Clinical Neuroscience Quiz 2

Front 1

Internuncial Net

Back 1

A network of neurons that are between afferent and efferent nerves

Front 2

Interneurons

Back 2

nerve cells that associate muscle and sensory activity

Front 3

Features of SM Loop

Back 3

Filters, categorizes, hierarchal, heterarchical, convergence and divergence, multi-tasker, serial and parallel processor

Front 4

Explain convergence and divergence in SM Loop

Back 4

Convergence = many impulses coming into one neuron; nuances get lost
Divergence = many impulses leave from one neuron; more nuanced but can become overloaded
(M: Double check this information)

Front 5

Proprioception

Back 5

The body's ability to know where it is in space

Front 6

Interoception

Back 6

Awareness of internal processes (i.e.: heartbeat, blood flow etc...)

Front 7

Exteroception

Back 7

Awareness of where body is in relation to environment

Front 8

Binding Problem

Back 8

In order for sensation to reach consciousness, input from many sensory channels need to bind together. If these bound neuronal assemblies are not strong, they will not be perceived accurately (if at all)

Front 9

Appraisal Process

Back 9

How do you interpret the world?
Process of assessing the meaningfulness and relevance of external stimuli.
Seen through a cognitive or emotional lens
Can be automatic or conscious

Front 10

Consciousness

Back 10

Constant internal mental noise when we are awake
Input from senses + thoughts

Front 11

Internuncial Net

Back 11

A network of neurons that are between afferent and efferent nerves

Front 12

Interneurons

Back 12

nerve cells that associate muscle and sensory activity

Front 13

Features of SM Loop

Back 13

Filters, categorizes, hierarchal, heterarchical, convergence and divergence, multi-tasker, serial and parallel processor

Front 14

Explain convergence and divergence in SM Loop

Back 14

Convergence = many impulses coming into one neuron; nuances get lost
Divergence = many impulses leave from one neuron; more nuanced but can become overloaded
(M: Double check this information)

Front 15

Proprioception

Back 15

The body's ability to know where it is in space

Front 16

Interoception

Back 16

Awareness of internal processes (i.e.: heartbeat, blood flow etc...)

Front 17

Exteroception

Back 17

Awareness of where body is in relation to environment

Front 18

Binding Problem

Back 18

In order for sensation to reach consciousness, input from many sensory channels need to bind together. If these bound neuronal assemblies are not strong, they will not be perceived accurately (if at all)

Front 19

Appraisal Process

Back 19

How do you interpret the world?
Process of assessing the meaningfulness and relevance of external stimuli.
Seen through a cognitive or emotional lens
Can be automatic or conscious

Front 20

Consciousness

Back 20

Constant internal mental noise when we are awake
Input from senses + thoughts

Front 21

Internuncial Net

Back 21

A network of neurons that are between afferent and efferent nerves

Front 22

Interneurons

Back 22

nerve cells that associate muscle and sensory activity

Front 23

Features of SM Loop

Back 23

Filters, categorizes, hierarchal, heterarchical, convergence and divergence, multi-tasker, serial and parallel processor

Front 24

Explain convergence and divergence in SM Loop

Back 24

Convergence = many impulses coming into one neuron; nuances get lost
Divergence = many impulses leave from one neuron; more nuanced but can become overloaded
(M: Double check this information)

Front 25

Proprioception

Back 25

The body's ability to know where it is in space

Front 26

Interoception

Back 26

Awareness of internal processes (i.e.: heartbeat, blood flow etc...)

Front 27

Exteroception

Back 27

Awareness of where body is in relation to environment

Front 28

Binding Problem

Back 28

In order for sensation to reach consciousness, input from many sensory channels need to bind together. If these bound neuronal assemblies are not strong, they will not be perceived accurately (if at all)

Front 29

Appraisal Process

Back 29

How do you interpret the world?
Process of assessing the meaningfulness and relevance of external stimuli.
Seen through a cognitive or emotional lens
Can be automatic or conscious

Front 30

Consciousness

Back 30

Constant internal mental noise when we are awake
Input from senses + thoughts

Front 31

Preconscious

Back 31

That which exists outside of awareness but can be accessed

Front 32

Unconsicous

Back 32

That which exists outside of awareness but cannot be accessed (or is very difficult); physiological and psych

Front 33

Conscious vs. Non Processing

Back 33

CONSCIOUS: slow, inefficient, error-prone, internally consistent, large range of possible content
NON: fast, automatic, efficient, few errors, throughout brain, tolerates inconsistency, parallel processing

Front 34

Thalamus

Back 34

Regulates brain waves; orchestrates them then lets them go
DJ THALAMUS!

Front 35

Executive Abilities

Back 35

Exist in PFC, capacity to monitor self, limits speed of response and processing

Front 36

Brain Waves

Back 36

Alpha
Beta
Theta
Gamma
Delta

Front 37

Alpha Waves: characteristics

Back 37

8-11Hz; internally focused, meditative state; thinking
States of readiness, heightened awareness

Front 38

Beta Waves: characteristics

Back 38

14-30Hz; increases temp during states of vigilant attn; concentration, awake, alert

Front 39

Gamma Waves: characteristics

Back 39

40+Hz; linked to prob-solving, dementia, self-reflection
Absence of = core sympt of schizophrenia

Front 40

Theta Waves: characteristics

Back 40

4-8Hz; dreamy, relaxed, when external world is receding

Front 41

Delta Waves: characteristics

Back 41

2-4Hz; observed during sleep

Front 42

Cytoskeletons

Back 42

fillaments that live in one cell but can move between cells; creates web that extends throughout entire body
semi-conductors: conduct electrical energy directly through cells of body

Front 43

Entrainment

Back 43

two wave-like rhythms that are close to each other will harmonize to become one rhythm

Front 44

Brain Waves

Back 44

Group of neurons that fire together in a coordinated sequence that oscillates in wave-like pattern

Front 45

Neurofeedback

Back 45

Biofeedback for the brain
Uses EEG with tones when brain waves are achieved

Front 46

Energy

Back 46

Potential forces; capacity for action; energy = movement

Front 47

Types of energy

Back 47

Mechanical, electrical, nuclear, heat, magnetic, chemical

Front 48

Perineural NS

Back 48

Separate to ANS, CNS
More ancient than ANS/CNS
Operates on direct current; more efficient and faster than A/CNS; very sensitive to electro-mag fields

Front 49

Current of injury

Back 49

"Hum" that is constantly moving in body, quiet, sedate; controls injury repair
Injury disturbs the hum and alers systems in body to help

Front 50

Mobility Gradient

Back 50

Way of looking at one's movement capacity in relation to psychological health; exists on continuum: primitive-stereotypic-creative

Front 51

Primitive End of Mobility Gradient

Back 51

Immobility- freeze response
Reflexes- spinal, coordinated

Front 52

Mobility Gradient- stereotypic features

Back 52

motor plans- yield, push, reach, grasp, pull
Non-verbal Communication: posture, gesture, facial, touch
moving into attunment

Front 53

mobility gradient- creative features

Back 53

moving from attunement (emotional, physical, environmental, relational) into
PLAY!
Play: organizing, randomizing

Front 54

Reflexes- definition and types of

Back 54

involuntary responses to stimuli
somatic
spinal
visceral

Front 55

Somatic Reflexes

Back 55

Primitive; present before or at birth
Contract skeletal muscles

Front 56

Spinal Reflexes

Back 56

Carried out by spinal cord alone

Front 57

Visceral Reflexes

Back 57

Control smooth and cardiac muscle, glands

Front 58

Righting Reactions

Back 58

Necessary to lift head, crawl etc...brings head to vertical
More advanced patterns of mvt; preceded orienting and equilibrium

Front 59

Equilibrium Responses

Back 59

Automatic patterns of response for maintaining balance; elicited by shifting weight; begins around 6 months

Front 60

Orienting response

Back 60

reflex that allows for immediate response to change in environment (when change is not so sudden as to illicit startle response). Example: if light goes on, body/senses attend to new light immediately

Front 61

postural tone

Back 61

continuous partial contraction of muscles

Front 62

Concept: Hypo-tone-hyper

Back 62

hypo-tone = not enough muscular contraction (can't grasp)
tone = right balance
hyper-tone = too much muscular contraction (grasp too hard)

Front 63

Defense Reactions
4 F's

Back 63

Fight: sympathetic; upper body
Flight: sympathetic; lower body
Freeze: sympathetic; static hypertone
Faint: parasymp; anaerobic

Front 64

Mirror Neurons

Back 64

Allow brain to observe others and rehearse movement etc...for self

Front 65

Modulation

Back 65

Ability of NS to have "comfort zone" in regulation over events in daily life; poor modulation involved in SI problems

Front 66

Sensory Integration

Back 66

The organization of sensation for use

Front 67

Disinhibition

Back 67

Inability to screen out sensory information

Front 68

Praxia

Back 68

Ability to use sensory info for integrated thought and movement that results in organized action

Front 69

Dispraxia

Back 69

Lack of motor planning

Front 70

Adaptive responses

Back 70

A purposeful, goal driven response to a sensory experience; occurs largely during PLAY even in ADULT life

Front 71

SI Problems: manifestations

Back 71

Trouble interacting with peers
Learning
Over/Under active; distractible
Problems organizing
Motor skill problems
Low self image
Lack of eye contact
Covering eyes/ears
Avoiding messy play
Increased sensitivity

Front 72

SI Problems: therapies

Back 72

Consistent routine
Sensory Diet
Figure out trigger
Increase postural strength
Increase motor skills
semi-structured play

Front 73

Amygdala

Back 73

Involved in implicit/emotional memory

Front 74

Hippocampus

Back 74

Involved in consolidation, retrieval; explicit/declarative memory

Front 75

Stress Hormones and Memory

Back 75

Stress hormones are neurotoxins; interfere with hippocampus laying down explicit memory

Front 76

Schema

Back 76

Organized packet of knowledge one has about life/self/world

Front 77

LTP

Back 77

Long-term potentiation; structural changes in the neuron that alter the neural net and allow for memories to be present and strong for a long time
Caused by synchronous stimulation of neurons; underlying mechanism of plasticity

Front 78

Striatum

Back 78

important structure for learning motor tasks: procedural/implicit memory