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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? |
Qualitative data involves description, for example, the pill bugs were clumping or the potato slices were more flexible.
Quantitative data involves numbers, for example, the enzymes rate of reation was 10 mol/min. |
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What are the characteristics of life - give examples
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Living things are made of cells
are based on a universal genetic code - contain DNA Obtain and use materials and energy - Roots absorbing oxygen in order to undergo respiration. Grow and develop - A new seedling develops leaves Reproduce - A plant produces seeds. Respond to environment - A plant grows toward the sunlight. Maintains homeostatsis - A runner sweats when exercising. Change over time - Whales evolved from a land animal |
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List the parts of a lab report in the correct order
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Purpose, Materials, Procedure, Data, Conclusion
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What are the two parts of a hypothesis?
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The first part is the independent variable.
The second part is the dependent variable. For example, If I fertilize the plants, then they will grow faster. |
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What are the parts of a good experiement?
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Experimental group and Control group. There should only be one thing different between the two groups - the independent variable.
Everything else is kept constant. It should test your hypothesis. |
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What needs to be included on a graph?
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Title should include the independent and dependent variable. Independent variable should be on the x-axis, dependent on the y. Both axis should be labelled and have units.
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What is an atom? What does it look like and what is located in the nucleus?
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An atom is the basic building block of all matter. It has a center nucleus which contains protons and neutrons and has electrons orbitting around the nucleus.
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What charge do protons, neutrons and electrons have?
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protons - positive
neutrons - no charge electrons - negative |
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What does it mean if a molecule is polar?
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Even though the molecule is neutral, there is an unequal distribution of the electrons. This means one side of the molecule will tend to have a positive charge and the other end will have a negative charge.
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What common molecule is polar?
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Water
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What unique properties does water have because it is polar?
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It can form hydrogen bonds, form into water droplets, displays capillary action and has a strong surface tension. (Also has a high heat capacity.)
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What are the 6 most common elements found in living things?
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C, H, O, P, N, S
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosporous, nitrogen and sulfur |
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What are the 4 common macromolecules that make up living things?
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Protein, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
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What element forms the basic structure of macromolecules? What kind of bond is holding them together?
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Long chains of carbon - covalent, the atoms are sharing electrons.
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Define metabolism
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All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.
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What does pH mean?
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potential for hydrogen
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What is the pH scale?
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0 - 14
7 is neutral less than 7 is an acid greater than 7 is a base |
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What substances are used to detect an acid or base?
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Indicators, they change color when the pH changes
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What is an enzyme?
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A protein that acts to speed up chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy. (The energy needed to get the reaction going.) They do not get used up in the reaction.
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What environmental things can influence an enzyme's function?
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Temperature, pH, certain chemicals
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What does it mean if an enzyme has been denatured? What can do this to an enzyme?
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It means the active site of the enzyme has changed shape so it can no longer function. Extreme heat, changes in pH or strong chemicals can cause this.
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How do you calculate magifying power?
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Multiply the power of the eye piece lens with the power of the objective lens.
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How does the magnification of a microscope effect what you can see in the field of view?
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The higher the magnification, the more it zooms in on the tissue you are looking at. You will see more detail, but fewer cells.
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How does a microscope move an image?
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If you move the slide to the right on the stage, it will appear to move to the left when viewing through the lenses.
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How do you estimate the size of an object under the microscope?
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Estimate how many could fit across the diameter of the field of view and divide the length of the diamater by that number. For example, if 5 cells could fit edge to edge across high power, that would mean one cell would equal 90 microns. 450/5
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How do you focus a microscope?
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Begin on low power with the coarse adjustment. After centering the object, move up to med and high power and focus with the fine adjustment. NEVER lower the stage as you move up, or it will be out of focus.
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If you lose focus on high power on a microscope, how do you get it back in focus?
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Go back to medium (or low) power and work your way back up again.
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Name a safety precaution used when switching from medium to high power on a microscope?
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Go slowly, watch from the side, NEVER use coarse adjustment.
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What is the function of the diaphragm on a microscope? When do you adjust it?
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It controls the amount of light that gets through the stage. When viewing darker images, you should adjust it. When switching lens it should be adjusted.
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When is it better to use low power? When do you use high power on a microscope?
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Use low power when you want to view a large area, use high power when you want to see more detail in the cell/object.
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What is Robert Hooke known for?
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Viewing cork cells. He came up with the word cell because the cells remined him of the rooms the monks lived in which were called cells.
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What is Anton van Leeuwenhoek known for?
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He was the first to see living microscope organisms. He build many microscopes.
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What is TheodorSchwann and Matthias Schleiden known for?
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Schwann - concluding that all animals are made of cells.
Schleiden - all plants are made of cells |
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What are the 3 statements of the cell theory?
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All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function New cells are produced from existing cells. |
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What is the idea of spontaneous generation?
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That living things could come from non-living things. This belief was replaced with the cell theory and biogenesis - life from life after the experiments of F. Redi and L. Pasteur.
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What is the organization of life, from simplest to most complex?
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electron, atom, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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What is the function, location and shape of the cell nucleus?
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The nucleus contains DNA, which are the blueprint for life, therefore the nucleus controls all cell activity.
It is centrally located and is a large, spherical organelle. In the interior of the nucleus you will find a darker, smaller sphereical object known as the nucleolus. |
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What is the function and location of the cell cytoplasm?
Describe it's characteristics. |
The cytoplasm is the fluid of the cell in which all the organelles are suspended.
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What is the function, location and shape of the cell golgi bodies?
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Golgi bodies modify, sorts and packages proteins. They are flattened sacs stacked on top of each other and can be found throughout the cell, but near the ER.
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What is the function, location and shape of the cell ribosomes?
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Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. They are small "dots" located in the cytoplasm or on the surface of the rough ER.
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What is the function, location and shape of the cell ER - endoplasmic reticulum? |
The ER is a pathway which transports materials from the nucleus to other parts of the cell. Along this pathway chemical reactions are taking place. |
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What is the function, location and shape of the lysosme? |
A small spherical or oval structure located in the cytoplasm. They contain digestive enzymes for the breakdown of damaged cells. They have the nickname of suicide sacs. |
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What is the function, location and shape of the cell wall?
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It is a rigid, protective layer that surrounds plant and fungus cells.
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What is the function, location and shape of the cell membrane?
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It is a thin layer that surrounds animal cells. In other cell types, it is just inside of the cell wall. It is selectively permeable and controls what enters and leaves the cell.
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What is the function, location and shape of the cell chloroplast?
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It is the site of photosynthesis. It is a small oval organelle which contains green pigment.
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What is the function, location and shape of the cell mitochondria?
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It is the site of respiration. It is a small oval organelle which has many interior folds.
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Why are some organelles, like ER and mitochondria, highly folded?
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To increase their surface area so more chemical reactions can take place.
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What is the difference between a plant cell and an animal cell?
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Plant cells tend to be more rectangular in shape, They have a large central vacuole, a cell wall and chloroplasts. Animal cells do not.
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How do cells transport nutrients?
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By diffusion, or sometimes active transport.
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How does water flow when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
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Water will move into the cell. There is a higher concentration of solute inside the cell. |
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What is an example of a hypotonic solution?
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Pure water - distilled water |
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How does water flow when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
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Water will flow out of the cell. There is a higher concentraion of a solute outside the cell. Therefore, water is in short supply outside the cell.
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Give an example of a hypertonic solution.
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Salt water
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How does water flow when a cell is placed in a isotonic solution?
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Water will move into and out of the cell equally. The solution has the same amount of solute as the cell so the system is already at equilibrium.
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What is osmotic pressure?
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The pressure the interior water exerts on the cell wall. As more water flows in, pressure goes up. As water flows out, pressure decreases, like when a plant is wilted.
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What is endo and exocytosis? What does endo and exocytosis look like?
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When cells are trying to transport materials too large to fit though the plasma membrane, they must wrap around the substance, form a vacuole, and pull the vacuole into the cell. This is a form of active transport. Certain single celled organisms use this method to eat. Endo - in, exo - out
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How does water move in osmosis?
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Osmosis is a type of diffusion, so it must move from High water concentrations to low water concentrations. Water will be in a low conc. where there is a high concentration of some solute. Therefore water always moved toward high solute concentrations.
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What does selectively permeable mean?
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It only allows certain molecules to pass through it.
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What is the function of transport proteins embedded in the plasma membrane?
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To provide a passageway across the membrane for molecules that can not pass directly through it.
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Describe the fluid mosaic model.
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It is a way to describe the nature of the plasma membrane. Fluid because the tails of the phosolipids can sway from side to side. Also, the proteins embedded in the layer can "float" around. Mosaic because their are many different types of molecules embedded, like a mosaic picture.
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What is the function of chlorophyll?
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Site of photosynthesis. They contain green pigments, chlorophyll which absorb the sun's light and begin the process of photosynthesis
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Which kind of cells can photosynthesize?
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Any cells containing photosynthetic pigments. They will usually be green.
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What is the function of photosynthesis?
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To store energy in the form of "food" - simple and complex carbohydrates.
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What are the stages of photosyntheis?
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Light dependent reactions - photolysis, electron transport chain.
Light independent reactions - Calvin cycle |
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What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?
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Break down food into energy - produce ATP
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What kind of cells undergo respiration?
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Almost all living cells
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What are the stages of respiration?
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Glycolosis, citric acid cycle (Kreb cycle) and the electron transport chain,
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What is the energy storing molecule produced by the electron tansport chain of both photosynthesis and respiration?
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ATP
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How is energy stored and released in ATP?
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To store energy, add a P to ADP.
To release energy, break away a P from AT P, turning it into ADP. |
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What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic processes?
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Aerobic uses oxygen, anaerobic do not.
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Wha type of anaerobic process can take place in your muscle cells? When does this occur?
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When oxygen is in short supply, your muscles can temporaryly switch to lactic acid fermentation.
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What type of anaerobic process can occur in yeast cells and some bacteria?
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Alcholic fermentation
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What is the advantage of aerobic respiration?
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It produces more ATP than anaerobic fermentation.
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Why do cells undergo mitosis?
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To make more body cells for growth, repair and replacement.
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What do the chromosomes do during interphase?
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They become double stranded.
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Why is a cell's size limited?
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The cell gets to large for diffusion to provide the necessary nutrients to the whole cell. Also, a large cell cannot effectivly remove waste by diffusion.
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What are the four phases of mitosis - in order
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PMAT - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
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What happens during prophase?
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Chromosomes become visible.
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What happens during metaphase?
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Chromosomes line up in the middle
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What happens during anaphase?
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Double stranded chromosomes get pulled apart.
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What happens during telophase?
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The single stranded chromosomes form a new nucleus.
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What happens during cytokinesis?
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The cytoplasm separates - two new cells are formed
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What type of cell is made by mitosis?
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Body cells - somatic. Som means body.
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