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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the building blocks of life?
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chemical level, individual cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
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what are the 4 principle tissues?
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epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nervous tissue
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what are the different types of connective tissue?
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connective tissue proper (ligaments), cartilage, bone, and blood
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what are the 2 disease theories of cancer?
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systemic- no cure, surgery made it worse
localized- possibility of treatment and cure |
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what is normal cellular differentiation?
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stem cell undergoes mitosis and divides into daughter cells and continues until a mature cells with specific function results
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what do tumors result from?
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abnormal cellular proliferation
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what is abnormal cellular proliferation?
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1. abnormal cellular differentiation
2. non-dividing cells begin to proliferate 3. some divided cells may never become mature |
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how do normal somatic cells prevent cancer?
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with genes that promote and suppress growth
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what are some gene mutations?
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mutate growth promoters- forced proliferation
mutate growth suppressors- allows unrestrained proliferation |
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what are the 3 genes involved in the cancer process?
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proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, anti-oncogenes
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what are proto-oncogenes?
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controls normal growth and differentiation
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what are oncogenes?
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cancer genes
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what are anti-oncogenes?
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cancer suppressor genes
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what are the 3 things tumors are classified by?
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1. anatomic site
2. biological behavior 3. cell of origin |
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can tumors originate from any cell?
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yes
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what are the 2 ways tumors are classified?
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well differentiated and undifferentiated
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what is well differentiated?
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closely resemble the cell of origin
easier to classify from their histology |
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what is undifferentiated?
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do not resemble normal cells or cell of origin
more difficult to classify |
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what are the 2 tumor categories?
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benign and malignant
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what are some characteristics of a benign tumor?
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1. have suffix -oma
2. well differentiated 3. do not metastasize or invade surrounding normal tissue 4. encapsulated 5. slow growing |
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what are some characteristics of a malignant tumor?
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1. has the prefix carci- or sar-
2. well differentiated to undifferentiated 3. ability to metastasize 4. invade and destroy surrounding tissue 5. can cause death |
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what is a sarcoma?
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tumors from Mesenchymal cells. blood and lymph systems, connective tissue such as bone or catilage
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what are carcinomas?
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tumors from Epithelium. tissues that cover a surface of line a cavity
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where does cancer rank in the top 10 cause of US mortality?
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number 2
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what is the # 1 cancer cases in men?
women? |
men- prostate
women- breasth |
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what is the #1 cancer caused deaths in men? women?
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men and women- lung and bronchus
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what is the lifetime probability of men having cancer? women?
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men- 1 in 2 chance
women- 1 in 3 chance |
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what are some burdens the patient will go through?
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time, emotional, social, psychological, physical, and financial
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what are some factors affected each patients perspective?
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age, gender, culture, education, family background
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what is etiology?
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study of disease causes (cause of cancer still unknown) helpful in determining screening tests
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what is epidemiology?
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study of disease incidence. researchers use this to determine which type of cancer affects specific groups of people
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how is a tumor staged?
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TNM
T= size of extent of primary tumor (T1-T4) 1 being small and 4 being large N= status of lymph nodes and extent of involvement (N1-N4) 1 being barely and 4 being all over M= presence and extent of metastasis (M0-M1) |
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what are the 3 staging methods?
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1. clinical
2. surgical (most accurate) 3. pathological |
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what is a tumors 'grade'?
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provides information about the tumors aggressiveness and is based on the degree of differentiation (Gx-G4)
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what do the 4 different grades mean?
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Gx- unknown differentiation
G1- well differentiated G2- moderately differentiated G3- poorly differentiated G4- undifferentiated |
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what are the 3 different ways radiation therapy is used>
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external beam, intraoperative, brachytherapy
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what is chemotherapy?
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drugs administered orally through injection, perfusion, and topically. classified by action on the cell and source
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what is immunotherapy?
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goal is to amplify the body's own disease fighting system to destroy the cancer
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what is prognosis?
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estimation of the life expectancy of a cancer patient based on all the info obtained about the tumor and from clinical trials
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what are the factors in determining prognosis?
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1. patterns of spread- blood, lymphatics
2. behavior characteristics 3. tumor site 4. patient factors |