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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Cognitive psychology |
Scientific study of the mind |
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Francis Donders "additive factors" |
Studied decision-making Simple reaction time and choice reaction time
People respond on average a 10th of a second longer on choice reaction time |
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Ebbinghaus and forgetting |
Remembered information decays overtime.
used "savings method" to plot a savings curve |
Criticism: Unable to objectively measure, prone to bias, limited practical applications, weaknesses caused backlash |
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Wundt and structuralism |
Father of experimental psychology Famous for analytic introspection and his student (Edward Titchenger created more rigid form called Structuralism (tried to break introspection into distinct categories) |
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William James – functionalism |
Wrote principles of psychology and covered many modern topics of psychology (nature of memory, attention, perception |
Benefits of behavioralism. All directly measurable. Theories of reinforcement are still relevant today. |
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John Watson – behavioralism |
Founded behaviorism – D focus on psychology to observable and measurable behavior
Use the animal experiments to influence ideas about human behavior. Inspired by PAVLOV and classical conditioning |
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BF Skinner – behavioral psychologist |
Develop operant conditioning. Showed how to shape behavior using positive and negative reinforcement |
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Noam Chomsky -linguist |
Opposed dinner. Development of language cannot be explained solely through operant conditioning. Children will use incorrect grammar that has never been reinforced |
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Edward Tolman- rats |
Performance equals doing what learned. Performance requires motivation learning does not
Latent learning – rats walking in a maze with no food still learn course regardless of motivation |
Sensory: afferent Motor: efferent |
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The cognitive revolution |
The cognitive revolution |
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Cognitive neuroscience |
Physiological basis of cognition
Why study it? Brain imaging used in modern cognitive psychology research |
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Neurons: building block of cognition |
Nerve net: continuous pathway for conducting on interrupted signals between neurons |
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Frontal |
Reasoning and planning. Language, thought, memory, motor functioning
Emotion control and personality. Coordinates information between senses |
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Parietal |
Touch, temperature, pain and pressure, attent storage |
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Parietal |
Touch, temperature, pain and pressure, attent storage |
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Temporal |
Auditory and perceptual processing. Language, hearing, memory, perceiving forms |
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Prefrontal cortex |
"High cognitive function"
Unconcerned with precise sensory or motor details. Decision-making. Working memory. Executive function |
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Perception |
Recognizing, organizing, interpreting information from senses. |
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Sensation |
Absorbing raw energy through our sensory organs (light waves and sound waves) |
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Transduction |
Conversion of this energy to neural signals |
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Attention |
Concentration of mental energy to process incoming information |
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Perception |
Selecting, organizing, and interpreting the signals |
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Bottom up processing - behavioral |
Perception comes from stimuli in the environment. Parts are identified and put together, and then recognition Occurs. |
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Top-down processing - (constructive perspective) |
People actively construct perceptions using information based on context, experience and expectations Occurs quickly and automatically |
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Law of good continuation |
Line and to be seen as following The smoothest path |
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Law of similarity |
Similar things appear to be grouped together |
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Law of familiarity |
Things more likely to form groups in groups are familiar or meaningful |
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Law of proximity |
Things near to each other appear grouped together |
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Gestalt laws of perceptual organization |
Reflect experience, used unconsciously, occasionally misleading
They are cognitive heuristics |
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Algorithm |
Procedure guaranteed to solve the problem. SLow and definite results |
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Heuristic "rule of thumb" |
Provide best guess solution to a problem "quick and dirty". Often correct. |
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Single dissociation |
Can determine if a brain region is used in a task, but not necessarily independent of other areas |
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Gestalt laws of perceptual organization |
Reflect experience, used unconsciously, occasionally misleading
They are cognitive heuristics |
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Algorithm |
Procedure guaranteed to solve the problem. SLow and definite results |
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Heuristic "rule of thumb" |
Provide best guess solution to a problem "quick and dirty". Often correct. |
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Single dissociation |
Can determine if a brain region is used in a task, but not necessarily independent of other areas |
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Double dissociation |
Can determine if 2 brain regions have independent functions of each other |
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Mirror neurons |
Occurs in premotor cortex. Respond to both taking an action and observing something else taking that action.
Understanding others actions, understanding language, imitation, may be relevant to deficits in autism |
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Shadowing experiment – Cherry, 1953 |
Dichotic listening:
And put it under attended channel little notice – even when language thing |
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Broadbents filter model |
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Early selection |
Early selection |
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Late selection |
Back (Definition) |
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