Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
_____is used as an example to help demonstrate the notion that computers are good at symbol manipulation and give the appearance of intelligence but do not actually understand the symbols.
a.Means-ends analysis b.Absence of intuition c.Chinese room problem d.Bandwidth fidelity problem |
chinese room
|
|
|
We tend to find support for our conclusions through our mental models and other cognitive processes when we engage in?
a. pragmatic reasoning. b. overextension errors. c. confirmation bias. d. overconfidence. |
confirmation bias
|
|
|
The _______ effect involves the synchrony of visual (the speakers lip movements) and auditory (speech) perceptions such that comprehension of what is being said is facilitated.
a. categorical-perception b. TRACE c. phonemic-restoration d. McGurk |
McGurk
|
|
|
The Wechsler intelligence tests yield three scores:
verbal, analytical, and performance scores. verbal, analytical, and mathematical scores. verbal, analytical, and overall scores. verbal, performance, and overall scores. |
verbal, performance, and overall scores
|
|
|
____represents the accumulation of knowledge and is measured, for example, by vocabulary tests and general info tests.
a. Fluid intelligence b. Verbal comprehension c. Creative intelligence d. Crystallized intelligence |
Crystallized intelligence
|
|
|
The theory of satisficing states that
all decision making is strengthened or weakened depending on whether there is a reward for a certain decision. decision making is geared toward seeking to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. we consider options one by one, and then we select an option as soon as we find one that is just good enough. people make decisions that would ultimately bring satisfaction to themselves, regardless of the effect the decision has on others. |
We consider options one by one and then we select an option as soon as we find one that is just good enough.
|
|
|
___ refers to the production of something that is both original and worthwhile.
a. Insight b. Creativity c. Mental set d. Fluidity |
Creativity
|
|
|
The effect of the context on an individual's decision making is referred to as the
a. fallacy of composition. b. hindsight bias. c. framing effect. d. conjunction fallacy. |
framing effect
|
|
|
When we talk about the relationships and transformations among phrase structures of sentences, we must talk
prescriptive grammar; descriptive grammar descriptive grammar; prescriptive grammar deep structure; surface structure surface structure; deep structure |
deep structure; surface structure
|
|
|
On a planet where cows are called zoht!, the inhabitants use the name "zoht!" any time they refer to cows. A psycholinguist would argue on the basis of this fact that the aliens' language is
regularly structured. arbitrarily symbolic. dynamic. static. |
arbitrarily symbolic
|
|
|
This theory suggests that both individual factors as well as environmental factors need to converge in order for creativity to occur. A creative individual, then, often finds undervalued ideas, develops them, and then moves on after others recognize the value of the idea.
a. well-structured problems b. productive theory c. selective-combination insights d. investment theory of creativity |
investment theory of creativity
|
|
|
Among the early researchers of intelligence, Francis Galton viewed ____ as the key to intelligence, whereas Alfred Binet viewed ____ as most central to intelligence
a. adaptation; mental judgment b. psychophysical abilities; verbal competence c. adaptation; verbal competence d. psychophysical abilities; mental judgment |
psychophysical abilities, mental judgement
|
|
|
The goal of ____ is to draw conclusions from principles and from evidence
a. reasoning b. problem solving c. judgment and decision making d. decision making and reasoning |
reasoning
|
|
|
____ refers to the study of how people use language, emphasizing the contexts in which language is used, as well as the nonverbal communication that augments verbal communication
a. Proxemics b. Dialectics c. Pragmatics d. Linguistics |
pragmatics
|
|
|
____ refer(s) to informal, intuitive, speculative strategies for solving problems, which sometimes work and sometimes do not.
a. Incubation b. Creativity c. Insight d. Heuristics |
heuristics
|
|
|
Imagine a professional tennis player. It is ____ probable that he has a graphite tennis racquet than a graphite racquet with high-quality grip tape and a quality shock absorber
a. more b. slightly less c. equally d. much less |
More
|
|
|
____ refers to the inability to see that something that is known to have a particular use may also be used for performing other functions.
a. Functional inhibition b. Divergent thinking c. Introceptive thinking d. Functional fixedness |
Functional fixedness
|
|
|
Steve was a linguist who was interested in analyzing sentences in terms of the order in which words appear in sentences, regardless of differences or similarities of meaning. He probably specializes in ____ grammar.
a. inferential b. prescriptive c. phrase-structure d. word-structure |
Phrase structure
|
|
|
The time it takes to select one answer from among several possibilities is called
a. reaction time. b. movement time. c. reasoning time. d. choice reaction time. |
Choice reaction time
|
|
|
____ refers to a regional variety of a language distinguished by features such as vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation
a. Pidgin b. Creole c. Dialect d. Language |
Dialect
|
|
|
A(n) ____ refers to a juxtaposition of two unlike nouns, thereby asserting their similarities, while not disconfirming their dissimilarities.
a. metaphor b. synectic c. semantic comparison d. analogical act |
metaphor
|
|
|
The intelligence quotient (IQ) is the ratio of
chronological age divided by mental age. mental age divided by chronological age. chronological age divided by mental age, multiplied by 100. mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. |
mental age divided by chronological age mulitplied by 100
|
|
|
____ are some of Thurstone's primary mental abilities.
a. Direction, adaptation, and criticism b. Verbal, performance, and overall abilities c. Analytical, creative, and practical abilities d. Number, memory, and perceptual speed abilities |
number, memory, and perceptual speed abilities
|
|
|
____ processes refer to the cognitive processes used for understanding text as a whole and thereby making
a. Lexical b. Semantic c. Syntactic d. Comprehension |
comprehension
|
|
|
This theory for solving syllogisms suggests that semantic processes are used to construct an analogous representation which may or may not lead to deductively valid conclusion.
a. mental models b. categorical syllogisms c. linear syllogisms d. categorical inferences |
mental models
|
|
|
Although their sum is the same, which group would appear to have the greatest sum, using the adjustment-from-an-anchor heuristic?
a. 1+3+2+4+8+17+21+33 b. 33+17+8+21+3+1+2+4 c. 33+21+17+8+2+3+1+4 d. 3+2+8+17+33+21+4+1 |
33+21+17+8+2+3+1+4
|
|
|
Because of the ____ we falsely tend to see particular attributes, categories, or events as going together.
a. fallacy of composition b. tendency to perceive illusory correlation c. hindsight bias d. framing effect |
tendency to perceive illusory correlation
|
|
|
____ refers to the study of language in terms of noticing regular patterns. These patterns relate to the functions and relationships of words in a sentence
a. Semantics b. Pragmatics c. Grammar d. Linguistics |
grammar
|
|
|
The statement "As you can see here on the thermostat, the temperature in the house is 68 degrees Fahrenheit" is an example of a ____ speech act.
a. representative b. directive c. commissive d. performative |
representative
|
|
|
Lexical-access speed refers to the speed with which we can retrieve information about
a. words stored in our long-term memories. b. whether or not letters match physically. c. whether or not words rhyme. d. whether letters are upper- or lower-case. |
words stored in our long term memories
|
|
|
This is the smallest unit of speech sound that can be used to distinguish one meaningful utterance from another in a given language
Morpheme Percept Phoneme Phone |
Phoneme
|
|
|
Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler were two respected ____ psychologists who made important contributions in the area of insightful thinking.
a. psychometric b. information processing c. Gestalt d. structural |
Gestalt
|
|
|
Carl recently bought a used car-and it's a lemon. He has spent thousands of dollars on repairing the car, and this week, the mechanic told him it needs a new radiator. Carl thinks about how much money he has put into the car and thinks that, because he has invested so much money in repairs, he'd be better off just making the repair as opposed to spending money to buy a new car. Carl is a victim of
a. overconfidence. b. the sunk-cost fallacy. c. opportunity costs. d. hindsight bias. |
The sunk cost fallacy
|
|
|
The ____ effect refers to a phenomenon of form perception in which a person can more readily identify letters when they are presented in the context of words than when they are presented as solitary letters.
a. word-superiority b. word-context c. letter-identification d. perceptual-facilitation |
word superiority
|
|
|
With this type of aphasia, impairment is seen for both comprehension and production of speech.
a. anomic aphasia b. Broca's aphasia c. global aphasia d. Wernicke's aphasia |
global apasia
|
|
|
Researchers who study the effects of cultural differences on intelligence-test scores have shown that the IQs of first-generation Italian-Americans (less than a century ago) had a median of 87 (low average). Today, Italian-American students show slightly above average IQs. The most plausible explanation of such remarkable gains is
a. heredity. b. cultural assimilation. c. greater motivation. d. better nutrition. |
Cultural assimilation
|
|
|
This type of aphasia, due to damage in a specific area of the brain, is evident by a person's difficulty in understanding sentences and words that are spoken.
a. anomic aphasia b. Broca's aphasia c. orthographic aphasia d. Wernicke's aphasia |
Wernicke's aphasia
|
|
|
John often relies on his own experiences and the accuracy of his judgment over the judgment of others based on what he knows of his own skills and knowledge. This would be an example of (a/an)
a. exclusion fallacy. b. subjective probability. c. framing effect. d. overconfidence. |
overconfidence
|
|
|
Factor analysis is best understood as
a. a critical analysis of a psychological construct. b. an analysis of the factors most important in a scientific argument. c. a statistical method that seeks to identify separate underlying sources of individual differences in performance on tests. d. a method of logic used to derive the main factors of an analytical argument. |
a statistical method that seeks to identify separate underlying sources of individual differences in performance on tests.
|
|
|
____ refers to a cognitive phenomenon in which a person is predisposed to use an existing model for representing information, even when the existing model inadequately represents the information in a new situation
a. Heuristic facilitation b. Mental set c. Algorithm fixedness d. Stationary thinking |
mental set
|
|
|
____ revolutionized the study of syntax by being the first to argue convincingly that phrase-structure grammars are inadequate to convey fully the structures of sentences
a. Eleanor Rosch b. Ludwig Wittgenstein c. Herbert Clark d. Noam Chomsky |
noam chomsky
|
|
|
"I'd really like to be her" instead of "I'd really like to see her" is an example of a linguistic error in which what we mean is different than what we say. This is called a(n)
a. slip of the tongue. b. interactive-activation model. c. linguistic relativity. d. word superiority effect. |
slip of the tongue
|
|
|
According to ____, we typically use a decision-making strategy called satisficing
a. Amos Tversky b. Michael Ross c. Daniel Kahneman d. Herbert Simon |
herbert simon
|
|
|
Andy is throwing dice. The probability that he will throw a 1,2,3,4,5,6 sequence is ____ than/as his throwing a 4,2,5,6,3,1 sequence.
a. 6 times smaller b. 36 times smaller c. not as great d. the same |
the same
|
|
|
When speaking, phonemes in a word and between words often overlap. In other word, the boundaries between phonemes are not discrete but more continuous. This overlapping of phonemes is called
a. allophones. b. holophrases. c. discourse. d. coarticulation. |
coarticulation
|
|
|
____ was an early researcher of intelligence who viewed intelligence as a function of psychophysical abilities. He developed tests, such as of weight discrimination, to measure intelligence.
a. Alfred Binet b. Clark Wissler c. Francis Galton d. Theodosius Simon |
francis galton
|
|
|
The statement "Can you pass the salt?" is an example of a ____ speech act.
a. representative b. directive c. commissive d. performative |
directive
|
|
|
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is another name for the linguistic ____ hypothesis
a. absolutism b. relativity c. universality d. contextualism |
relativity
|
|
|
Any time an event occurs there may be any number of contributing factors (e.g., computer crash). For this particular phenomenon, ____, once we find one factor we often stop looking for other contributing factors.
a. exclusion fallacy b. bounded rationality c. overextension errors d. discounting error |
discounting error
|
|
|
This general term indicates that there is an impairment in language functioning due to some damage to the brain (e.g., lesions).
a. orthographic b. linguistic relativity c. subtractive bilingualism d. aphasia |
aphasia
|
|
|
People's understanding and control of their own thinking is called
a. intelligence. b. learning. c. metacognition. d. human reasoning. |
metacognition
|
|
|
Symbols that resemble their referents in some way are termed
a. words. b. phonemes. c. morphemes. d. icons. |
icons
|
|
|
The main subfactors of intelligence, according to R. Cattell, are
a. practical-, mechanical-, and verbal-educational. b. fluid and crystallized intelligence. c. verbal and performance abilities. d. memory and reasoning abilities. |
fluid and crystallized intelligence
|
|
|
Our personal, unstated ideas of what it means to be smart are called ____ of intelligence
a. implicit theories b. explicit theories c. tacit theories d. unconscious theories |
implicit theories
|
|
|
Semantics is the study of the
a. structure of language. b. meanings of words. c. production of speech. d. acquisition of language. |
meanings of words
|
|
|
____ refer(s) to inadvertent errors in what is said, usually as a result of articulatory or semantic confusion of phonemes, morphemes, or even words
a. Semantic confusion b. Conversational errors c. Similes d. Slips of the tongue |
slips of the tongue
|
|
|
When problem-solvers ____, they fixate on a strategy that normally works in solving many problems, but that does not work in solving a particular problem of interest.
a. have an entrenched mental set b. have an unentrenched mental set c. experience heuristic facilitation d. experience algorithm fixedness |
have an entrenched mental set
|
|
|
This type of aphasia is evident by a person's difficulty in retrieving words that correspond to specific objects.
a. anomic aphasia b. Broca's aphasia c. global aphasia d. Wernicke's aphasia |
anomic aphasia
|
|
|
____ refers to a period of rest, following a period of intensive effort in problem solving, during which the problem-solver puts aside the problem for a while, thereby permitting greater mental flexibility so that insights may arise
a. The insight facilitation stage b. The proceduralization period c. The automaticity stage d. Incubation |
incubation
|
|
|
According to Sternberg's research, more intelligent subjects take ____ during encoding and formulation of a general strategy to solve a problem; they also take ____ to form and implement strategies for the details of the task.
a. more time; less time b. less time; less time c. less time; more time d. research is inconclusive |
more time; less time
|
|
|
With technology, new words are developed in order to describe new concepts or products (e.g., television, laser, microchips). The coining of new words and phrases refers to language's
a. regularity of structure. b. multiplicity of structure. c. dynamic quality. d. communicative property. |
multiplicity of structure
|
|
|
The main properties of language are
a. communicative, statically symbolic, and productive. b. regularly structured, communicative, and statically symbolic. c. structured at multiple levels, dynamic, and abstractly leveled. d. regularly structured, productive, and dynamic. |
regularly structured, productive, and dynamic
|
|
|
Satisficing makes it more difficult for people to make fully rational decisions because, in satisficing,
a. we do not consider all possible options, but rather consider a few until we find one that is satisfactory. b. we consider the additional variable of an incentive, or reward, in the decision-making process. c. we limit the number of options we consider in causing us to seek to minimize pain. d. we often become irrational and unable to make a well-reasoned decision. |
we do not consider all possible options, but rather consider a few until we find one that is satisfactory
|
|
|
This part of the problem-solving cycle involves periodically assessing to what extent you are getting closer to the goal. In other words, individuals who are effective problem-solvers will check their performance along the way to decide if they should continue or change their approach.
a. strategy formulation b. problem definition c. monitoring d. evaluation |
monitoring
|
|
|
A gambler has lost a game in which there is a 0.5 chance of winning. In fact, she has now lost six times and is trying to figure out her odds of winning on the next try. Taking into consideration the six previous times she lost, her chance of winning is now
a. more than 50%. b. less than 50%. c. exactly 50%. d. more than 75%. |
exactly 50%
|
|
|
A(n) ____ refers to juxtaposition of two unlike nouns, in which the word like or as is used to suggest similarities between the two.
a. metaphor b. simile c. semantic comparison d. analogical act |
similie
|
|
|
A mental age of 8 refers to
a. the intelligence of any 8-year-old. b. a score of 8 on a standard intelligence test. c. a person who utilizes only 80% of his or her brain capacity. d. the average level of intelligence of an 8-year-old. |
the average level of intelligence of an 8 year old
|
|
|
____ refers to any carryover of knowledge or skills from one problem situation to another.
a. Transfer b. Divergent thinking c. Functional inhibition d. Functional fixation |
transfer
|
|
|
A business associate said, "I'm glad to beat you," when what he intended to say was "I'm glad to meet you." This description illustrates the psychoanalytic concept of
a. semantic confusion. b. conversational errors. c. Jungian similes. d. Freudian slip. |
freudian slip
|
|
|
Studies show that expert problem-solvers tend to devote ____ of their mental resources to global planning than do novice problem solvers.
a. less b. more c. the same d. a differing amount (depending on the type of problem) |
more
|
|
|
An insightful lawyer must figure out which of the myriad facts of a legal case are relevant to principles of law and can be used to make a case. This task requires primarily selective-____ processes.
a. comparison b. combination c. encoding d. decoding |
encoding
|
|
|
Susan is a very bright student. She has noticed that, overall, it takes her less time to write a paper than it does some of her student friends. According to Sternberg's componential analysis research, Susan most likely takes ____ to research and plan the writing of her papers and ____ to do the actual writing of it.
a. more time; less time b. less time; less time c. less time; more time d. about the same amount of time; less time |
more time; less time
|
|
|
This notion suggests that we do not have infinite sensitivity when evaluating an number of different options. Rather when making decisions "we are rational but within limits."
a. opportunity costs b. subjective probability c. bounded rationality d. perspective effects |
bounded rationality
|
|
|
____ refers to a set of processes for which the goal is to overcome obstacles obstructing the path to a solution.
a. Convergent thinking b. Problem solving c. Creativity d. Productive thinking |
problem solving
|
|
|
The goal of ____ is to select from among choices or to evaluate opportunities
a. reasoning b. judgment and decision making c. reasoning and judgment d. decision making and reasoning |
judgement and decision making
|
|
|
What is the idea behind the subjective expected utility theory?
a. Utilities for a given action vary from person to person, depending on each person's hopes and fears. b. In making decisions, people use objective criteria for studying probabilities of outcomes but subjective criteria for evaluating each outcome. c. In making decisions, people seek to maximize their maximum gain. d. In making decisions, people seek to maximize their minimum gain. |
utilities for a given action vary from person to person, depending on each person's hopes and fears
|
|
|
____ refers to a simple means of communication that is a rudimentary mixture of the lexicon and syntax of two or more languages.
a. Pidgin b. Creole c. Dialect d. Language |
pidgin
|
|
|
Language acquisition probably involves
a. the interaction of nature and nurture. b. nature only. c. nurture only. d. neither nature nor nurture. |
the interaction of nature and nurture
|
|
|
Suzanne is going to a party where there is some dancing in addition to the usual mingling. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which type of intelligence will Suzanne require the most?
a. intrapersonal intelligence b. interpersonal intelligence c. musical intelligence d. spatial intelligence |
spatial intelligence
|
|
|
Annie, an 18-month-old infant, calls all furry, four-legged animals "doggie." Annie is displaying the
a. generalization error. b. underextension error. c. overextension error. d. holophrasic error. |
overextension error
|
|
|
The ____ hypothesis suggests that, when learning to use words, children form definitions that describe important purposes. Thus, since dogs and cats serve the same purposes as pets, a child is likely to refer to a cat as a "doggie."
a. overextension b. feature c. functional d. generalization |
functional
|
|
|
Across cultures, parents seem to use ____ intonations to gain young children's attention and ____ intonations to comfort children.
a. rising; flat b. rising; falling c. falling; rising d. flat; falling |
rising; falling
|
|
|
The use of a timed task as a measure of intelligence within a culture that does not value quickness illustrates
a. the problems that may arise when using culturally bound methods in research. b. the value of speed of information processing in intelligence research. c. the importance of viewing intelligence in terms of the speed of neural conduction. d. the universally high correlation between speed of information processing and intelligence. |
the problems that may arise when using culturally bound methods in research
|
|
|
____ is (are) a particular approach to problem solving which suggests the following steps: problem identification, problem definition, strategy formulation, organization of information, allocation of resources, monitoring, and evaluation
a. Problem solving cycle b. Well-structured problems c. Ill-Structured problems d. Entrenchment |
problem solving cycle
|
|
|
____ periods refer to times of development during which a particular ability must be developed if it is ever to develop adequately
a. Growth b. Developmental c. Critical d. Ability-enhancing |
critical
|
|
|
This part of the problem-solving cycle occurs once you have arrived at a solution you then assess the quality of your solution.
a. strategy formulation b. problem definition c. monitoring d. evaluation |
evaluation
|
|
|
In response to the question, "Honey, how do I look?" Ms. Smith exclaimed, "Terrific!" although she had serious reservations about her husband's appearance. Ms. Smith's answer illustrates a violation of the conversational maxim of
a. quantity. b. quality. c. relation. d. manner. |
quality
|
|
|
General organizing principles related to specific types of goals are termed
a. confirmation bias. b. pragmatic reasoning schemas. c. casual inferences. d. fallacies. |
pragmatic reasoning schemas
|
|
|
Researchers vary in their conceptions of intelligence, yet they generally embrace two themes:
a. the capacity to learn from experience and the ability to select your environment. b. the capacity to learn from experience and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment. c. the capacity to learn from experience and the ability to shape your environment. d. the capacity to learn from experience and the ability to influence others. |
the capacity to learn from experience and the ability to adapt to the surrounding
|
|
|
This is a particular type of mental set when one believes that members of a particular social group tend to have similar characteristics.
a. functional fixedness b. stereotypes c. negative transfer d. convergent thinking |
stereotypes
|
|
|
Michelle was trying to figure out the best way to take notes. She tried both a deductive and an inductive approach. She tried highlighting the most important facts. After the exam, she realized it would have been much more to her advantage to concentrate on specifics. Michelle's realization is an example of
a. overconfidence. b. the framing effect. c. the illusory correlation. d. the hindsight bias. |
the hindsight bias
|
|
|
When it comes to writing term papers, Scott takes much longer conducting his research, organizing his notes, and planning his paper than does David. Yet, David requires more time to do the actual writing of the paper than does Scott. From this we can infer that Scott devotes ____ to ____ planning than does David.
a. more time; global b. less time; global c. more time; local d. less time; crystallized |
more time; global
|
|
|
Each of the following aspects of children's linguistic development increases with age, except their
a. ability to comprehend language. b. ability to generate useful strategies for verbal comprehension and fluency. c. verbal fluency. d. ability to discriminate phonemes of several languages. |
ability to discriminate phonemes of several languages
|
|
|
____ is a concept describing testing that is equally appropriate and fair for members of all cultures.
a. Culture testing relevance b. Cultural relativism c. Culture-fair testing d. Cultural contextualism |
culture fair testing
|
|
|
This notion is the mistaken belief that the current probability of event is influence by prior random events (e.g., flipping a coin and the person get heads 8 times, believe that the 9th heads is more likely).
a. Sunken Costs b. Adjustment from Anchor Heuristic c. Gambler's Fallacy d. Inclusion Fallacy |
gambler's fallacy
|
|
|
____ refers to thought processes during which the person selectively narrows down multiple alternatives until reaching a single, optimal alternative.
a. Divergent thinking b. Convergent thinking c. Insight d. Incubation |
convergent thinking
|
|
|
According to ____ psychologists, insight problems require problem solvers to perceive the problem as a whole, which differs from perceiving the problem as a collection of its parts.
a. Gestalt b. information processing c. structural d. behavioral |
gestalt
|
|
|
____ is an aspect of problem solving during which the person encodes the problem and formulates a general strategy for attacking the problem.
a. Fluid planning b. Crystallized planning c. Global planning d. Local planning |
global planning
|
|
|
A person who speaks more than one language is
a. bilingual. b. monolingual. c. subtractive bilingual. d. unilingual. |
bilingual
|
|
|
Most of the early models of classical decision theory were devised by
a. cognitive psychologists. b. physiological psychologists. c. philosophers. d. economists. |
economists
|
|
|
__________ refers to the systematic way in which words can be combined and sequenced to make meaningful phrases and sentences
a. Semantics b. Syntax c. Pragmatics d. Linguistics |
syntax
|
|
|
__________ are characteristic patterns of language that apply across all of the languages of various cultures.
a. Speech acts b. Scripts c. Similes d. Linguistic universals |
linguistic universals
|
|
|
Becoming free of __________ is what first allowed people to use a reshaped coat hanger to get into a locked car and it is what first allowed thieves to pick simple spring door locks with a credit card.
a. functional inhibition b. divergent thinking c. introceptive thinking d. functional fixedness |
functional fixedness
|
|
|
The likelihood that a given outcome or event will occur is defined in terms of
a. chance. b. probability. c. bounded rationality. d. representativeness. |
probability
|
|
|
What characterizes a prototype?
a. It has critical properties of a concept. b. It is used to identify new objects. c. It is a mental construct. d. All of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
According to some researchers, which of the following forms of imagery do we seem to use most often?
a. Tactile (touch) b. Auditory c. Visual d. Olfactory (smell) |
visual
|
|
|
Michael Corballis suggested that "humans alone can conceive what they have never perceived" because
a. like other animals, our right hemisphere perceives our physical environment, and our left hemisphere manipulates imaginal components and symbols. b. like other animals, our right hemisphere perceives our physical environment in an analogue manner; our left hemisphere, however, unlike that of animals, manipulates imaginal components and symbols. c. only humans possess a mind that can represent objects and locations imaginally. d. unlike other animals, humans mentally visualize images using the right hemisphere only, whereas animals use only their left hemisphere. |
like other animals, our right hemisphere perceives our physical enviornment in an analogue manner; our left hemisphere, however, unlike that of animals, manipulates imaginal components and symbols
|
|
|
An important characteristic of language is that it is __________, that is, language constantly evolves
a. dynamic b. arbitrarily symbolic c. generative d. productive |
dynamic
|
|
|
The smallest unit of sound that denotes meaning within a particular language is the
a. phoneme. b. morpheme. c. phone. d. morphe. |
morpheme
|
|
|
The word superiority effect is surprising because
a. more than one letter must be processed in order to recognize the target letter. b. most theories of letter recognition predict the opposite. c. the capacity of short term memory is overloaded. d. iconic memory can't be used. |
more than one letter must be processed in order to recognize the target letter
|
|
|
When people speed-read, they show
a. fewer and shorter fixations. b. more but shorter fixations. c. fewer but longer fixations. d. more and longer fixations. |
fewer and shorter fixations
|
|
|
Richard does not realize that his drinking is interfering with his daily activities and is becoming a problem. To address this problem, Richard first and foremost (before anything else) needs to __________ the problem.
a. define b. formulate a strategy to deal with c. identify the existence of d. evaluate |
identify the existence of
|
|
|
Steve realizes he and his girlfriend Cathy are not getting along well. Steve thinks that the reason why his girlfriend is unhappy with their relationship is because he spends too much time with his buddies. Yet, according to Cathy, this is not the reason at all. According to Cathy, Steve has failed to __________ the problem correctly.
a. define b. formulate a strategy to deal with c. monitor d. evaluate |
define
|
|
|
Which of the following problems has the same solution as X-ray and tumor problem discussed in class?
a. cheap necklace problem c. nine-dot problem b. dictator and fortress problem d. hat-rack problem |
dictator and fortress problem
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a correct description for set effect?
People often get stuck using an approach that goes nowhere. c. Incubation is often used to avoid set effect In brainstorming, most of the ideas are worthless, but the approach is still beneficial to avoid set effect. d. After a break, people are more likely to try a different approach |
incubation is often used to avoid set effect
|
|
|
Safren (1962) study showed speeded anagram unscrambling when the list included KMLI, RECMA, and IKRDN as compared to when the list inluded CTURK, CHUOC, and STTE. This result illustrates the effect of __________
a. representation c. incubation b. visualization d. priming |
priming
|
|
|
Which of the following statements is incorrect in terms of expertise?
a. Reseach suggests that experts hardly depending on automatic process. c. Research suggests 10,000 hours of practise to become an expert. b. Experts and novice use different organization of knowledge. d. Research suggests that experts are made, not born. |
research suggests that experts hardly depending on automatic process
|
|
|
Chapman & Chapman (1971) created many fictional transcript of a subject's response to a set of ink blots, and randomly paired a transcript with a person description. This study supported that subjects
a. false memory c. illusory covariation b. implicit learning d. anchoring |
illusory covariation
|
|
|
In class we had the following demonstration. Group A viewed the statement, "A newly hired engineer for a medical laser firm in San Diego had four years of experience in examining lasers and excellent qualifications. When asked to estimate the starting salary for this employee, my administrative assistant (knowing very little about the profession or the industry) guessed an annual salary—excluding benefits—of $45,000. What is your estimate?" And group B viewed the statement, "A newly hired engineer for a medical laser firm in San Diego had four years of experience in examining lasers and excellent qualifications. When asked to estimate the starting salary for this employee, my administrative assistant (knowing very little about the profession or the industry) guessed an annual salary—excluding benefits—of $145,000. What is your estimate?" This was a demonstration for ________________
a. anchoring effect c. functional fixedness b. set effect d. hindsight bias |
anchoring effect
|
|
|
For the reaction paper assignment, you read Tversky and Shafir (1992) article. This study examined _______________.
a. gambler's fallacy c. base rate bias b. hindsight judgment bias d. choice under uncertainty |
choice under uncertainty
|
|
|
I have a friend who is a professor. He likes to write poetry, is rather shy, and is small in stature. Suppose 90% of Chinese scholars fit the stereotype, and only 5% of psychologists fit the stereotype. Also suppose there are 10,000 Chinese scholars and 200,000 psychologists. When subjects receve the quesion, which of the following is his field: Chinese studies or psychology, more subjects chose Chineses studies for his field. This is an example that ______________________________________.
a. People use probability for judgment c. People often ignore base rate information when there is other information available b. People often display conjunction fallacy d. People are good at detecting covariation |
people often ignore base rate information when there is other information available
|
|
|
__________ problems have a well-defined path to solution
a. Positive transfer b. Transparent c. Well-structured d. Heuristic |
well structured
|
|
|
What is the goal of human action in decision making, according to the subjective expected utility theory?
a. Utilities for a given action may be predicted for all persons within a given culture. b. In making decisions, people seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. c. In making decisions, people seek to maximize their maximum gain. d. In making decisions, people seek to maximize their minimum gain. |
in making decisions, people seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a heuristic people use in making decisions?
a. Representativeness b. Availability c. Adjustment-from-an-anchor d. Categorical |
categorical
|
|
|
In which display is it easiest to recognize the letter "S"?
a. SCOPE b. SEPCO c. S d. s |
SCOPE
|
|
|
__________ refers to a phenomenon whereby repeated experience with a procedure (e.g., problem solving in a particular domain) may lead to enhanced performance, requiring little conscious effort or control.
a. Proceduralized fixedness b. Facilitation c. Habituation d. Automaticity |
automaticity
|
|
|
"I keep hearing about that book, so it must be worth reading." This statement suggests use of what heuristic?
a. availability b. antithesis c. synthesis d. antisynthesis |
availability
|
