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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
accessibility
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the degree to which we can gain access to the available information
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autobiographical memory
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refers to memory of an individual's history
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availability
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the presence of information stored in long-term memory
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consolidation
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the process of integrating new information into stored information
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constructive
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prior experience affects how we recall things and what we actually recall from memory
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decay
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occurs when simply the passage of time causes an individual to forget
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decay theory
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asserts that information is forgotten because of the gradual disappearance,rather than displacement, of the memory trace.
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distributed practice
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learning in which various sessions are spaced over time
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encoding
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refers to how you transform a physical, sensory input into a kind of representation that can be placed into memory
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encoding specificity
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what is recalled depends on what is encoded
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flashbulb memory
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a memory of an event so powerful that he person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserved on film
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interference
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occurs when competing information causes an individual to forget something
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interference theory
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refers to theview that forgetting occurs because recall of certain words interferes with recall of other words
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massed practice
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learning in which session are crammed together in a very short space of time
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metacognition
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our understanding and control of our cognition; our ability to think about and control our own processes of thought and ways of enhancing our thinking.
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metamemory
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strategies that involve reflecting on our own memory processes with a view to improving our memory
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mnemonic devices
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specific techniques to help you memorize lists of words
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primary effect
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refers to superior recall of words at and near the beginning of a list
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proactive interference
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occurs when the interfering material occurs before, rather than after, learning of the to-be-remembered material
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recency effect
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refers to superior recall of words at and near the end of a list
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reconstructive
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involving the use of various strategies (i.e. searching for cues, drawing inferences) for retrieving the orginial memory traces of our experiences and then rebuilding the original experiences as a basis for retrieval.
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rehearsal
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the repeated recitation of an item
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retrieval
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refers to how you gain access to information stored in memory
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retroactive interference
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caused by activity occurring after we learn something but before we are asked to recall that thing; also called retroactive inhibition
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storage
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refers to how you retain encoded information in memory
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analogue codes
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a form of knowledge representation that preserves the main perceptual features of whatever is being represented forthe physical stimuli we observe in our environment
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cognitive maps
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internal representations of our physical environment, particularly centering on spatial relationships.
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declarative knowledge
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knowledge of facts that can be stated
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dual-code theory
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belief suggesting that knowledge is represented both in images and in symbols
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functional-equivalence hypothesis
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belief that although visual imagery is not identical to visual perception, it is functionally equivalent to it
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imagery
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the mental representation of things that are not currently being sensed by the sense organs
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knowledge representation
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the form of what you know in your mind about things, ideas, events, and so on that exist outside of your mind
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mental models
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knowledge structures that individuals construct to understand and explain their experiences; an internal representation of information that corresponds analogously with whatever is being represented
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mental rotation
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involves rotationally transforming an object's visual mental image
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procedural knowledge
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knowledge of procedures that can be implemented
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propositional theory
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belief suggesting that knowledge is represented only in underlying propositions, not in the form of images or of words and other symbols
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symbolic representation
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meaning that the relationship between the word and what it represents is simply arbitrary.
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