements or match/recognise objects


Associative Agnosia

meaning of object is affected


guesses (ball -> wheel)


lists distinct features (glove -> container with 5 pouches)

Similtagnosia

Dorsal - can recognise elements one object at a time, not a whole scene. Has difficulties with gaze, pointing, reaching




Ventral - Multiple objects can be seen, counted and manipulated, but not a whole scene

Optic Aphasia

Similar to associative


Can pantomime use


Select a named objecct from a group


Can recognise if they can touch and manipulate

Amusia

Can't recognise music


Often occurs with agnosia


disassociate,


- LH damage may be able to sing


-RH damage may affect singing but not speech

Prosopagnosia

Can't recognise faces


Can be acquired or developmental (12-15%)


Usually damage occipital or temporal lobe in the occipital face area or fusifrom face area



Causes of Agnosia

stroke


dementia


developmental


recovery from blindness


poor understanding


car accident


drugs



Retrograde Amnesia

Loss of existing memories


Rare


Ribot's Law - first in first out


Shrinking of extent of damage


Usually doesn't affect personal knowledge


Forgets own experienced past


Can affect general knowledge events and people


Doesn't affect procedural memory

Anterograde Amnesia

Rapid forgetting


Not remindable


memories do not endure


failure to consolidate new learning


failure to retrieve new info


Henry Molaison lived in present tense

Causes of Amnesia

Frontal lobe dysfunction


traumatic brain injury


depression - neurochemical imbalance


stroke - anterior circulation - thalamus


Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome (B1 deficiency)

Standard Consolidation Theory

hippocampus integrates memories


Hands memories over to cortex


Memories become independent


Bad at explaining non-graded retrograde amnesia

Multiple Trace Theory

Consolidation happens over time


Hiipocampus creates new trace of memory and keeps a copy


Recent memories with limited damage have fewer traces


Widespread damage affects new and old memories

Delusions

Can be monothematic


typically has insight that it sounds odd


encapsulated, not follow up obvious consequences


Not rare

Mirrored-self delusion

do not recognise self in reflection


mirror agnosia/impaired face perception

Capgras Delusion

Someone emotionally close has been replaced by an imposter


No autonomic emotional response to the face

Cotard Delusion

Belief one is dead


Complete autonomic non-reactivity

Somatoparaphrenia Delusion

belief that part of one's body belongs to someone else


paralysis



Fregoli Delusion

constantly followed by people one know's in disguise


Over activation of autonomic nervous system by face stimuli



Alien Control Delusion (passivity)

other people control movements of parts of one's body


Failure of comparison between intended and executed action

Two Factor Theory - Delusions

1- what suggested the idea?


2 - what prevented proper evaluation of the belief?




Damage to the belief evaluation system in the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Schizophrenia

severe psychiatric illness


affects ~1% of population, equal ration of male to female


typical onset in late adolescence/early adulthood, earlier in males


heterogenous condition

Schizophrenia Symptoms

At least one of:


- Delusions


- Hallucinations


- Disorganised speech/behaviour


At least two of the above or also:


- negative symptoms


May also have


- drop in social and occupational functioning


- signs present for at least 6 months

Schizophrenia Delusions

Persecutory


Of Reference


Of Control


'Loss of Boundary'


Grandiose and Religious


Somatic

Schizophrenia Hallucinations

Auditory - Nonverbal/Verbal (Music/Comments)


Visual


Somatic - body


Olfactory - smell


Gustatory - taste

Schizophrenia Disorganised Speech

Derailment (sick, money, leak, mattress, council, motto, Latin)




Tangentiality (Iowa, white, north, ancestors)




Illogicality (parents raise you, rocks can be parents)

Schizophrenia Negative Symptoms

Flat effect - no emotion


Alogia - no speech


Apathy - no care


Anhedonia - no pleasure


Asociality - no social

Schizophrenia Levels of Study

Epidemiology


Genetics


Cognitive


Post-mortem


Clinical


Diagnosis

Schizophrenia Clinical Approach

Subtyping Patients - paranoid, disorganised, catatonic, undifferentiated (not static over time)


Subtype Symptoms into Syndromes


- positive symptoms (respond to antipsychotic medication, attributed to neurotransmitter dysfunction ((overactive dopamine))


- negative symptoms (associated with structural brain changes)