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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How was the Cognitive Revolution important for understanding imagery? |
It developed ways to measure behavior that could be used to infer cognitive processes (including imagery) |
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How does imagery affect memory for concrete vs. abstract nouns? |
Paivio showed (through paired-associate learning) that memory for words that evoke a mental image (i.e. boat, tree) is better than for words that don't (i.e. truth, respect) |
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What experiment studied imagery through mental rotation, and what did it suggest? |
- Shepard & Meltzer: had participants mentally rotate one object to see if it matched another object - Results: the more degrees the object had to be rotated, the longer it took for the participants to decide - Suggested that imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms |
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How is imagery spatial? |
There is a spacial correspondence between imagery and perception--we act as if our mental images are physical entities |
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What experiments demonstrate how imagery is spatial? |
- Kosslyn boat experiment: had people memorize a picture of a boat, create an image of it, then move from one part of the image to another--took longer to mentally move longer distances - Kosslyn island task: similar to boat task except participants to mentally travel between different points on an image of an island--took longer to scan between greater distances |
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What was Pylyshyn's theory on imagery? |
Said that imagery is propositional rather than spatial--it can be represented by abstract symbols and language Claimed that spatial representation is an epiphenomenon that accompanies imagery but is not actually a part of it (i.e. lights on a computer) |
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How did Pylyshyn explain Kosslyn's imagery results through the propositional theory? |
Said that results could be explained by participants using tacit knowledge--they know it takes longer to travel longer distances, so they use that knowledge to determine when they should respond rather than actually visualizing the image in their minds |
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What was Finke and Pinker's spatial imagery experiment, and how did it go against propositional theory? |
- Participants had to tell whether an arrow pointed to a dot that was previously shown - Results: people had a longer reaction time when there was a greater distance between the arrow and the dot - Goes against propositional theory because they weren't instructed to use visual imagery, had no time to memorize, and no tacit knowledge |
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How is mental scaling evidence for spatial imagery? |
When people are asked to imagine a big animal next to a small animal (i.e. elephant & rabbit), it's easier to detect details on the larger animal because this is the animal that fills the participants visual field |
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How do mental-walk tasks support spatial imagery? |
Participants are asked how close they can get to a certain animal until it overflows their visual field. People could move closer to small animals than to large animals, showing that images are spatial, like perception. |
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How did Perky's experiment show the connection between imagery and perception? |
Had participants "project" a mental image onto a screen, in which there was a very dim picture back-projected. People would mistake the actual picture being projected for their own mental image. Shows how stronly perception and imagery are linked |
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How did Farah's experiment show the connection between imagery and perception? |
- Had participants imagine either and H or a T on a screen, then flashed two boxes at them (either with a letter or blank) and they had to say which box had the letter. People's accuracy was higher when the letter flashed matched the letter they were imagining. - Showed that imagery and perception interact to prime each other. |
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What are imagery neurons? |
Category-specific neurons that respond to both perceiving and imagining an object |
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How did LeBihan's experiment show an overlap between imagery and perception in the visual cortex? |
Asked participants both questions that involved imagery and didn't involve imagery. Questions that involved imagery activated the visual cortex |
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How did Ganis show the similarities and differences between imagery and perception in the brain? |
Brain scans showed complete overlap between imagery and perception in the front of the brain, but slight differences in the back |
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How did Kosslyn use TMS to prove the overlap between imagery and perception in the brain? |
Applied TMS to visual area of the brain during both perception and imagery tasks, and found that the response times for both types of tasks were slowed Showed that visual area of the brain plays a causal role in both perception and imagery |
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Who was M.G.S.? |
Patient who had part of her right occipital lobe removed for epilepsy treatment Resulted in the narrowing of her visual field (perceptually and imaginatively, as proved through the mental-walk task) |
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What is unilateral neglect? |
A condition in which the patient ignores half of their visual field in both perception and imagery |
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Who was R.M.? |
Patient who had damage to his occipital and parietal lobes. His perception was intact, but his mental images were impaired--he could draw accurate pictures in front of him, but not from memory. Showed dissociations between imagery and perception. |
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Who was C.K.? |
Patient who couldn't name pictures of objects in front of him, but could draw objects in great detail from memory Showed dissociations between imagery and perception |
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How did Behrmann's experiment make sense of the dissociations between imagery and perception? |
Showed that perception involves bottom-up processing located at both lower and higher visual centers, while imagery is a top-down process located at only higher visual centers. This explains both C.K. and R.M.'s conditions |
