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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
algorithm |
exact analytical procedure
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heuristic
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rule of thumb
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induction
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process in which one begins with specific facts or observation and then draws some general conclusion form them.
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deduction
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is drawing a specific claim
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prescriptive aka normative
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tells us how things ought to be. its is an average result in the long run.
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descriptive
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tells us how things are
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What are the limitations of normative models
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they are based on strong assumptions which aren't always realistic.
slow and error prone often not robust (sensitive to corrupt data) |
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reason based approch
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heuristic approach
* evaluation of each choice and its reasons for and against it. * weigh each reason *integrate over the reasons which were considered, determine relative attractiveness and then chose the best. |
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what are the perks for decision heuristics?
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1) security: ensure the worst isnt too bad
2) potential: hoping for the best 3) aspiration level: need to achieve a certain result. 4) anticipated regret: wanting to not end up with the worst. |
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What are two types of probability judgment heuristics?
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1) availability
2) representativeness |
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availability heuristic
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strategy used to judge the frequency of a certain type of object or likely hood of a certain type of event.
assessing the ease of coming up with examples. |
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What does the organization of our memory do to availability hueristic?
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creats bias in what is easily available. some things are more available to us that others. with can lead to a bias.
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representative hueristic
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used when making judgments about categories. Assuming the category will most likely resemble its prototype.
make predictions based on experiences. categories are homogeneous. can also lead to error |
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What are the three inference rules in deductive reasoning>
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1) transitivity
2) modus ponens 3) modus tollens |
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Transitivity
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A --> B (battery dead, car wont start)
B --> C (Car wont start, late to work) A --> C (Battery dead, late to work) |
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modus ponens
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justifies conclusions in this sense...
if A is true then B is true. A is true There for B must be true The battery is dead so the car wont start |
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modus tollen
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Justifies conclusions in this sense...
is A is true then B is true B is false So A must be false too. The car STARTED so the battery isnt dead. Hardest for people to understand. |
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Confirmation bias
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neglecting to check counterfactuals.
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What is gestalts theory for problem solving?
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1) prepare
2) incubation 3) spontaneous restructuring 4) verification |
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Whats the general problem solving theory?
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1) evolution
2) exploration 3) elaboration |
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what is consciousness
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is where you live, central to being who you are.
many stages. |
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what are the fuctions
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maintain representations over extended time.
make connections among disparate modules. detect conflicts among independent processes. interrupt and override automatized procedures allow access to the justifications for actions. and most of all support articulation of thoughts. |