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28 Cards in this Set

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  • Back

Hard Enginerring

Defenses that include building physical structures. They tend to be expensive and have a high impact on the environment.

Soft Engineering

Defenses that include working with the environment. They tend to be less expensive than hard engineering options and have a smaller impact on the environment.

Groynes

Wooden/ Steel structures that prevent long-shore drift (LSD). Encourages beach to build up reducing erosion.

Wooden Revetments

They break the force of the waves and trap beach material behind them, so there is less wave energy for erosion and more beach material to prevent erosion.

Seawall

A curved concrete wall that deflects the power of the wave.

Gabions

Rocks encased in a wired mesh, they absorb the waves kinetic energy, so that less is used for erosion.

Rip Rap

Large rocks on a beach which lessen the force of the waves by absorbing their energy.

Beach Nourishment

Building up the beach by replenishing material at the base of structures to absorb wave energy.

Breakwater

Large concrete blocks and boulders located off-shore to break the waves sooner, change direction of the waves and reduce LSD.

Managed Retreat

Areas are allowed to be eroded and flooded naturally. People are compensated if their houses are lost.

Constructive Wave

A wave that builds up the beach, the swash is stronger than the backwash.

Destructive Wave

A wave removes sand from the beach, the backwash is stronger than swash.

Swash

The water that runs up the beach.

Backwash

The water that runs back down the beach.

Fetch

The distance of water that the wind has blown over.

Prevailing wind

The wind that blows the strongest and most often.

Freeze-Thaw

Water fills in a crack in a rock, the water freezes and the crack is made wider. This happens repeatedly, eventually the rock breaks into several pieces.

Onion Skin

The rocks expands due to heat during the day, it then compacts at night due to being cooled. This causes layer to peel of like an onion.

Biological

Animals make burrows in crack in rocks, causing the crack to widen and break the rock. Plants grow in cracks in rocks, the roots grow through the rock causing it to break.

Chemical

Rainwater is slightly acidic, it attacks the rock and causes it to crumble away. Heat makes it crumble faster.

Attrition

Rocks and boulders hit each other, when they collide the rocks break into smaller pieces.

Hydraulic Action

Water goes into cracks, when it comes goes out the air explodes. The force of water erodes the rocks.

Solution/ Corrosion

Water dissolves soluble material.

Abrasion/ Corrasion

The force of the water throws sand, pebbles and boulders against the rock causing it break and get worn away.

Traction

Boulders and pebbles are rolled along the the bottom.

Saltation

Sand sized particle are bounced along the bottom.

Suspension

Fine clay and and sand particles are carried along within the water.

Solution


(Transportation)

Some minerals dissolve in water such as calcium carbonate are transported invisibly.