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319 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Numitor
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Brother of Amulius had his family killed, throne stolen
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Rhea Silvia
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daughter of Numitor, forced to be a Vestal Virgin by Amulius
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Faustulus
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Shepherd that discovered Romulus and Remus with the she wolf by the Tiber river (Faustulus was with his brother at the time)
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Ficus Ruminalis
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fig tree (found Remus and Romulus by a fig tree)
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Acca Larentia
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Wife of fastulus, amped to raise the lil’ vermins
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Heracles
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Hercules
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Ara Maxima
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Great Altar in Rome where Hercules was worshipped
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Evander
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Founded the altar Ara Maxima in Rome, worshipping Hercules who killed the creature Cacus (because he robbed Hercules’ cattle that he robbed from the giant Geryon)
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Aeneas
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Founded Lavinium and was the Trojan Ancestor of Romulus. Became a god when he died- married princess of the region Lavinia
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Ascanius (Julus)
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Son of Aeneas. Left Troy when it was burned. Founds Alba Longa
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Aeneid
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a poem written by Virgil that was propaganda supporting the emperor Augustus (3rd century AD)
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Anchises
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Father of Aeneas, married to Aphrodite (VENUS in Roman terms)
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Palladium
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Cult image of great antiquity (Ascanius and Aeneas seen on coin)
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Aborigines
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Indigenous inhabitants of Lavinium (mad about marriage)
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King Latinus
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Married his daughter Lavinia to Aeneas
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Heroon
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Ancient shrine dedicated to an ancient Roman leader
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Penates
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Gods of the household
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Ara Pacis
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An altar dedicated to Pax, the Roman Goddess of peace (sacrifices occurred)
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Gens Julia
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Gens of Caesar and Octavius- claimed to have descended from Aeneas
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Seven Roman Kings
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Romulus Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, Tarquinius Superbus (The Arrogant)
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Imperium
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power, acknowledged right to give orders
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Fasti Triumphales
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Register of Triumphs (documentation found on Augustus’ Parthinian Arch)
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Praenomen
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personal name
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Nomen
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Name of the Gens
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Cognomen
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Nickname
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Lapis Satricanus
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Stone found in city Satrican, with inscription to Mars (god of war)
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Maior
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elder (in context of daughter naming)
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Minor
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(in context of daughter naming)
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Prima
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first
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Secunda
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second
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Tertia
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third
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Lucreti
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Wife of Tarquinius Collatinus. Raped by Sextus Tarquinius
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Sextus Tarquinius
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Son of Tarquinius Superbus (brought down monarchy)
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Lucius Junius Brutus
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Fought Sex.Tarquinius who fled to Gabii, where he was killed
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Consul
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2 of them, elected by Roman people, one year office
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Decemuiri
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group of 10 men that created Rome’s first laws- TWELVE TABLES
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Twelve Tables
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equality of all free citizens in Rome established
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Senes
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old men
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Comitium
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place of assembly for the senate
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Comitia
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Assembly
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Pater
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father
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Patricii
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Patricians (upper class ruling elite)-termed by Romulus, only by birth, created during the monarchy, involved the monopolization of important priesthoods
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Plebs
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Plebeians, related to Greek word for masses, excluded from magistracies, senate, and religious colleges in early Republic, led to secession en masse from Rome
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Tribuni Plebis
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Tribune of the plebs- created from the first secession of plebs on the Aventine hill
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Nexum
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Debt-bondage
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Lex Poetelia
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Law of Poetelius- brought system of nexum to an end
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Ager Romanus
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Roman land
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Ager Publicus
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state-owned land
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Colonia
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colony
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Ciuitas sine suffragio
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citizenship without the right to vote
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Municipium
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free city
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Via Appia
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Road built by Claudius Caecus from Rome to Capua
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King Pyrrhus
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King of Epirus that attacked Rome through Sicily (Tarentum)
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Punici
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Phoenicians (related to the three punic wars)
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Hannibal
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Carthaginian that attacked Rome from the West with war elephants
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Titus Quinctius Flamininus
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freed the Greeks who had been subjects of Philip the 5th of Macedonia
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Horace
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Man who “captured Greece” and brought its arts in rural Latium
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Socii
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Allies
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M Livius Drusus
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Proposed to give Roman citizenship to the Italians, but it failed
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The Social War
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War between Romans and Italian allies of Rome- led to Romanization through giving Italians Roman citizenship
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Pompey
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triumph of wars in Spain, North Africa, against Mithridates, and pirates (famous statue of him holding a globe in his hand- controlling the world)
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First Triumvirate
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Pompey, C. J. Caesar, M. L. Crassus (senate appointed Pompey sole council later on (in 52 BCE))
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Rubicon
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River at which the civil war started with Caesar (the die has been cast)
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Battle of Pharsalus
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Battle in which Caesar defeats Pompey
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Kleopatra VII Philopator
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Lover of Marc Antony, Pharaoh of Egypt
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Gallic War Commentaries
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7 books written about the rise to power of C. J. Caesar
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Civil War Commentaries
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3 books written about the rise to power of C. J. Caesar
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Ides of March
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15 of March 44 BCE (when Caesar was assassinated)
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Second Triumvirate
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Made up of Mark Antony, M. Aemilius Lepidus, and Octavianus
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Battle of Actium
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Mark Antony and Cleopatra fled and committed suicide in Egypt
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Princeps
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leader
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Primus inter pares
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First among equals
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Nero
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Emperor that was speculated of creating the great fire in Rome
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Flavian Dynasty
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Dynasty of emperors that introduced “Italianness” to Rome
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Trajan
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Under his rule the empire reached maximum extension
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Damnatio memoriae
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condemnation of memory
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Caracalla
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Roman citizenship is granted to all free inhabitants of the empire
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Diocletian
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Shared the empire with 3 others, forming the tetrarchs
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Edict of Milan
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Christians were no longer prosecuted for worshipping (Constantine)
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Theodosius I
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Emperor whose death marked the splitting of the empire into 2 halves
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Romulus Augustus (Augustulus)
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last emperor of Rome
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Odoacer
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German King who took over power of Rome from Augustulus
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Plancius
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Cicero wrote about how all supported Placius’ candidacy as senator (interesting because Plancius was originally Macedonian
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Regina
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Her tombstone was discovered, which marked that she was a freedwoman (and that she was wife of a man named Barates)
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Polybius
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Historian and cavalryman (of Aechaen League) from Megalopolis
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Imperare
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to order
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Res publica
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activity of the Roman people
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Auspicium
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act of consulting the gods (done by magistrates with imperium)
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Triumphus
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to triumph (context in terms of prize given to Roman general)
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Paludamentum
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Robes that could be worn by a commander after going to the Temple of Jupiter on Capitoline Hill
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Prima Porta
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Suburb of Rome where Augustus was from
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Pomerium
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sacred boundary around the city of Rome
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Imperium militia
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power on military service
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Imperium domi
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power at home
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Imperator
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general, emperor
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Temple of Bellona
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Where the commander and the senate would meet (outside of the pomerium/sacred boundary)
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Ouatio
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ovation/lesser triumph
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Tunica palmate
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tunic embroided with palm leaves, worn by triumphator
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Toga Picta
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toga worn by triumphator (note also had face painted red)
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Arch of Titus
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Arch displaying a Jewish religious scene (spoils of Judea) + Titus’s triumph (coming into power)- he was the triumphator
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Marcus Aurelius
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Triumphed after success against Germanic tribes
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Temple of Mars Ultor the Avenger
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temple in the forum of Augustus
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Magistracies with imperium
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Consuls, Praetors, Dictators
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Magistracies without imperium
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Quaestors, Aediles, Censors, Tribunes of the plebs
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Comitia centuriata
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centuriate assembly
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Lex Vibia Annalis
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Law changing minimum age to be consul from 36 to 42
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Rogationes
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bills (t he kind passed in parliament)
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Toga Praetexta
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worn by consuls, aediles, censors
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Sella Curulis
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Seat sat on by consuls, praetors, aediles, censors
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Lictors
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12 lictors represented power and preceded the consuls (bodyguards)
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Fasces
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“bundle” of rods, with an ax attached
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Praetor peregrinus
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foreign praetor
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Praetor Urbanus
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praetor from within the city
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Urbs
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walled town or city
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Dictator rei gerundae causa
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for the purpose of carrying on the business of the state
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Dictator
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6 month office, 24 lictor bodyguards, nominated by a consul
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Magister equitum
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master of cavalry (appointed by the dictator)
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Dictum
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command
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Magister populi
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master of the people (referring to the dictator)
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End of Dictatorship
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Dictatorship dropped after the 2nd Punic War (Sulla and Caesar were exceptions, held power after this time)
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Quaestor
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the man who asks the questions, investigator
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Aerarium
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State treasury, quaestors were in charge of it (held in Temple of Saturn)
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Saturnalia
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Celebration of the god Saturn (god of culture, linked to harvest, good health)
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Quaestores urbani
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served in the city (were 2 of them)
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Sacrosanctitas
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sacrosanctity
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Concilium plebis
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assembly of the plebs (presented bills to tribune of plebs)
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Plebiscita
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decrees of the concilium plebis/ tribunes of plebs- have the force to pass law and veto any action by comitia centuriata or comitia tribute (HORTENSIAN LAW)
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Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
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posed a threat to the senatorial establishment and was killed
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Aedes
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buildings
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Curule aediles
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elected by comitia tribute, originally could only be patricians
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Ludi
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games
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Fasti Praenestini
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Calendars from Paeneste
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Plebeian Aediles
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Organized ludi plebei and Cerialia
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Curule Aediles
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organized the ludi romani and the Megalesia
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Ludi Romani (Roman Games)
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Dedicated to the Capitoline Triad (juno, Jupiter, Minerva)
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Ludi Plebei
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Instituted a commemoration of the secession to the Sacred Mount/ Aventine)- represented the reconciliation between patricians and plebeians
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Cerialia
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Festival in honour of Ceres (goddess of grain and harvest)
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Memmius
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Huge family name, Memmius the Aedile was first to celebrate Cerialia
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Megalesia
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In honor of Phrygian goddess Cybele (Magna Mater-mother goddess)
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Floralia
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In honour of Flora (goddess of flowers and the season of spring)
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Censere
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to assess
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Census
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register of people and property
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Lustrum
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5 year period that censors served
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Suouetaurilia
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sacrifice of a pig, sheep, and bull
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Patronus
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name of father
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Equites
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cavalrymen, should own at least 400,000 sesterces (currency)
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Villa Publica
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House in the Campus Martius where the censors gathered
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Domitius Ahenobarbus Relief
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Census ceremony
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Gaius Claudius Nero and Marcus Livius Salinator
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2 censors that hated each other- tried to bring each other down and ruined reputation of censors
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Publicanus
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public contractor
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Cursus Honurum
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race for honours
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Lex Villia Annalis
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a two year gap was made between consulship and praetorship
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Sulla’s Legislation
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constitutional reform where quaestorship before praetorship
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Sequestres
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collectors of bribes
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Diuisores
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distributors of bribes
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Cliens
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client (freeman who entrusted himself and received protection in return)
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Patronus
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patron (the protector of a client/cliens)
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Nobilis
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noble (had consul as an ancestor)
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Novus homo
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new man (did not have consul as an ancestor)
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Principes
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first citizens
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Cato the Elder
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a novus homo who gained consulship but died before he could start
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Cato the Younger
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was nobilis (dad was technically appointed) and became consul
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Pro-magistrates
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those who temporarily filled in for magistrates
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Quintus Publius Philo
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Appointed Pro consul (replacement for the consul), so that the consul could finish his siege in Naples
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Libertas
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freedom
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Tribunicia potestas
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power of the tribune
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Imperium Romanum
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Roman empire (but only termed after Julius Caesar)
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Rogatio
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asking
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Servius Tullius
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Man who set up the comitia centuriata (first only 18 cavalry lol) SAME NAME AS THE SECOND LAST KING OF ROME AWKS (get a new name bud)
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Classis
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first property grouping of centuriae for the comitia vote
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Proles
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children
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Optimates
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aristocrats
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Populares
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people’s party
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Vitruvius
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thought that Romans were optimal, the perfect people
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Paul from Tarsus
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discussed with centurion about the criterion of being a Roman citizen
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Omobono+Capitolium
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Middle and Late Bronze Age settlements in modern Rome
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Palatine and Palatine/Velia Slopes
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Final BronzeAge settlements in modern Rome
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Final Bronze Age Cemeteries
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at the Quirinal slopes, Roman Forum, and Palatine
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Tria Nomina
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Three names –(referring to Nomen, Praenomen, Cognomen)
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Amulius |
King of Alba Longa that killed his brother’s family |
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Lex
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Law
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Plebiscita
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Revolution/change created by the plebs in Rome
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Comitia tributa
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Summoned by curle magistrates, the voting unit of it was the tribe (out of total 35 tribes), met in Forum Romanum and elected quaestors and curule aediles
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Concilium plebis
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only plebeians, voting unit was also the tribe, summoned by a plebeian magistrate. Also met in the Forum Romanum. Elected by plebeian magistrates and tribunes of plebs.
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Senex
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old man
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Lex Ovinia
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Move by Plebeian Council. Censors elect senate instead of consuls
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Sulla’s Reform
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Sulla abolished censorship in 81-79BCE. Quaestor automatic membership into the senate
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Pediarii
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foot soldiers
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Senatus Consultum
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decree of the senate
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Forum Romanum
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Main plaza that had the comitium, Curia Julia, and Curia Hostila
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Consilium
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advisory set up by Augustus, senate lost power due to this
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Consilium semenstre
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Council for 6 months to help princeps prepare business for senate. 15 senators elected by lot
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Tiberius
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Roman emperor, ignored question as to if he could run state more effectively than the senate
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Vegetius
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Wrote Epitome, which explained Roman’s discipline and advanced military techniques allows them to “take over the world”, roman legion prepared for all, wherever it goes, it builds an armed city
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Supernumeries in the Servian Army
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16 centuries of cavalry, 2 centuries of engineers, 2 centuries of musicians, 1 century of proletarii (poorest Roman class)
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Roman Conscription
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All those between 17-46. If you didn’t comply, you could be sold as a slave. Only the top 5 classes could be conscribed (not proletarii)
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Stipendium
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pay (soldiers given land at the end of their duty)
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Army In Republican Period
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New army conscripted to serve new magistrates
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Republic Legions
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made up of 4000-5000 infantry and 300 cavalry each
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Allied Legions
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4000 to 5000 infantry and 900 cavalry each
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Century
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Army unit consisting of 60 men
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Maniple
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Army unit consisting of 2 centuries (120 men)
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Cohort
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Army unit consisting of 3 maniples (360 men)
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Legion
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Army unit consisting of 10 cohorts (3600 men). 6 military tribunes were assigned to each legion. Consuls were commander and chiefs of all legions
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Legatus
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Officer of a legion
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Triarii
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Oldest, most experienced soldiers at rear (only 60 men in maniple)
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Principes
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Formed from men in 20s and 30s, prime of life, were in middle
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Hastati
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Formed by younger men. At the front, they faced the enemy first.
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Consular Army
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Consists of two legions in middle, two allied legions and 2 cavalry
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Alae
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Contingents of allied solders in battle
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Veles
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Type of light armored soldier that held a shield and a javelin
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Scutum
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Shield
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Gladius
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Sword
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Monteforino Helmet
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Worn by hastatus or princepes
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Pilum
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Type of detachable javelin used by hastatus or princepes
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Etrusco-Corinthian Helmet
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Worn by triarii, along with chain mail cuirass
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Gaius Marius
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Roman general assigned to province of Numidia. Took volunteers from the very poorest of the state. After Marius a century contained 80 men and all soldiers had the same equipment (Josephus) -(contrast to Servius Tullius’ army) Gaius Marius held consulship 7 times!! What the heck!?
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Army during Imperial Period
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By Augustus’ reign the army was composed of volunteers. Service was for 16 years +4 more in a reserve
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Signum
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standard (basically army flag that was held)
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Caligae
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Roman war boots
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Caligula
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little boots. Was made fun of because he was raised as a common soldier
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Lorica segmentata
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Segmented plate cuirass
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Lorica hamate
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mail armor
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Lorica squamata
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Scale armor
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Shield Symbols
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Constantine had symbol of an X and P for Christ on shields
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Testudo
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tortoise
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Cataphracti
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heavily armored cavalry
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Vindolanda
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Roman fort built at Hadrian’s Wall (most Northern Roman settlement)
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Corvus
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Raven (Raven shaped harpoon in boarding mechanism of Roman triremes)
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Senate and Provinces
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Senate in charge of them. Sicily was 1st Roman Province. It generally chose people from its own ranks to act as governors (consuls/ praetors)
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Prouncia
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Province
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Prafectus
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Prefect
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Comites
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companions
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Province Governor Duties
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promote roman interests and maintain peace and order (protect against foreign enemies and serve as judge in legal disputes)
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Cnaeus Pompeius Strabo
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(son of Pompey) gave citizenship to Spanish cavalrymen
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Lex prouinciae
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Law for the province
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Publius Rupilius (Lex Rupilius)
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Laws written for regulation of Sicily as a province
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Lex Hieronica
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Law regulating the collection of corn tithe in Sicily (Hiero the 2nd )
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Quaestio de repetundis
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Inquiry on the recovery of improper gains
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Lex de repetundis (Gaius Gracchus)
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a permanent court with a praetor who observes provincial governors
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Cicero’s letters to his brother Quinctius
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If you have too much imperium, moral standards go down and the province is susceptible to corruption.
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Gaius Licinius Verres
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Governer of Sicily accused of extortion in 70BCE
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Quintus Hortensius
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Verres’ defense lawyer, Cicero prosecutor, senate jurymen
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Cicero
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Governor of Cicilia, wrote many works, prosecuted Gaius Licinius Verres
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Pax Romana
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Roman Peace, written at times of Augustus and Marcus Aurelius
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Mos maiorum
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the ways the elders behaved
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Maiores
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ancestors
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Legati Augusti pro praetor
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Pro-praetorian lagates of Augustus
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Praefectus annonae
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in charge for the corn supply
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Praefectus uigilum
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in charge of the fire brigade and police in Rome
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Praefectus peaetorio
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commander of the Praetorian Guard (Lucius Aelius Sejanus)
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Praefectus Aegypti
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acted as governor of Egypt
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Egypt During the Empire
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Senators could not enter Egypt without permission from the emperor (the province was considered emperor’s personal possession)
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Pontius Pilate
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Was the praefectus of Judaea. Inscription found in Caesaria
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Procurare
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To take care of, to manage
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Procurator
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agent who represented someone else in a court of law
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Suetonius
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Wrote about how Polybius and Hilarion helped to write Augustus’ will
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Touring Seasons
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August-October, March-April
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Working Seasons
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November-February, May-July
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Sailing Season
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April-September
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Parilia/Palilia
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In honour of the goddess of shepherds (Pales)
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Pliny the younger
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Roman lawyer, author and magistrate, had a villa in Laurentum
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Oplontis
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Roman city near Pompey. Best known for Villa Poppaea/ Oplontis Villa A.
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Boscoreale
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Town that was covered in ash by eruption. (cast of fossilized trunk was found at Villa Regina)
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Pulcher
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Cognomen meaning beautiful, or lovely
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Titus Annius Milo
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Man charged for murdering Publius Clodius Pulcher. Cicero defends Milo by basically saying it was self defence, and that Clodius planned to ambush him
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Lucius Nerusius Mithres
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His tomb’s inscription was pumping his tires (bragging)
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Calendar of Romulus
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Determined by the cycles of the moon and the seasons of the agricultural year. There were 10 months
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March-December, and 304 days (thought pregnancy was 10 months long)
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Calendar of Numa Pompilius
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Divided the year into 12 lunar month and added 50 days (January and February added AS THE LAST 2 MONTHS)= 354+1 days (because roman superstition of even numbers)
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Decemviri
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Part of their 12 tables law changed calendar to earth annual orbit (rather than the previous lunar calendar)
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College of Pontiffs
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Responsible for regulating the calendar intercalating additional days. Intercalation was considered unlucky, so days were not always added
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Pontifex maximus
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Chief priest- Caesar was pontifex maximus, governed 16 priests
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Modern Calendar/Calendar of Caesar
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Consuls began to enter their office January 1st in 153 BCE (and it thereby became the first month)
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Ultimus annus confusionis
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last day of confusion – 445-day year
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Calendar of Caesar New Months
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Every 4 years February 24th was counted twice. The year after Caesar Quinctilis’ death, his birth month was renamed to Julius (July). Sextilis was renamed to Augustus (August)
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Kalends
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(1st days)- New Moon- named for the 1st day of the month
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Nones
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(5th/7th)- Waxing moon- named for the 5th and 7th days of the month
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Ides
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(13th/15th)- Full Moon- Named for the 13th and 15th days of the month
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Nundinae
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(ninth day of the month)- markets were held
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Fasti Antiates
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Painted wall-calendar from the Late Roman Republic
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Fastus
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day on which civil and legal business could be conducted
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Nefastus
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day in which civil and legal business could not be conducted
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Comitiales
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Public assemblies could convene and vote
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Feriae
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Holidays in honour of Jupiter Latariaris. Generally held in April on Mount Albanus in the Alban hills. Marked the beginning of fighting season. Consuls were responsible for the event, and offered milk libation. A heifer (young female cow) was sacrificed at the event.
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Marcus Aurelius
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Emperor who limited the number of holidays to 135
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Salutatio
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Greetings
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Sportula
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gift/present, dole
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Prima Hora
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the hour after sunrise, first hour of the day
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Sexta Hora
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midday, the 6th hour of the day
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Duodecima hora
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The hour before sunset, twelfth hour of the day
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Ante meridiem
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Before the middle of the day (am)
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Post meridiem
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after the middle of the day (pm)
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Panem
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bread
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Circenses
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Circuses
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Commoda
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perks
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Circus Maximus
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Where chariot racing would occur. There were 4 factions
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white, blue, red, green. Most charioteers were slaves.
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Gladiator Games
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Gladiators were mostly convicted criminals/slaves. Some were freedmen or those of low social class. There were different categories based on armor
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Murmillo
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gladiator
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Amphitheatre of Pompey
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Pic depicting riots between Pompeians and Nucerians
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Flavian amphitheatre
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The coliseum
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Roman Tribes
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4 urban tribes existed, and 31 rural tribes (were only originally 4)
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Rostra
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Large speaker platforms built in Rome, seen in comitium
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Quintus Fabius Maximus
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Asked centuriae to revote, since he didn’t like who was elected. Upon revote, he became consul. Talked about defeat in battle of Cannae to sway everyone’s decision
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Battle of Cannae
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Worst defeat of the Romans to Hannibal and the Carthagians
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Battle of Zoma
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Battle where the Romans finally defeated Hannibal
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Number of Senators
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Originally 300, rose to 1000 by Augustus’ time, who brought the number down to 600 (note he also reduced the senate’s power)
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Porticus Pompeiana
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Was an important complex with a theatre and temple at one end, and a curia where the senate met/where Caesar was killed at his meeting with the senate (Pompeiana named after Pompey) |
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Trousers in Battle
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Roman soldiers didn’t wear these; only Barbarians did, later on Roman soldiers began to wear them when they campaigned in the North
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Standard-Bearer
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Were actually not in the front lines, but near the middle
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Tivoli
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Old Roman governor who made statue that made himself look studly
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Lucius Aelius Sejanus
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Head of Praetorian Guard. Plotted against Tiberius but was ratted out by Tiberius’ sister in law and was sentenced to death.
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Original Roman Settlement
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7 Hills of Rome. Romulus first settled on Palatine
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Appius Claudius Caecus
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Built the Via Appia road from Capua to Rome
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Temple of Venus Genetrix
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In the forum of Caesar
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Bibulus
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Consul with Caesar, but he got lit. No recognition (year named that of Julius and Caesar)
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Consilium Plebis
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Created after tribune of plebs, which presented bills to it
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Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
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Man who was killed by Gaius Rabirius because he posed a great threat to the senatorial establishment. Tribune Titus Labienus accuses him 37 years after the murder (had power due to plebiscite)- Cicero is rattled
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Sibylline Books
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Collection of oracular responses, was consulted when the Phrygian goddess Cybele was brought into Roman culture through Megalesia
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Castor and Pollux
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Pollux got jipped like Bibulus, temple named only after Castor
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