Cognitive Psychology Test 2: Mental Imagery

Front 1

Are mental images isomorphic to the stimuli they represent?
1) could be ___
2) they ___

Back 1

1) true for any modality--visual, auditory, etc.
2) share properties of representation with the object itself

Front 2

Is visual information stored, and retrieved, in a visual or propositional (language-like code)?
1) closer to a __of the beach ball than an __of a beach ball

Back 2

1) description; actual picture

Front 3

1) If visual, it should maintain ___and ___characteristics of pictures (including the ability to ___)

Back 3

1) spatial; perceptual; reinterpret an image

Front 4

If more descriptional, then only ___ & ___ that one had originally encoded should be evident (including one's ___); so--should be heavily dependent on how you encoded the information ___

Back 4

1) information; characteristics; first interpretation; to begin with

Front 5

1) Reisberg refers to ___; if you store as a ___, you can convert it to memory (make it easier to retrieve information about) compared to____

Back 5

1) depiction vs. description; picture (depiction); describing it (description)

Front 6

Ways to study imagery:

Back 6

1) introspection (looking inward)
2) chronometric studies (RT)---we can determine how long it took

Front 7

Quasi-Picture Theory (Shepard, Kosslyn, Finke)
1) mental images are ___representations of ___; and are ___to ___ (Shepard) ; as you recognize the beach ball you notice its __,etc.)

Back 7

1) Analog/Geometric; visual stimuli; "functional isomorphs" to Euclidean space; roundness

Front 8

____-mental images are Analog/Geometric representations of visual stimuli; and are "functional isomorphs" to Euclidean space (Shepard); as you recognize the beach ball you notice its roundness etc.

Back 8

Quasi-Picture Theory

Front 9

Quasi-Picture Theory
1) visual imaging is functionally equivalent to __, with our ___
2) not having a ___ in your mind, but will have a ____

Back 9

1) seeing; "minds eye"
2) photograph; representation

Front 10

Theoretical Claims (___):

Back 10

Finke's Principles
1) spatial equivalence
2) perceptual equivalence
3) transformational equivalence
4) structural equivalence
5) neurological equivalence
6) Image generation & Transformation are separate operations
7) implicit encoding

Front 11

1) represent like pictures (not like sentences) ; location, size, and distance are arranged in an image as they are in physical space

Back 11

1) spatial equivalence

Front 12

Spatial Equivalence:
1) represent like ___(not like___)
2) ___,___,&___ are arranged in an image as they are in ___
3) ___relations among __in an__are___
4) ____

Back 12

1) pictures; sentences
2) location, size, and distance; physical space
3) spatial; objects; array; preserved
4) intramodal interference

Front 13

Spatial Equivalence: Intramodal Interference
1) Kosslyn: __&__share a ___
2) Brooks, 1968: ___x___; __of__

Back 13

1) image; perception; "visual buffer"
2) visual/verbal task x visual/verbal response; implicit encoding; spatial info

Front 14

Intramodal Interference:
visual/verbal task x visual/verbal response
1) response times (in sec) as a function of ___
2) for a visual task, response time was longer for ___(visual or verbal)
3) for a verbal task, response time was longer for __(visual or verbal)
4) for a visual task, response time was shorter/quicker for ___
5) for a verbal task, response time was shorter/quicker for ___

Back 14

1) Task X Response mode
2) visual
3) verbal
4) verbal
5) visual

Front 15

1) spatial relations can be ___represented in a picture/image (without ___ attention ever have been paid to the spatial relations)

Back 15

1) implicit encoding; implicitly; explicit

Front 16

1) imaging is like seeing (with a "mind's eye"); the same 'visual screen' is used; __&___

Back 16

1) perceptual equivalence; Perky & Farah

Front 17

Perceptual Equivalence:
1) imaging is like ___ (with a ___); the same __is used

Back 17

1) seeing; "minds eye"; 'visual screen'

Front 18

Perceptual Equivalence:
1) Perky's ___experiment: had them stare at a screen and image things in the middle of the screen; sometimes would __a ___in the middle--they would confuse the __(___) with ___

Back 18

1) tomato/leaf/banana; shine; light (pale/reddish light); actual quality (red light); their image

Front 19

Perceptual Equivalence:
1) ___, like Perky, found that Ss found it easier to perceive a ___ (an ___) if they had been ____

Back 19

1) Farah; low-contrast letter; H or a T; imaging that letter

Front 20

Perceptual Equivalence:
1) Farah: found that Ss found it __to perceive a low-contrast letter (an H or a T) if they had been imaging that letter. (would say image an "H" and sometimes she would flash up a ___--they were___ to identify that low contrast letter if they had been imaging it)

Back 20

1) easier; low-contrast letter; much more likely

Front 21

1) images can be scanned, rotated, etc. in the same way as actual pictures or spatial stimuli

Back 21

1) transformational equivalence

Front 22

Transformational Equivalence:
1) images can be __,__etc. in the same way as __or__
2) ___--includes__

Back 22

1) scanned; rotated; actual pictures; spatial stimuli
2) mental rotation; letter rotation

Front 23

Transformational Equivalence: Mental Rotation--Letter Rotation
1) when NOT told to use imagery--would take a letter and either have it in a __or___
2) when told explicitly to use imagery--start ___; the __the second letter was to __, the __the RT

Back 23

1) normal; reverse orientation
2) rotating figure; closer; calculated orientation; faster

Front 24

Transformational Equivalence: Mental Rotation examples

Back 24

1) Letter Rotation
2) Block Figures Rotation

Front 25

Transformational Equivalence: Mental Rotation: Block Figures Rotation in 2- and 3-dimensions:
1) flash up one stimulus, when second one comes up decided if it's the ___
2) 3D rotations-the more you ___ have to rotate it, the ___ the reaction time
3) the ___ determines how long the reaction time is--the ____, the longer the time
4) ___independent of stimulus complexity

Back 25

1) exact same stimulus
2) mentally; longer
3) degree of rotation; longer the rotation
4) polygon rotation

Front 26

Transformational Equivalence: Mental Scanning Examples

Back 26

1) object scanning
2) map studies

Front 27

1) Image a German Shepard. Are the dog's ears pointed? Is the tail bushy?

Back 27

1) object scanning--mental scanning (transformational equivalence)

Front 28

Transformational Equivalence: Mental Scanning: OBJECT SCANNING
1) Image a German Shepard. Are the dog's ears pointed? Is the tail bushy? --if asked the ears question, then the second question asked is " is the nose black?" --the people who went from the ears to the nose answered ___compared to going from the ears to the tail

Back 28

1) faster

Front 29

Transformational Equivalence: Mental Scanning: ___studies
1) he would have them memorize this ___so they could draw it perfectly
2) found when it is a longer distance it ____
3) the __the distance, the __the scan time (going to take longer going from one thing to another thing on the map that is ___on the map)
4) the closer the distance of two things on a map, the __the reaction time
5) also ___equivalence

Back 29

Map Studies
1) map
2) takes them longer
3) longer; longer; farther away
4) shorter
5) spatial

Front 30

Transformational Equivalence: Mental Scanning
1) eye movement patterns are ___ when people ___ an object as when they ___that object (think--when you are walking through your house your eyes may move in a certain way--when you picture or image yourself walking through your house you eyes will move in ___)

Back 30

1) the same; image; perceive; the same way

Front 31

1) ___-the structure of images is like that of actual perceived objects, and can be re-organized & re-interpreted. Images are analogous to 2-1/2 D sketches

Back 31

structural equivalence

Front 32

1) Structural Equivalence- the ___of images is like that of actual perceived objects, and can be ___&____. Images are analogous to ___sketches

Back 32

1) structure; re-organized; re-interpreted; 2-1/2D

Front 33

Structural Equivalence
1) Images are ___; assembly based on ___ (and__) of component parts
2) ___take longer to generate

Back 33

1) assembled; description; interpretation
2) more complex images

Front 34

Structural Equivalence: ___
1) takes ___to construct more detailed images, or those described as having ___e.g. "two overlapping rectangles" vs. "five squares in form of a cross" (which is quicker?_)

Back 34

Image Generation
1) longer; more parts; two overlapping rectangles--bc less parts

Front 35

Structural Equivalence:
1) Smaller the image size (or smaller the part/detail asked about), the ___

Back 35

1) longer the RT

Front 36

Does the rabbit have ears vs. does the rabbit have whiskers? this is an example of____

Back 36

structural equivalence

Front 37

1) generating an image from memory of how something looks is a __from rotating/scanning that image (and may be served by _____)

Back 37

1) different process; different neurological messages (image generation & transformation are separate operations)

Front 38

1) ____-generation & spatial imagery transformation tasks--agnostic patient L.H. impaired at ___, but not ___

Back 38

1) Bifurcation of visual image; visual imagery tasks; spatial tasks

Front 39

These are ___ questions:
1) "what color is a football?"
2) "does a kangaroo have a long or short tail?"
3) "which is bigger--a popsicle or a pack of cigarettes?"

Back 39

1) visual imagery

Front 40

Results show:
1) L.H. scored ___the control groups for ALL of the VISUAL IMAGERY questions; he can't activate ___from what he has stored in his ___
2) L.H. scored ___compared to the control groups for ALL SPATIAL IMAGERY tasks; the spatial imagery tasks (___) included ___

Back 40

1) below; an image; memory
2) better; (transformation); letter rotation, 3-D rotation, mental scanning, state locations "which 2 of these 3 states are closest to each other?"

Front 41

Overall with L.H.:
1) L.H. actually out performs the controls in ___
2) L.H. under performs the controls in ___
3) this suggests that within imagery there are ___: ___the image and being able to ___

Back 41

1) spatial imagery tasks
2) visual imagery tasks
3) 2 skills; generating; transform images mentally

Front 42

1) between imaging processes and seeing

Back 42

1) Neurological equivalence

Front 43

Neurological equivalence: between __&__:
1) higher activity in ___ and ___during imagery tasks (including ___), based on: __

Back 43

Neurological equivalence: between imaging processes & seeing
1) occipital lobe; posterior cortex; dreaming; cerebral blood flow PET scans

Front 44

Neurological Equivalence: between imaging processes & seeing: ___
1) pine trees a darker green than grass?
2) is the categorical imperative an ancient grammatical form? (purely __, doesn't rely on __)

Back 44

PET scans
2) factual; imagery

Front 45

Neurological Equivalence: between imaging processes & seeing:
1) appears as the parts of the brains that are active when we see and recognize things are __when we visualize things

Back 45

also active

Front 46

Neurological Equivalence between imaging processes & seeing
1) creation of visual images activates __and to some extent the __to light up

Back 46

1) occipital lobe; temporal lobe

Front 47

Neurological Equivalence: between imaging processes & seeing
1) ___ to __ interrupts imaging
2) many agnosia patients report that they __and ___
3) those with achromatopsia report that they ___
4) many hemispatial neglect patients also __ the___ in their images
5) summary: we can ___ information and __it in a visual way

Back 47

1) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); area 17
2) don't dream; can't image
3) don't image in color
4) "neglect"; left side of space
5) represent; recreate

Front 48

Neurological Equivalence: between imaging processes & seeing
1) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to area 17 interrupts ___
2) many __ patients report that they don't dream and can't image
3) many ___patients report that they don't image in color
4) many ___patients also "neglect" the left side of space in their images

Back 48

1) imaging
2) agnosia
3) achromatopsia
4) hemispatial neglect

Front 49

Neurological Equivalence: between imaging processes & seeing
1) higher activity in occipital lobe and posterior cortex during imagery tasks ( including dreaming) based on: __& __
2) ___-but not during __or__

Back 49

1) cerebral blood flow and PET scans
2) cerebral blood flow; mental arithmetic; imaging a tune

Front 50

Descriptional (or __) Theory:
1) Theoretical Claims: __ information stored in ___ (you __everything into more of a __); sentence-like: CHASED (dog, cat)--it is these ___which do all the work when we answer ___

Back 50

Conceptual-Propositional Theory
1) ALL; propositional codes; code; description; propositional codes; visual-spatial questions

Front 51

Descriptional (Conceptual-Propositional) Theory:
1) Theoretical claims: all spatial information must be___ represented, or able to be inferred from other ___
ex: Behind (Jim, Todd)
Behind (Annie, Jim)
Therefore....

Back 51

1) explicitly; explicitly-stated propositions

Front 52

Descriptional (Conceptual-Propositional) Theory:
1) All information stored is ___
E.g., Piaget’s children without knowledge of Geocentric levels in tilted beaker experiment

Back 52

1) conceptually dependent

Front 53

Descriptional (Conceptual-Propositional) Theory:
1) though people may have a subjective experience of having generated an image, the image itself is non-causal to being able to answer an imagery-type question

Back 53

1) epiphenomenalism

Front 54

Descriptional (Conceptual-Propositional) Theory:
1) Epiphenomenalism- though people may have a __experience of having generated an image, the image itself is __to being able to able to answer an imagery-type question --he has said that some of them can image but the image doesn't play a role in ___; it's not ___,it's ___about the cinnamon bun that makes your mouth water

Back 54

1) subjective; non-causal; cognitive state; the image; thinking

Front 55

Are there problems with the Picture Metaphor?
1) ___-images leave out significant details, and can't be re-analyzed for those details in the way that pictures can
e.g. __ of a tiger does not specify an exact number of stripes, like a __ would

Back 55

1) indeterminacy; image; picture

Front 56

1) Indeterminacy: __ leave out significant details, and can't be ___ for those details in the way that ___ can

Back 56

1) images; re-analyzed; pictures

Front 57

Are there problems with the Picture Metaphor?
1) When images fade, or are inaccurate, sections aren’t lost (as if a photo is torn), but parts are deleted
E.g., ___ by Nickerson & Adams

Back 57

1) inaccuracy; penny study

Front 58

1) inaccuracy--when images __, or are ___, sections aren't __ (as if a photo is __), but __are__ (e.g. __by Nickerson & Adams)

Back 58

1) fade; inaccurate; lost; torn; parts; deleted; Penny study

Front 59

Are there problems with the picture metaphor?
1) ___can't be reinterpreted in the same way as___
2) ex: Reed experiment, with hidden figures within twin-hourglass picture; maybe when you memorize this you encode it into two hour glasses with a diamond in the middle; the last one (picture shown) you didn't have a label for, so it took you ___ ; it looks as if you ___reinterpret your image to see that as you can when it is right in front of you; she doesn't think Reed's experiment shows a discrepancy at all

Back 59

1) images; pictures
2) longer; can't

Front 60

REBUTTAL to Reed's Experiment: Images can't be reinterpreted in the same way as pictures
1) Reed's subjects were ___
2) Same____ and ___ results attain in actual perception
3) Finke, Pinker, & Farah construction of images from___ representations of ___

Back 60

1) not told to use imagery
2) reinterpretation; RT
3) spatial; combined stimuli

Front 61

Are there problems with the picture metaphor?
1) ___ & ___: Results from imagery studies on scanning & rotation studies are due to subjects' making use of tacit knowledge of how things behave, or being sensitive to subtle cues given off by experimenters
---2) ___subjects--they felt a map, then asked to "scan" from one landmark to another. __a linear function of ___

Back 61

1) Demand Characteristics & Experimenter Expectancy
2) blind; response time; actual distance

Front 62

Demand Characteristics & Experimenter Expectancy REBUTTAL:
1) We have already seen that there is a distinction between ___ and __(Farah et al., 1988). Perhaps “spatial imagery” is not ___, and thus even people without sight can maintain ___
2) Linear scanning/rotation times ___in experiments where Ss could not accurately state the hypothesis being tested

Back 62

1) visual; spatial imagery; purely visual; spatial abilities
2) are found

Front 63

Auditory Imagery: Theoretical claims: analogue to ___:
1) Image maintains properties of ___: __&__(musical __of a sound or note)
2) __: ___ area of auditory association area (__) active when listening to music and mentally filling in gaps in music

Back 63

hearing
1) actual sound/song; rhythm & timbre (quality)
2) neurological equivalence; same (BA 22)