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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
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cognitive psychology
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branch of psych concerned with the scientific study of the mind
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mind
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creates and controls mental functions (perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, reasoning)
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cognition
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mental processes (perception, attention, memory, etc.) that are what the mind does
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reaction time
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how long it takes a person to respond to the presentation of a stimulus
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savings method
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used to analyze results (subtract # of trials needed to learn the list after a delay from the # of trials it took to learn the list the first time)
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structuralism
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overall experience is determined by the combining basic elements of experience the structuralists call sensations
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analytic introspection
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technique where trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli
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behaviorism
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founded by john watson
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classical conditioning
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pairing one stimulus causes changes in response to the neutral stimulus (Pavlov)
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operant conditioning
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how behavior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers (Skinner)
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cognitive map
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conception of the maze's layout when the rat was first exploring the maze (Tolman)
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cognitive revolution
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shift in psych from the behaviorists stimulus response relationship to an approach whose main thrust was understanding operation of the mind
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information processing approach
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traces the sequences of mental operations involved in cognition
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artificial intelligence
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making a machine behave in ways that would be intelligent if a human were doin them
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logic theorist
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program created by newell and simon that created mathematical proof theorems that involve principles of logic too complex to describe
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memory consolidation
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info about something was in a fragile state and could become strengthened into a strong memory that is more resistant to interference by events such as taking a hit to the head
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muller and pilzecker
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two groups that learned nonsense syllables (immediate and delay groups - immediate learned list one and immediately list two; delay group learned one list waited 6 mins then learned another)
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perception
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experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses
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bottom up processing
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begins with stimulation of the receptors (ex: hit your head and see stars)
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principle of componential recovery
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if we can see an object's geons, we can identify the objects
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top down processing
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processing that begins with a persons prior knowledge or experience
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multiple personalities of a blob
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blob shown is perceived as different objects depending on its orientation and the context within which its seen
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feedback signals
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signals that travel down from higher centers to influence incoming signals
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size consistency
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we perceive objects as remaining the same size even when theyh move to different circumstances
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speech segmentation
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people can tell where one word ends and another begins due to their knowledge of particular languages
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theory of unconscious inference
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some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment
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likelihood principle
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we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received
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gestalt psychologists
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explain how we perceive objects
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perceptual organization
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the way elements are grouped together to create larger objects
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law of perceptual organization
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gestalt psychologists came up with these to indicate how elements in the environment are organized/grouped together
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law of good continuation
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points that when connected result in striaght or smoothyl curving lines are seen as belonging together and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path
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law of pragnanz
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AKA law of good figure/law of simplicity: every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible
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law of good figure
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AKA law of pragnanz/law of simplicity: every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible
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law of simplicity
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AKA law of good figure/law of pragnanz: every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible
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law of similarity
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similar things appear to be grouped together
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law of famliarity
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things that form patterns that are familiar/meaningful are likely to be grouped
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heuristics
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rules of thumb that provide a best guess solution to a problem
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algorithm
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procedure thats guaranteed to solve a problem
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• Regularities in the environment
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Characteristics of the environment that occur frequently
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Physical regularities
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Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment
• Ex: There are more horizontal and vertical orientations in the environment than angled orientations |
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• Oblique effect
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People can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations
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• Light from above heuristic
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The assumption that light comes from above
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Semantic regularities
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Characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes
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• Theory of natural selection
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Genetically based characteristics that enhance an animal’s ability to survive, and therefore reproduce, will be passed on to future generations
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• Experience dependent plasticity
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Mechanism through which the structure of the brain is changed by experience
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• Brainablation
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Study of the effect of behavior of people without brain damage
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• Neuropsychology
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Study of the behavior of people with brain damage
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o Ungerleider and Mishkin
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Studied how removing parts of a monkey’s brain affected its ability to identify an object and determine the object’s location
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• Object discrimination problem
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Monkey shown an object, and then presented with 2 choice task that had the presented object and another
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• Landmark discrimination problem
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Monkey’s task is to remove the food well cover that is closer to the tall cylinder
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• What pathway
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Pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe
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• Where pathway
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Pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe
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• Perception pathway
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Pathway from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe
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• Action pathway
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from visual cortex to the parietal lobe
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• Mirror neurons
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Neurons that respond both when a monkey observes someone else grasping an object and when the monkey itself grasps an object
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• Audiovisual mirror neurons
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In the premotor cortex-Respond when a monkey performs a hand action and when it hears the sound associated with the action
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• Visual imagery
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seeing in the absence of a visual stimulus
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• Mental imagery
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ability to recreate the sensory world in the absence of physical stimuli (occurs in other than just vision)
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• Imageless thought debate
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Link between imagery and thinking; “Thought impossible without an image”
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o Conceptual peg hypothesis
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Concrete nouns create images that other words can “hang onto”
Ex: Boat-hat creates boat image, which creates many places participants can place the hat in their mind |
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mental scanning
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Participants create mental images and scan them in their minds
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Imagery debate
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Debate about whether imagery based on spatial mechanisms or mechanisms related to language (propositional mechanisms)
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• Spatial representation
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representation in which different parts of an image can be described as corresponding to specific locations in space
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epiphenomenon
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something that accompanies the real mechanisms but isn’t actually part of a mechanism
o Ex: lights flashing as a mainframe computer carries out its calculations (indicate something is going on but don’t tell us what) |
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• Propositional representation-
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relationships can be represented by abstract symbols (equations, etc.)
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• Depictive representation
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Representations that are like realistic pictures that resemble an object so that part of the representation corresponds to parts of the object
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• Tacit knowledge explanation
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States that participants unconsciously use knowledge about the world in making judgments
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mental walk task
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Imagine they were walking towards the mental image of the animal; Estimate how far away they were when they began to experience overflow (when the image filled the visual field or its edges become fuzzy)
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o Imagery neurons
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Respond to both perceiving an object and to imagining it
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• Transcranial magnetic stimulation
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TMS-Done by Kosslyn
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• MGS
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Patient who had part of her right occipital lobe removed to treat epilepsy
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• Unilateral neglect-
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Patient ignores objects in one half of the visual field
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• Method of loci-
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Method where things are to be remembered are placed a different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout
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• Pegword technique
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Instead of visualizing items in different locations, you associate them with concrete words (One bun two shoe)
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• Mental simulation
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operation of the mechanical system is mentally represented
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• Rule based approach
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Involves applying a rule such as “When one gear turns, the next rotates in the opposite directions so all odd numbered gears rotate the same way”
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