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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the frontal lobe anatomy & name the subdivisions (4). |
-1/3 of the cerebral cortex in humans Subdivisions: -lateral prefrontal -ventromedial/orbitofrontal -medial motor/premotor -anterior cingulate |
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Describe the development of the frontal lobe. Describe frontalization. |
-among latest regions to fully develop: late adolescence -gray matter loss (pruning) & white matter myelination & organization -white matter organization correlates w/ measures of impulse control in teens -frontalization: shift of planning/decision making processes from limbic to frontal areas |
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Describe frontal dysfunction AKA "frontal lobe syndrome" & the classical symptoms. |
-damage to prefrontal -relatively normal IQ, communication, memory, sensory, motor -impaired in goal orientated bx & planning (lack of insight/foresight) -inappropriate humor & emotional reactions, shallow affect -correct, but stereotyped manners -lack of creativity -diminished pleasure/pain response & motivational drive -inability to focus attention |
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Describe what happens when each region of the frontal lobe is damaged: -motor & premotor cortex -medial prefrontal -orbital frontal -dorsolateral frontal |
-motor & premotor cortex: motor defects, language disorders -medial prefrontal: impaired expression & experience of affect, impaired drive towards motion, communication problems -orbital frontal: classical "frontal lobe syndrome" & personality disturbances -dorsolateral frontal: impaired high-level cognitive ability, extracting meaning from experience, organization of mental contests |
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Describe differences in medial temporal system & prefrontal system. |
medial-temporal: -difficulties in learning new facts (anterograde amnesia) -loss of memory for recent past (limited retrograde amnesia) -memory deficit is limited to direct memory tests prefrontal: -impairment in memory for contextual info (ex. temporal & spatial order tasks, source memory) -lack of flexibility (ex. in strategy implementation & organizational factors) |
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Describe working memory. Where does it takes place? What is the structure of working memory? |
Working memory: (takes place in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) -is related to attention control & STM -has limited capacity -structure of WM is Baddeley model (central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial scratch pads) |
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Describe Working Memory's role in the lateral prefrontal cortex. What kinds of tasks do researchers use to for Working Memory? |
-Lateral prefrontal cortex is important for maintaining info. that is no longer present-Frontal lobes don't store info. long-term, but act as temporary buffer
-Make patient hold onto some kind of info & then have them try to recall after a delay |
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Describe tests used during animal studies for working memory & frontal lobes. |
-Delayed matching-to-sample task had two versions: Working Memory & Associative Memory (monkeys w/ frontal lobe lesions are impaired in Working Memory version but not associative memory version) |
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Describe tasks used in human lesion studies of working memory & frontal lobe. |
Patients w/ lesions to frontal lobe are impaired in a number of tests. -Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (perseveration) -Delayed Alternation Task (requires maintaining info. in mind) |
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Define source memory vs. temporal order memory. |
Source: remembering the episodic conditions in which info was learned (ex. who said that? what was the source?) (impaired in patients w/ frontal lobe lesions & in older adults) Temporal order: remembering what order something was in; 2 types: recency memory & recognition memory |
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Define recency memory vs. recognition memory. |
recency memory: ability to organize & segregate the timing or order of events in memory
recognition memory: there is no need to evaluate the choices b/c there's only 1 that you should be able to recognize |
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Describe effects of frontal lesions & medial temporal lesions on recency & recognition memory? In normal aging, what is affected more: recency or recognition memory? |
-Frontal lesions impair recency -Medial temporal lesions impair recognition -in normal aging, recency memory is affected more than recognition memory |
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Goal oriented behavior components (4) |
-Planning & selecting action -Cognitive control -Selection & Inhibition -The anterior cingulate |
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Selection & Inhibition components (3) |
-Control of attention (select relevant info to pay attention to & inhibit aka filter out irrelevant info) -Control of action (what action am I going to choose?) -Control of memory (retrieve the info that you need & inhibit aka filter out irrelevant info) |
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Describe the Supervisory Attentional System. Why is it important? (4) |
-SAS is the executive for attention control (we use SAS to engage in the selection process; which action will we chose) -planning & decision-making -novel situations ( new situations that you don't have any previous known actions) -suppression of well-learned response (the more & more you do something, it becomes a habit & you don't need SAS anymore) -error correction (keeps track of unsuccessful actions & stores it so it's not repeated in future) |
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Describe the Anterior Cingulate & it's role in the Supervisory Attentional System (SAS) |
-important for SAS -this area is activated anytime subject does a difficult task (less active when task is easy) -responsible for resolving response conflict (chose between 2 diff. responses that are competing against each other) -works w/ WM |
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Define task switching & switch cost. |
task switching: maintain overall goal while switching among subgoals switch cost: time required to switch from one task set to another; how the switch is cued is important |
