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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
prosencephalon
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telencephalon
diencephalon |
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telencephalon
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adult structures:
cerebrum cortex, gray and white mattter and basal nuclei neural canal regions: lateral ventricles |
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lateral ventricles come from what primary brain vesicle
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prosencephalon
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mesencephalon
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mesencephalon
cerebral aqueduct |
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diencephalon
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-thalamuses
third ventricle |
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rhombencephalon
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metencephalon
myelencephalon |
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metencephalon
adult brain structures neural regions |
adult: brain stem, pons, cerebellum
fourth ventricle |
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myelencephalon
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adult: brainstem, medulla
neural: central canal |
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central canal comes from
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myelencephalon (brainstem and medulla)
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epidural space
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around dura mater
anesthesia given here epidural hemmorhage - between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura |
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subdural space
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betweeen dura and arachnoid
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contains CSF
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subarachnoid space
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all ascending and descending tracts go through ___
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medulla
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pons derived from which part of rhombencephalon
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metencephalon
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cerebral peduncle part of what part of rhombencephalon
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mesencephalon (midbrain)
ascending and descending nerve fibers |
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separates lateral ventricles
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septum pellucidum
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internal carotid arteries
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came off of the common carotid
at bifurcatoin- carotid contains baroreceptors and chemoreceptors three branches: opthalmic a anterior cerebral a middle cerebral a |
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three branches of internal carotid
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opthalmic a
anterior cerebral a middle cerebral a |
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vertebral arteries arise from which arteries
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arise from subclavian arteries at the base of the neck
pass up through transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and enter the skull throught he foramen magnum unite to form the basilar artery |
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which artery goes superiorly to form basilar artereries
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vertebral arteries that come from the sublclavian arteries
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basilar arteries
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formed at the level of the pons,
branches include: inferior and superior cerebellar arteries terminates by forming two posterior cerebral arteries |
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what are the branches of the basilar arteries
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inferior and superior cerebellar arteries
--> forms 2 posterior CEREBRAL arteries |
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which arteries form the 2 posterior cerebral arteries
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inferior and superior CEREBELLAR arteries
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anterior cerebral artery supplies:
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the frontal and parietal lobes
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middle cerebral artery supplies:
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midbrain and lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres
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headquarters of RF is in what part of the brain
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mesencephalon
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important nuclei of the RF located in
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SC
medulla pons mesencephalon thalamus HT |
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functions of RF
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somatic motor control - gives rise to reticulospinal tracts of the SC which adjust muscle tension to maintain balance and posture. relays signals from eyes and ears to the cerebellum to integrate motor coordinatoin
CV control pain modulation cortical alertnes habituation |
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somatic motor control of the RF
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give rise to the reticulospinal tracts of the SC
these adjust msucle tension to maintain balance and posture. relays signals from eyes and ears to cerebellum to integrate motor coordinatoin |
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funcions of medulla
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CV - adjust HR, strength of cardiac cxn, flow of blood through periopheral tissues
respiratory rhymicity centers pyramids, and olives nucleus gracilis nucleus cuneatus CN 9-12 |
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lateral tract fibers cross in what brainstem structure
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pyramids of the medulla
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what structure relay information from the SC, cerebral cortex, diencephalona dn brainstem to the cerebellar cortex
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olives of medulla
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primary neurons from the lower extremeities synapse with secondary neurons here____ before getting to the thalamus
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nucleus gracilis in the medulla
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primary neurons from the upper extremities synapse with secondary neurosn here___ on their way to the thelamus
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nucleus cuneatus of the medulla
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cardiovascular and respiratory autonomic nuclei are here:
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medulla
gives rise to CN 9-12 |
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transverse myelinated fibers connect ___ thru ___to___
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pass from cortex thru middle cerebellar peduncle to the cerebellum
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longitudinal fibers connect the __ to the ____
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midbrain to the medulla
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pons gives rise to which CN
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5-8
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what part of the brainstem has respiratory centers that regulat the respoiratory centers in teh medulla
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pons
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where do you find cerebral peduncles
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midbrain/mesencephalon
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tectum
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roof of mesencephalon
ocntains corpora quadrigemina -superior colliculi - visual reflexes -inferior colliculi - auditory reflexes |
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superior colliculi
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in the tectum which contains the corpora quadrigemina which contains the colliculi
visual reflex |
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red nucleus
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in mesencephalon
iron containing pigment in cell connects cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum, funcitoning in reflexes concerned with motoro coordination and maintennace of posture. involuntary motor commands. |
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which nuclei lcoated in midbrain responsibel for posture and involuntary movments
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nucleus rubor / red nucleus
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substantia nigra
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in midbrain
inhibit forced involuntary movments produces DA DA inhibits excitatoyr motor neurons |
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what structure programs and fine tunes the voluntary and involuntary through regulation fo pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways
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cerebellum,
rapid automatic adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium |
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flocculonodular lobes
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anterior inferior
cerebellar balance and eye movement control maintenance |
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cerebellar hemispheres
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divided by primary fissure
anteiror and posterior planning execution and coordinatoin of limb and trunk movments |
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cerebellar peduncles
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superior cerebellar peduncle --> mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum
middle cerebellar peduncle --> pons inferior cerebellar peduncle --> medulla, SC |
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sensory inputs to the cerebellum are ipsi or contralateral
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ipsilateral from body
but via contralateral motor cortex |
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pontine nuclei
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found in the cerebellum
receive contralateral inputs from the motor and sensory areas of brain |
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difference between inputs from the pontine nuclei and inferior olivary nucleus
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contralateral cortex to the pontine nuclei
inferior olivary nucleus form ipsilateral SC |
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deep cerebellar nuclei relay info from the cerebellar cortex via___ to ____ then to which side of cortex
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via superior cerebellar peduncle to contralateral thalamus and then to the contralateral cortex
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inputs to the CEREBELLAR CORTEX
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-vestibular system
-SC via olivary nucleus: mechano and proprioceptor info from the skin, muscles and joints -cerebral cortex via pontine nuclei: motor and premorot and somatosoensory cortex via nuclei in pons |
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OUTputs from deep cerebellar nuclei
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communicate with motor areas in RF and SC (govern posture, etc)
motor cortex and premotor cortex via thalamus --> influnce volunary movements |
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where do you find the MGN, LGN, ventral nuclei, anterior nuclei
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thalamus
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MGN
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relays auditory info from inner ear to auditory cortex
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LGN
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relay station for parietal lobe and impacts emotional states
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ventral nuclei
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in the thalamus
relay info btw cerebral cortex and basal nuclei, HT and frontal lobes |
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where do you find the PVN, SCN, preoptic, tuberal, supraoptic, mamillary bodies, autonomic centers
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HT
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PVN
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secretes oxytocin, stim SM cxn of uterus and mammary glands
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preoptic
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in the HT
reg body temp via ANS centers in the medulla |
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tuberal area
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releases hromones that control endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary
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mammillary bodies
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control feeding reflexes
in the HT |
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basal nuclei
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straddle the internal capsule (collection of projection fibers)
caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus the other basal nuclei are: subthalamus in diencephalon substantia nigra in midbrain |
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damage to lower motor neuron produces___
damage to upper motor neuron produces___ |
flaccid paralysis
muscle rigidity, flaccidity, uncontrolled contractions |
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corticospinal (PYRAMIDAL)
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descend directly from cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons. upper motor neuron cell bodies located in primary motor cortex.
most corticospinal fibers cross in pyramids of medulla to form the lateral corticospinal tract **conscious motor control |
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which tracts give conscious limb motor control
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lateral corticospinal pyramidal
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anterior corticospinal
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cross at spinal segment at ventral root
pyramidal conscious control over axial movements |
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conscious control over axial movements
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anterior corticospinal
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extrapyramidal tracts
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unconscious motor control pathways
-rubrospinal (subconscious motor control, muscle tone, work with cerebellum, cross at mesencephalon) -medullary reticulospinal (uncrossed, major extrapyramidal tract, from RF, subconsciously regulate reflex activity) |
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ascending spinal tracts
speciifc ascending pathways |
afferent (somatic and visceral)
neuronal (1st order neuron in dorsal root ganglion, 2nd order neuron in SC or BS, 3rd order neuron synapse in thalamus send info up to cortex) pathways: -anteriolateral -posterior column or medial lemniscus pathways -cerebellar pathways |
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anteriolateral pathways
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ascending afferent
**spinothalmic pathways lateral spinothalamic anterior spinothalamic spinoreticulothalamic |
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spinothalamic pathways carry what type of info
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touch
pressure pain temperature |
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first order neurons of spinothalamic pathways enter SC and synapse with ____gray horns
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posterior gray horns
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