• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/7

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

7 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
Assumptions

1. Mind is like a computer.


2. Behaviour is result of internal mental processes.


3. Mental processes can not be observed so are studied indirectly by inferences based on behav.


4. Info is actively processed: humans not passive responders to enviro.


5. Behav. can be changes if cognitions that underlie that behave. are changed.

1. Computer


2. Behav. is a result of?


3. Inferences


4. Info actively processed


5. Behav. can be changed...

Cognitive Models 1


-Computer gave cognitive psychologists the terminology to describe human mental processes.


-Info processing approach = hypothetical model, explains how human mind transforms sensory info.


- Info received can take several paths.


- Info processing models tend to assume sequential processing (one at a time).


-Modern day cognitive psychologist suggest parallel processing can occur (evidence from dual-task experiments).


- More frequent in highly skilled people.



-Theoretical Models explain specific process.


- Characterised by a diagram.


-Allow cognitive psychologists to make inferences about what is causing behav. (suggestions about what unseen mental processes are occurring).


- Models used to make predictions.


- Experimental findings basis for construction of TM model.


-Further experimental findings support model/ indicate revisions are needed.


- E.G of TM = Multistore model of memory.MSM demonstrates key components of IPA: computer terminology, processing through stages & use of flow diagrams.


Computer Model


- CM = more robust than theoretical models b/c = more precise & specific about how info processing systems work


-Cognitive psychologists create computer programmes to model human cognitive processes.


Algorithm = step by step instructions for computers likened to our mental processes.


- Input (likened to enviro stimulus) info dealt with by algorithm, produces output ( behav)


- Cognitive psychologists are trying to create computers that can acquire 'intelligent behav' , i.e artificial intelligence.


Computer Modelling in Facial Attractiveness


- Bronstad et al built computer model to rate FA.


- Algorithm included instructions on facial geometry.


-Model produced estimates of FA.


- Facial symmetry was not important.


-Computer can learn about FA by comparing its rating to human ratings & adapt its decision making process.


- Enables it to make predictions.



Cognitive Models 2


Schema = cognitive framework to organise and interpret info.


-Developed through sensory experiences.


-Allow us to fill in the gaps, inform our expectations & enable us behave appropriately in a situation.


-Schemas mean we minimise or ignore evidence that does not fit with our existing schema, leads to distortion, bias & stereotyping.


-We look to confirm pre-existing beliefs and ideas.


-As you mature, schemes develop and become sophisticated.

Emergence of Neuroscience


-Cognitive neuroscience = scientific study of biological basis for mental processing - how neurons behave during those processes.


-Brain imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans have allowed scientists to systematically observe and describe the neurological basis of mental processing.


-E.G Tulving's work on memory - showed episodic & sematic memory seem to be located on opposite sides of the pre-frontal cortex, disputing long-term memory is a single unitary store.



Strength: Supports psychology as a scientific discipline

Ex - Approach contributed toward the credible scientific basis of psychology.


El - It employs highly controlled and rigorous empirical methods to enable researcher's to infer cognitive processes at work.


E.G - uses lab experiments to produce reliable, objective data.


R -emergence of cognitive neuroscience & computer modelling has enabled cognitive psychology to come together with other scientific fields like biology.

1. Highly controlled and rigorous empirical methods...


2. use of lab experiments...


3. psychology has come together with other scientific fields.

Strength: Successful & diverse applications

Ex - Better understand how we form impressions giving us better comprehension of prejudice.


E.G - Cognitive psychology has expanded our understanding of Psychopathology by offering explanation for dysfunctional behaviour suggesting it's underpinned by faulty thought processes.


El - Has led to many successful cognitive based therapies for illnesses like depression.


R - Has improved knowledge of this in society & helping people better their lives

1. Helps us better understand...


2. Expanded our understanding of Psycopathogy...


3. Led to many successful...


4. Helps people live better lives.

Limitation: Methodology & issues with validity


Ex - Lab enviro can reduce both internal and external validity


E.G - participants in fMRI studies lay on their backs in claustrophobic enviros while trying to complete tasks.


El - These methods are unrealistic and don't occur in everyday life, so therefore lacks mundane realism.


R - Can be argued that the techniques used can reduce the experimental and ecological validity of the findings.


1. What do lab experiments reduce?


2. fMRI scans...


3. Doesn't occur in everyday life


4. Techniques used can reduce...


Limitations: Humans are not computers


Ex - Approach has over-simplistic view of human behaviour.


E.G - computers do not forget, make mistakes or ignore info


El - Researchers have not been able to reliably create algorithms for mood and feeling, complete replication of human behaviour is unlikely.


R - Although many CMs can test existing experimental data, many are unable to make future predictions.


1. Over simplistic


2. Computers don't forget...


3. Not able to create reliable algorithms


4. CMs unable to make future predictions