Cnna Final Exam Review Edition 7 Chapter 11

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1.544Mbps

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T-1

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44.736Mbps

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T-3

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53Bytes

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(Cell)A packet of a fixed size. In ATM technology, a cell consists of 48bytes of data plus a 5-byte header.

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802.11n

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TheIEEE standard for a wireless networking technique that may issuesignals in the 2.4-GHz or 5 -GHz band and can achieve actual datathroughput between 65 Mbps and 600 Mbps. It accomplishes this throughseveral means, including MIMO, channel bonding, and frameaggregation. 802.11n is backward compatible with 802.11a, b, and g.

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802.16

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TheIEEE standard for broadband wireless metropolitan area networking(also known as WiMAX). 802.16 networks may use frequencies between 2GHz and 66 GHz. Their antennas may operate in a line-of-sight ornonline-of-sight manner and cover 50 kilometers (or approximately 30miles). 802.16 connections can achieve a maximum throughput of 70Mbps, though actual throughput diminishes as the distance betweentransceivers increases. Several 802.16 standards exist. Collectively,they are known as WiMAX.

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ADSL

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(asymmetricdigital subscriber line) The most popular variation of DSL. Thelatest version of ADSL, ADSL2+M, offers more throughput when datatravels downstream than when data travels upstream.

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ATM

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(AsynchronousTransfer Mode) A WAN technology functioning primarily at Layer 2(although its protocols can also reach Layers 1 and 3) that wasoriginally conceived in the early 1980s at Bell Labs and standardizedby the ITU in the mid-1990s. ATM delivers data using fixed packets,called cells, that each consist of 48 bytes of data plus a 5-byteheader. ATM relies on virtual circuits and establishes a connectionbefore sending data. The reliable connection ensured by ATM allowsnetwork managers to specify QoS levels for certain types of traffic.

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Band D channels

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Band D channelsB- The channel that employs circuit switching techniques to carryvoice, video, audio, and other types of data over the ISDNconnection; sometimes called the bearer channel.D-In ISDN, the channel that employs packet switching techniques tocarry information about the call, such as session initiation andtermination signals, caller identity, call forwarding, and conferencecalling signals. Sometimes called the data channel.

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Bonding

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Theprocess of combining more than one B channel of an ISDN line toincrease throughput. For example, BRI’s two 64-Kbps B channels arebonded to create an effective throughput of 128 Kbps.

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BPL

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(broadbandover powerline) High-speed Internet access delivered over theelectrical grid.

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Cabledrop

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Thefiber-optic or coaxial cable that connects a neighborhood cable nodeto a customer’s house

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CarrierEthernet Transport

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AnEthernet-based transport solution designed to overcome the inherentweaknesses of implementing Ethernet outside of a LAN environment.

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Cellulartechnologies that exist

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CIR

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(committedinformation rate) The guaranteed minimum amount of bandwidth selectedwhen leasing a frame relay circuit. Frame relay costs are partiallybased on CIR.

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CSU/DSU

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Acombination of a CSU (channel service unit) and a DSU (data serviceunit) that serves as the connection point for a T-1 line at thecustomer’s site. Most modern CSU/DSUs also contain a multiplexer. ACSU/DSU may be a separate device or an expansion card in anotherdevice, such as a router.

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Dedicatedline

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Acontinuously available link or service that is leased through anothercarrier. Examples of dedicated lines include ADSL, T-1, and T-3.

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DistanceVector Routing

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Thesimplest type of routing protocols; used to determine the best routefor data based on the distance to a destination. Some distance-vectorrouting protocols only factor in the number of hops to thedestination, while others take into account latency and other networktraffic characteristics.

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DLCI

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(data-linkconnection identifier) A field in a frame relay frame that routersread to determine which circuit to use for the frame.

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DOCSIS

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(DataOver Cable Service Interface Specification) An international,cooperative effort orchestrated by CableLabs that standardizedbroadband cable service.

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DS1

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?

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DSLAM

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(DSLaccess multiplexer) A connectivity device located at atelecommunications carrier’s office that aggregates multiple DSLsubscriber lines and connects them to a larger carrier or to theInternet backbone.

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E1

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Adigital carrier standard used in Europe that offers 32 channels and amaximum of 2.048-Mbps throughput.

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EDGE

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Atechnology added to GSM to provide data services on a cellularnetwork

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FractionalT1

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Anarrangement that allows a customer to lease only some of the channelson a T-1 line.

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FTTP

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(fiberto the premises) A service in which a residential or businesscustomer is connected to his carrier’s network using fiber-opticcable.

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Headend

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Acable company’s central office, which connects cable wiring to manynodes before it reaches customers’ sites

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ICS

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(InternetConnection Sharing) The use of one device’s Internet connection toprovide Internet connectivity to one or more other devices.

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LANE

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(LANEmulation) A method for transporting token ring or Ethernet framesover ATM networks. LANE encapsulates incoming Ethernet or token ringframes, then converts them into ATM cells for transmission over anATM network.

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Lastmile

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(localloop) The part of a phone system that connects a customer site with atelecommunications carrier’s switching facility.

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MetroEthernet

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AWAN technology that sends Ethernet traffic across MAN connections.

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MSC

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(mobileswitching center) A carrier’s facility to which multiple cellularbase stations connect. An MSC might be located inside a telephonecompany’s central office or it might stand alone and connect to thecentral office via fiber-optic cabling or a microwave link. Equipmentat an MSC manages mobile clients, monitoring their location and usagepatterns, and switches cellular calls. It also assigns each mobileclient an IP address.

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Openloop

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Oneof two methods that an ICS might use to control the physical system.In an open loop system, decisions are made based on predeterminedexpectations, events, and past history of the system without regardfor what’s currently happening within the system. Also called anopen network.

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PVC

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(permanentvirtual circuit) A point-to-point connection over which data mayfollow any number of different paths, as opposed to a dedicated linethat follows a predefined path. PVCs are established before dataneeds to be transmitted and are maintained after the transmission iscomplete. Frame relay technology uses PVCs.

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RoundRobin

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Amethod of increasing name resolution availability by pointing a hostname to a list of multiple IP addresses in a DNS zone file. Afterpointing a client to one IP address in the list, DNS will point thenext client that requests resolution for the same domain name to thenext IP address in the list, and so on.

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SIM

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(SubscriberIdentity Module) card A microchip installed in a cellular device tohold data about the subscription a user has with the cellularcarrier. GSM networks require that a cellular device have a SIM card.

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SONET

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(SynchronousOptical Network) A high-bandwidth WAN signaling technique thatspecifies framing and multiplexing techniques at the Physical layerof the OSI model. Its four key strengths are that it can integratemany other WAN technologies, it offers fast data transfer rates, itallows for simple link additions and removals, and its double ring offiber-optic cable provides a high degree of fault tolerance.

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SplitHorizon

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Amethod for preventing routing loops. This Layer 3 technology isemployed by distance-vector routing protocols to ensure that a routerknows which of its interfaces received a routing update so the routerwill not retransmit that same update back on the same interface

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SVC

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(switchedvirtual circuit) A logical, point-to-point connection that relies onswitches to determine the optimal path between sender and receiver.SVCs are established when parties need to transmit, then terminatedafter the transmission is complete. Frame relay technology uses SVCs.

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T1

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(terrestrialcarrier level 1) A digital carrier standard used in North America andmost of Asia that provides 1.544-Mbps throughput and 24 channels forvoice, data, video, or audio signals. T-1s rely on time divisionmultiplexing and may use shielded or unshielded twisted pair, coaxialcable, fiber optics, or microwave links.

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Throttling

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Oneway to limit excessive bandwidth consumption of a specific user,group of users, type of device, type of traffic, or (as in the caseof ISPs) a subscriber to the service. Throttling means to purposelyslow down bandwidth utilization or to block additional access once acertain threshold has been reached.

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PSTN

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(PublicSwitched Telephone Network) - Originally,the PSTN carried only analog traffic. All of its lines were copperwires, and switching was handled manually by operators. Today,switching is computer controlled, and nearly all of the PSTN usesdigital transmission.

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ISDN

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alegacy technology that is now almost completely phased out. All ISDNconnections were based on two types of channels: B channels and Dchannels. The B channel was the “bearer” channel, employingcircuit-switching techniques to carry voice, video, audio, and othertypes of data over the ISDN connection. The D channel was the “data”channel, employing packet-switching techniques to carry informationabout the call.