Clinical Psych Ch 2

Front 1

empirical tradition

Back 1

uses scientific research methods

Front 2

empirical theorists

Back 2

Muller, Wundt, Witmer

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psychometric tradition

Back 3

measurement of individual differences including physical and mental abilities

Front 4

psychometric theorists

Back 4

Darwin, Gall, Galton, Binet, Terman, Cattell

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clinical tradition

Back 5

classification and treatment of behavioral disorders

Front 6

clinical theorists

Back 6

Kraepelin, Dix, Charcot, Freud, Hippocrates

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phrenology

Back 7

theorized by Gall, an alleged science based on the assumptions that 1) each area of the brain is associated with a different faculty or function (e.g.) self-esteem, language, or reverence); 2) the better developed each of these areas is, the more strongly that faculty or function is manifested in behavior; and 3) the pattern of over- or underdevelopment of each faculty is reflected in corresponding bumps or depressions of the skull.

Front 8

four main clinical approaches

Back 8

psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive

Front 9

psychodynamic approach

Back 9

human behavior is derived from the constant struggle between the individual's desire to satisfy inborn sexual and aggressive instincts and the need to respect the rules and realities imposed by the outside world

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humanistic approach

Back 10

views persons as creative, growthful beings who, if all goes well, consciously guide their own behavior toward realization of their fullest potential as unique individuals.

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behavioral approach

Back 11

grew from the empirical tradition; focus on specific, learned behaviors and environmental conditions associated with those behaviors. They are also inclined to seek evidence of treatment outcomes that are objectively measurable.

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cognitive approach

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attempt to modify maladaptive behavior by influencing a client's cognition: beliefs, schemas, self-statements, assumptions, expectations, and problem-solving strategies.

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APA during 1940's and 50's

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defined clearly what clinical psych was. 1945 - states (CT) started passing certification laws for psychologists. 1946 - American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology established to certify clinicians with PhD were qualified. 1949 - Boulder conference discussed various training models for clinical psychologists, including a model of clinical training that would dominate university graduate programs for decades. 1953 - APA published first ethical guidelines for CPs. Launched CP into rapid expansion.

Front 14

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

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first hated each other but in the 1960s and 70s, both behavior and cognitive therapists realized the importance of cognitions and translating cognitive change into behavioral change, developing a family of therapy techniques and approaches originally developed as either behavioral or cognitive.

Front 15

psychodynamic approach theorists

Back 15

Freud

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humanistic approach theorists

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Rogers

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behavioral approach theorists

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Pavlov, Skinner, Watson, Jones

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cognitive approach theorists

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Mesmer, Beck, Ellis

Front 19

two methods of scientific research

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observation and experimentation

Front 20

Lightner Witmer

Back 20

Considered the first clinical psychologist. Student of Wundt, helped teacher Margaret Maguire with a student she considered a "chronic bad speller." He "took the case." He used diagnostic assessment ("visual verbal amesia AKA today's reading disorder) and treatment prevention (recommended intensive tutoring to help him recognize words without having to spell them first, which helped him read normally).

Front 21

Binet-Simon Scale

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first intelligence test battery developed by Alfred Binet (former student of Wundt) in 1895 in the first French lab. Tested space judgment, motor skills, muscular effort, and memory, as well as comprehension, attention, suggestibility, aesthetic appreciation, and moral values in both normal an "defective" children.

Front 22

Lewis Terman

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developed the Binet-Simon Scale into the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. It was used so rapidly it overshadowed all other intelligence tests in the U.S., including those used by Witmer

Front 23

Hippocrates

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created the first medical model of abnormality within the clinical tradition, having to do with natural rather than supernatural causes, arguing that behavior disorders, like other behaviors, are a function of the distribution of four bodily fluids (or humors) aka blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. Paved way for mental illness and legitimized the involvement of the medical profession in its treatment.

Front 24

Emil Kraepelin

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Developed 1st formal classification system of psychological disorders by classifying mental illnesses in terms of observable symptoms (still evident in the DSM)

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the three forerunners to psychoanalysis

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Jean Marie Charcot of France(hypnosis), Franz Mesmer of Germany (hypnosis), Pierre Janet of France (dissociation/hysteria)

Front 26

The army ---- test was distributed during WWI for the literates, whereas the army ---- beta test was for the illiterates.

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alpha, beta

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Clinical psychology during the world wars

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During - needed to measure intelligence and emotional stability.

After - increased testing and treatment for soldiers and families.

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personal data sheet

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used in WWI to uncover emotional and behavioral problems in the army recruits

Front 29

Freud's beliefs on anxiety

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Anxiety is originally produced due to conflicts between wants (sexual and aggressive instincts/impulses) and shoulds (respect for rules and realities of the outside world; social norms/morality). To reduce anxiety, we build defense mechanisms to keep the conflict out of our awareness into the unconscious (the id). Id- impulses. Ego - dealing with reality. Superego - adds morals.

Front 30

insight

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the goal of psychoanalysis, which is bringing conflicts into awareness.

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Ivan Pavlov

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influenced the behavioral approach by inventing classical conditioning

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John Watson

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behavioralist who conducted the "Little Albert" experiment.

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B.F. Skinner

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Discovered operant conditioning

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two men most associated with the cognitive approach

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Albert Ellis (rational emotive therapy - ex. break down "nobody likes me" irrationality) and Aaron Beck (cognitive therapy - ex. provide detailed accounts of how specific types of thoughts influence specific disorder, such as depression)

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systems approach

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developed due to the surge of clients as a result of the shortage of health professions during WWII. Ex - family and marital therapy, group therapy (Joseph Pratt,1900).