Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Dax experiment
|
'This is a dax' versus 'This is Dax'; child could understand difference when choosing the object.
|
|
Specific Language Impairment
|
Type of impairment involving language comprehension and production (slow speech rate, difficulty with plurals, etc.)
|
|
Williams Syndrome
|
Characterized by high verbal intellect in comparison of IQ and hyper talkative, with expressive language despite reasoning difficulties
|
|
Language Development - cooing
|
First few months
|
|
Language development - babbling
|
6 months old
|
|
Language development - one-word utterances
|
1 year old
|
|
Language development - two-word utterances
|
2+ years old
|
|
Language development - short sentences
|
3 years old
|
|
Ways of Learning Language
|
negative evidence (which strings of words are not grammatically correct)
rewards for correct speech directed speech imitation |
|
Universal Grammar
|
coined by Chomsky; idea that there are properties that all languages have
|
|
Parameterization
|
accounts for one's ability to learn multiple natural languages
|
|
Social grouping
|
language separates social groups; information keeps groups exclusive
|
|
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
|
linguistic relativity; structure of a language affects the ways in which its respective speakers conceptualize their world.
Strong hypothesis: if language didn't distinguish past/present, person couldn't. Weak hypothesis: we can create distinctions for words we already have. |
|
Critical period
|
0-12 yo; best time to learn new languages
|
|
Pidgins
|
simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade.
|
|
How language differs from other forms of communication
|
word and what it describes are not identical
language can express hopes and beliefs language is generative and can infinitely add on |
|
Aspects of Language
|
Phonetics
Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics |
|
Phonetics
|
physical properties of speech sounds or signs
|
|
Phonology
|
organization of sounds within a language
|
|
Morphology
|
structure/formation of words
Morphemes - smallest comprehending sound (bound and free) |
|
Syntax
|
sentence structure
nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, determiners |
|
Noun phrase
|
NP = (det) adj* n
|
|
Prepositional phrase
|
PP = p np
|
|
Verb phrase
|
VP = V Adv
|
|
Syntactic ambiguity
|
More than one meaning can be discerned from a syntactically accurate sentence.
"I like talking about sex with my therapist." |
|
Semantics
|
Meaning behind a sentence
Sentence can be syntactically correct but have no logical meaning |
|
Pragmatics
|
How that sentence and the meaning behind that sentence relates to the context it's said in.
|
|
Wernicke's aphasia
|
can be syntactical sentences but has no meaning behind it, just word salad; can respond well but can't comprehend what you say as well
|
|
Broca's aphasia
|
Difficulty with syntax and strings of words but can understand and comprehend language and meaning
|
|
McGurk effect
|
visual system cues us to hear certain sounds, even if they aren’t being voiced
|
|
Inductive reasoning
|
general inferences go beyond specific information
"bottom-up processing" |
|
Deductive reasoning
|
specific inferences from given premises
|
|
Modus ponens
|
• Valid
• If P → Q • P • Therefore, Q |
|
Affirming the consequent
|
• Not valid (logical fallacy)
• If P → Q • Q • Therefore, P |
|
Modus tollens
|
• Valid
• If P → Q • ~Q • Therefore, ~P |
|
Denying the antecedent
|
• Not valid (logical fallacy)
• If P → Q • ~P • Therefore, ~Q |
|
Categorical syllogism
|
• All/No/Some X are Y
• All/No/Some Z are X • Therefore, all/no/some Z are X |
|
Representativeness heuristic
|
strategy in which probability of a statement is based upon how much it resembles available information
|
|
Availability heuristic
|
strategy in which probability of a statement is based upon how easily instances come to mind
|
|
Framing effects in neuroeconomics
|
prisoner's dilemma
truster's dilemma endowment effect we are reference dependent and loss averse |
|
Two-action task
|
Two ways to achieve a desired goal
Ghost condition Overimitation |
|
Mirror neurons
|
possible mechanism for learning, language, empathy?
|
|
Communicative availability
|
a
|
|
Gaze-following
|
a
|
|
Eye Direction Detector Proposal
|
a
|
|
Direction of Attention Detector Proposal
|
a
|
|
Deception
|
a
|
|
Theory of mind
|
False beliefs
Sally-Anne task False contents task |
|
Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness
|
a
|