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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the relationship between oral health and bacteremia and endocarditis?
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bacteremia happens when bacteria get in to the blood stream; that can happen if oral health is not good. if this happens then the bacteria can latch on to the heart valves; this can often happen in patients with rheumatic fever.
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What are dental caries?
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demineralization of tooth
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what factors must be present to lead to dental caries?
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1. tooth
2. microorganism 3. fermentable carbohydrates 4. time |
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what influences the cariogenecity of the food?
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dependent on:
saliva, plaque build up, genetics, frequency, type of form that it is in |
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cariostatic
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no drop in salivary ph, proteins
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cariogenic
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fermentable carbohydrates, pretzels, raisins
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anticariogenic
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cheese and xylitol gum
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what is plaque
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sticky colorless mass of microorganisms, salivary proteins and polysaccharides
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what is the relationship of plaque to periodontal disease
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periodontal disease is inflammation of the gingiva,plaque is a significant contributor to periodontal disease
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what is the role of saliva in dental health
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helps buffer the ph, neutralizes acid, clears food from around the teeth, saturated with calcium and phosphorus
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things that interfere with saliva
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fasting state, how healthy you are, sjorgen syndrome, radiation, medications
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how does tooth decay work?
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basically you eat sugars, bacteria convert these to long chain sugars; colonization of plaque, bacteria which leads to caries then you lose calcium and phosphate ions
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how does fluoride act as an anti caries agent?
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repairs via remineralization
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what are the medications for periodontal disease?
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periostat: 20 mg, arestin: both of these are collagenase inhibitors
there is also dentaplex |
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how does dental health affect systemic diseases
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aids and renal disease have oral manifestations that can alter nutrition status
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what are some of the features of bulimia nervosa
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lots of eating followed by inappropriate compensatory purging without anorexia;
irregular menses, dental erosion, enlarged salivary glands, laxative dependence, mood disturbances |
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physiological characteristics of anorexia
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lanugo, anemia, osteoporosis, decreased brain mass, high cholesterol
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physiological characteristics of bulimia
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russels sign, dental erosion, salivary gland enlargement
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why do we need to treat diabetes?
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because it can lead to other complications, kidney disease, nerve damage
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goals of treatment (include complications of diabetes)
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neuropathies, kidney diseases, nerve damage, treat acute symptoms!!
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what is blood pressure
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BP= cardiac output x peripheral vascular resistance
cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate |
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prehypertension levels
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120-139/80-89
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hypertension
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140-159/90-99
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stage 2 hypertension
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160/100
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risk factors for developing hypertension
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obesity, diabetes, high salt, high fat diet, african american, male, stress
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health consequences of elevated bp
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hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity, ORGAN DAMAGE, eye diseases, stroke, kidney diseases, peripheral vascular disease
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what can lower bp
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decrease alcohol intake, renin-angiotensin drugs, thiazide, reduce salt,
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micronutrient supplementation for hypertension?
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magnesium, calcium, potassium
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considerations when recommending dietary supplements
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race, ethnicity, too much of one thing can be bad
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dash diet
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fruits and vegis and beans, not good for people in chronic kidney diseases in stage 3 or 4
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metabolic syndrome
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cluster of metabolic disorders characterized by dyslipidemia, high blood glucose, hypertension and abdominal obesity
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what does metabolic syndrome predispose you for risk of
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CVD and type 2 diabetes
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who definition of metabolic syndrome
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bad fasting glucose: high bp, high tgs, low hdl
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ncep definition of
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high waist circumference, high tgs, high bp, high fasting glucose
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what is cholesterol
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cholesterol is a steroid hormone that is present in all animal cells
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what is the role of cholesterol in the body
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necessary for bile production and steroid hormones, also critical for testosterone, estrogen, glucocorticoids
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how do statins work
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they work on the level of hmg-coa reductase so that the liver stops producing cholesterol and thus the receptor is unregulated and once that happens then the cholesterol can be removed from the blood
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what might be the underlying cause and treatment for increased levels of ldl
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receptor deficiency, ldlr, apoE, apoB, intracellular, protein folding problems
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what are the clinical features of hyperlipidemia
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corneal arcus, tendon xanthomas, premature CHD
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lipoprotein-lipid handling in the body
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well you eat and then the fat comes in to in the forms of chylomicrons, get repackaged and then you have the remnants those go to the liver where it can get to the LDLR and then the liver can repackage it; uses apoB and apob 48 and 100; they both use a poE.
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describe Reverse cholesterol transport
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you have HDL. gets converted to cholesteryl esters by LCAT.
CETP helps to exchange it to tgs to other lipoproteins such as LDL and VLDL and these can be taken up by the liver |
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what would you recommend for hypertriglyceridemia
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low fat, fib rates, weight loss, niacin
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what is a structure function claim
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the role of nutrient in the body:
ex: calcium in bone formation, folate in DNA synthesis |
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what is a health claim
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relationship of food or food supplement with the risk of a disease: saturated fat and heart disease
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why is fiber good for you
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reduces CHD, stroke, hypertension, diabetes:
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what is the potential mechanism of action for fiber
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increases bile acid excretion, and it can inhibit cholesterol synthesis ; helps w. colon fermentation of fiber
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portfolio diet
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mix of health foods that will achieve maximum reduction of cholesterol
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soy protein: mechanism of action
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upregulates LDLreceptor, binds bile acids
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nuts: mechanism of action
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because of plant sterols, fiber, unsaturated fatty acids
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plant sterol mechanism of action:
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blocks cholesterol from the lumen, increases bile salt excretion, displaces cholesterol from micelles
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fiber: mechanism of action
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increases bile acid excretion
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what are the 3 different stages of sleep
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NREM 1 and 2, NREM 3 and REM
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what is the difference between REM and nonRem
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rem is a crazy state, heart rate increases, BP increases,
NREM 1 and 2 are light and then NREM 3 is slow wave and it is regulated by homeostatic processes; REM is circadian rhythm. REM: heart rate increases, brain blood flow increases, increases in the motor sensory areas of the brain |
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metabolic effects associated with NREM sleep
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decreased glucose utilization, no prolactin, fsh and lh alterations, associated with cell injury due to release of free radicals;
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metabolic affects associated with chronic sleep deprivation
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increases in insulin resistance, sympathetic nervous system activity, raises in cortisol levels, decreased glucose utilization, diabetes, increased bmi
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osa
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obesity, daytime sleepiness, hypopoxemic, pickwickian syndrome, low o2 sat, bp changes, decreased cardiac output, cytokines
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3 stages of sleep
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NREM, REM 1 and 2, REM 3
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difference between rem and non-rem
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nrem is non-rapid and in stages 1-2 it is light sleep, slow wave sleep
nrem 3 is slow wave and it is critical for metabolism. rem is not slow wave sleep |
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characteristics of rem sleep
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paralyzed, increases in motor and sensory areas, heart rates increase, increases in brain blood flow, air, muscle, sympathetic nervous system, bp
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which process is driven by homeostatic processes
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NREM 3
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which process is driven by circadian rhythm?
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rem and also nrem 2
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what are the metabolic effects associated with NREM sleep
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decreased glucose utilization, less prolactin, cell injury because of free radical release
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metabolic effects associated with chronic sleep deprivation
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insulin resistance, sympathetic nervous system activity which could raise cortisol levels, decreased glucose utilization, diabetes, increased bmi,
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what are some of the metabolic effects associated with OSA
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obesity, excessive daytime sleepiness, metabolic syndrome, sympathetic surges, bp changes, low o2 saturation, decreased cardiac output, inflammatory cytokinas,
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what is syndrome z
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metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea
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how does sleep deprivation cause obesity
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could be because it increases hunger or because it alters thermoregulation
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sharma study of CPAP for metabolic syndrome in OSA
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same people but for sham CPAP they weren't the same biochemically, CPAP: decreased bp and more metabolic syndrome
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what were the limitations of the cpap and metabolic syndrome study
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didn't take bp measurements, follow up data wasn't collected
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results of studies of sleep duration and obesity in children
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weight circumference decreased in children with increased sleep duration
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biases inherent in a study identifying sleep and obesity
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observational data, perspective studies, prejudice against those that are obese, self reports
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what is the importance of carbs in athletes diet
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replaces muscle glycogen, maintains blood glucose
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importance of protein in athletes diet
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maintain body weight, optimal use and performance
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fat
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source of energy, fatty acids,
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hydration requirements
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you can use american college of sports medicine position stand
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hydration before
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2 ml/pound
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during
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between .3-2.4 you don't want to lose too much
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hydration after
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2-3 cups for every pound lost
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underhydration effects
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muscle cramps, muscle fatigue
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overhydration effects
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headaches, confusion
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vegetarian diet concerns
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b12, protein intake, zinc, IRON!
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micronutrients importance
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energy production, hemoglobin synthesis, bone health, immune function, oxidative damage
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