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615 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Chain of infection requires a continuous link between |
Source Mode of transmission Susceptible host |
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6 components of chain of infection |
Infectious agent Reservoir Exit portal Mode of transmission Entry portal Susceptible host |
IREMES |
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The primary method of infection transmission |
Hand contact |
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Best way to break the chain of infection |
Handwashing |
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In handwashing, rub to form a lather, create _____, and loosen debris |
Friction |
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In handwashing, rinse hands in ______ position |
Downward |
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Handwashing song |
Happy birthday 2x |
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All biological waste, except urine, must be placed in appropriate containers labeled with ______ symbol |
Biohazard |
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The color of the biohazard label is |
Fluorescent orange |
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Disinfection of the sink using ___ dilution of sodium hypochlorite |
1:10 |
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Sharp hazards are disposed in |
puncture -resistant containers |
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Best first aid in chemical spills |
Flush area with amounts of water for at least 15 minutes |
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For alkali and acid burns in the eye, wash out thoroughly with ______ for 15 minutes |
Running water |
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Order of adding Water to acid Acid to water |
Acid to water |
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Color for specific hazard |
White |
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Color for health hazard |
Blue |
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Color of fire hazard |
Red |
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Color for instability hazard |
White |
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All electric equipment is grounded in a ________ to avoid electric shock |
3-pronged plug |
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Three circles overlapping each other |
Biohazard symbol |
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RACE meaning |
Rescue Alarm Contain Exit/extinguish |
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PASS meaning |
Pull Aim Squeeze Sweep |
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FlammaBle liquid |
Type B |
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EleCtrical equipment hazard |
Type C |
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Flammable metals hazard Extinguisher: sanD |
Type D |
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Explosive hazards |
Type E |
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Kooking media: grease, oils and fats hazard |
Type K |
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pAper, wood, cloth hazard |
Type A |
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Basic structural & functional unit of kidney |
Nephron |
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______ million nephrons per kidney |
1-1.5 |
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Total Renal blood flow |
1200 ml/min |
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Total Renal plasma flow |
600-700 |
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Resembles sieve |
Glomerulus |
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Glomerulus is non selective because it filters substance with MW of |
<70,000 kDa |
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Albumin is not filtered in glomerulus because of |
Shield of negativity |
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Renal threshold for glucose |
160-180 mg/dl |
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Descending loop of Henle collects |
Water |
DAM |
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Ascending loop of Henle abrorbs |
Salt and not water |
ASIN |
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Regulates water reabsorption |
Anti-diuretic hormone |
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Increase body hydration = ___ adh =____ urine volume |
Decreased ADH, increase urine volume |
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Decrease body hydration = ___ adh =____ urine volume |
Increased ADH = decreased urine volume |
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Regulates sodium reabsorption |
Aldosterone |
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Effects of angiotensin II |
Release of ADH and aldosterone |
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Detects decrease in blood pressure |
Macula densa |
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Major site for removal of nonfiltered substances |
Proximal convoluted tubule |
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Failure to produce an acid urine due to inability to secrete hydrogen ions |
Renal tubular acidosis |
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Used to evaluate glomerular filtration |
Clearance test |
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Clearance test most common performed analyte |
Creatinine |
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Gold standard for clearance test |
Inulin |
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Variables for estimated GFR |
Age Sex Body weight |
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Variables of diet in renal disease (MDRD) |
Ethnicity BUN Serum albumin |
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Used to evaluate reabsorption |
Concentration test |
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Obsolete tubular reabsorption |
Fishberg test |
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Major organic compound in urine |
Urea |
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Major inorganic compound in urine |
Chloride |
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Type of urine specimen for ideal cytology studies Only if prior hydration & exercise 5 mins before collection |
Random/ occasional / Single |
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Ideal specimen for routine urinalysis |
First morning |
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Best specimen for glucose testing |
2 hour post prandial |
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Specimen for routine screening and bacterial culture |
midstream clean catch |
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Specimen for urethral, bacterial cutlure |
Cathererized |
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Bladder urine for anaerobic bacterial culture and urine cytology |
Suprapubic aspiration |
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technique for prostate infection |
three glass technique |
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Prostatitis is if the # of WBC and bacteria in the 3rd spx is _________ than the 1st speicmen |
10x or greater |
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2nd specimen for 3 glass technique is for |
control |
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In 24 hour urine, 8 am 1st urine is |
discarded |
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In 24 hour urine, 8 pm urine is |
collected |
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4 hour urine is for ________ determination |
nitrite |
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Afternoon (2-4pm) urine is for ________ determination |
urobilinogen |
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Process providing documentation of proper sample ID from time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results |
Chain of COC |
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Required urine volume for drug testing |
30-45 ml |
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Container capacity for drug testing 60 ml |
60ml |
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Temperature must be _______ within 4 minutes of a drug testing urine specimen |
32.5 - 37.7 C |
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If temperature is out of range in drug testing spx, what to do? |
record temperature and contact supervisor immediately! |
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Added to the toilet water reservoir to prevent spx adulteration |
Bluing agent |
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Specimen should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within ______ |
2 hours |
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Increased in unpreserved urine |
pH Bacteria Odor Nitrite
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pBaON |
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Decreased in unpreserved urine |
Clarity glucose ketones bilirubin urobilinogen RBC/WBC Trichomonas motility |
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Least affected in unpreserved urine |
protein |
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Preservative for routine UA and urine culture |
Refrigeration |
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Preservative of choice for Addis count |
formalin |
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Normal range (24 hours) urine volume |
600-1200 ml |
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Average urine volume |
1200- 1500 ml |
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Night urine output |
<400 ml |
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Day:Night ratio |
2-3:1 |
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Required volume for routine UA |
10-15 ml |
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Increased urine volume >2000 ml/24 hours |
Polyuria |
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SG in diabetes mellitus |
Increased |
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SG in diabetes insipidus |
Decreased |
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Decreased urine volume
<500ml/24 hours |
Polydipsia |
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Complete cessation of urine flow |
Anuria |
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Excretion of more than 500 ml of urine at night |
Nocturia |
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Urine color determination Look down through container against ________ |
white background |
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Major pigment(yellow) of urine, lipid soluble that is a product of endogenous metabolism |
Urochrome |
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Pink pigment derived from melanin metabolism |
Uroerythrin |
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Dark yellow/orange-brown derived from oxidation of colorless urobilinogen |
urobilin |
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Yellow foam can be observed in urine because of |
Bilirubin |
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Tea colored urine |
Bilirubin |
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Pseudomonas infection, asparagus, B vitamins and phenol what color of urine |
Green |
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Color of urine with RBC |
cloudy/smokey red |
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Color of urine with hemoglobin |
Clear red |
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Portwine urine |
porphyrin |
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Methemolgobin homogentisic acid Melanin what color of urine |
Brown black |
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Pyuria/leukocyturia what color of urine |
Milky white |
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Few particulates, print easily seen through urine |
Hazy |
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Many particulates, print blurred through urine |
Cloudy |
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Print cannot be seen through urine |
Turbid |
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Soluble in ether |
Lipids, lymphatic fluid, chyle |
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Insoluble in dilute acetic acid |
wbc, bacteria, yeast, spermatozoa |
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Soluble in dilute acetic acid |
rbc, amorphous phosphates, carbonates |
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Soluble with heat |
amorphous urates, uric acid crystals |
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Normal odor of urine |
aromatic/fragnant |
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Odor of urine with tubular necrosis |
odorless |
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odor of urine with UTI, old urine |
Foul, pungent |
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Odor of urine with Ketones |
Fruity, sweet |
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Odor of urine with MSUD |
caramelized sugar, curry, maple syrup |
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Odor of urine with PKU |
mousy, musty |
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Odor of urine with Tyrosinemia |
Rancid butter |
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Odor of urine with isovaleric acidemia |
Sweaty feet |
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Odor of urine with methianonine malabsorption(oasthouse diease) |
Cabbage |
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Odor of urine with cystine disorder |
Sulfur |
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Odor of urine with Trimethylaminuria |
Rotting fish |
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Odor of urine with ingestion of onions, garlic & asparagus |
Pungent |
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Odor of urine with hawkisinuria |
Swimming pool |
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Chemical strips with 60 seconds reading time |
pH Protein Urobilinogen Nitrite |
pPBUN |
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Principle of glucose chem strip |
double sequential enzyme reaction |
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Principle of bilirubin strip |
Diazo reaction |
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Principle of ketones strip |
Sodium nitroprusside reaction |
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Principle of S.G |
pKa change of polyelectrolyte |
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Principle of protein |
protein error of indicator |
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Principle of pH |
Double indicator system |
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Principle of Blood strip |
Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin |
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Principle of urobilinogen strip |
Ehrlich reaction |
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Principle of Nitrite strip |
Greiss reaction |
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Principle of leukocyte strip |
leukocyte esterase |
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Blot the _____ of the strip on a disposable absorbent pad |
edge |
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Store reagent strip below _____; do not freeze |
30C |
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Principle of automated reagent strip reader |
Reflective reagent strip reader |
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Light reflection is ________ to color produced |
inversely proportional |
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S.G of random urine |
1.003 - 1.035 |
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S.G of 1st morning urine |
>1.020 |
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S.G of 24 hour urine |
1.016-1.022 |
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Calibration temperature of urinometry |
20C |
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Correction for urinometry for 1g/dl glucose |
-0.004 |
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Correction for urinometry for 1g/dl protein |
-0.003 |
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Calibration of refractometry for distilled water |
1.000 |
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Calibration of refractometry for 3% NaCL |
1.015 |
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Calibration of refractometry for 5% NaCl |
1.022 |
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Calibration of refractometry for 7% NaCl |
1.035 |
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Calibration of refractometry for 9% Sucrose |
1.034 |
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Reagent of _______ chem strip Polymethyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride bromthymol blue Ethylene glycol diaminoethyl ether tetraacetic acid bromthmol blue |
S.G |
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Treatment of UTI |
Cranberry juice |
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Reagent of _______ chem strip methyl red and bromthymol blue |
pH |
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Produces white foam in urine when shaken |
Protein |
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Normal urinary protein value |
<150mg/day |
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Proteins in normal urine consist of _____ albumin and _____ globulin |
1/3 and 2/3 |
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what category of proteinuria Intravascular hemolysis muscle injury severe infection & inflammation multiple myeloma |
Pre-renal proteinuria |
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Proliferation of Ig-producing plasma cells (bence-jones protein) |
Multiple myeloma |
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BJP precipitate at _____ (cloudy) & dissolves at _____ |
40-60 and 100 |
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Indicator in diabetic nephropathy |
Microalbuminuria |
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Proteinuria undetectable by routine reagent strip |
Microalbuminuria |
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Normal albumin excretion rate |
0-20 ug/min |
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Clinical albuminuria AER |
>200 ug/min |
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Test for microalbuminuria |
Micral test |
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Principle for micral test |
enzyme immunoassay |
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In orthostatic proteinuria, how to prepare patient for collection |
Patient must empty the bladder before going to bed |
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What chem strip______ have these reagent Tetrabromphenol blue, citrate buffer at pH 3.0 Tetrachlorophenol tetrabromsulfonphthalein, citrate buffer at pH 3.0 |
Protein |
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High SG, highly buffered alkaline urine can cause protein chem strip to be |
false positive |
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Protein reagent strip is sensitive to ____ |
albumin |
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A cold precipitation test that reacts equally with all forms of protein |
Sulfosalicylic acid precipitation test (EXTON test) |
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Distinct turbidity with no granulation |
1+ |
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Turbidity with granulation but NO flocculation |
2+ |
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Turbidity with granulation AND flocculation |
3+ |
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Noticeable turbidity |
Trace |
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To differentiate positive strip result and negative SSA result |
Acidify urine to pH 5.0 and retest |
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Negative protein strip and Positive SSA test explanation |
Protein other than albumin is present |
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False positive for SSA result |
Radiographic contrast media |
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Defective tubular reabsorption of glucose and amino acid |
Fanconi syndrome |
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Oxidizing agents, detergents in glucose chem strip can cause |
False positive |
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High level of ascorbic acid, ketones and low temp improperly preserved specimen on glucose chem strip can cause |
False negative |
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Sensitivity of glucose chem strip |
100mg/dl |
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Nonspecific test for reducing sugar |
Copper reduction/benedicts test |
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All but one are tested on benedicts test |
sucrose |
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Yellow precipitate in benedicts test |
2+ |
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Green to yellow precipitate in benedicts test |
1+ |
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Yellow to orange precipitate |
3+ |
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Reddish yellow color precipitate |
4+ |
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Reducing agents such ascorbic acid on benedicts test can yield |
False positive |
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Oxidizing agents such as detergent on benedicts test can yield |
false negative |
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Clinitest sensitivity |
200 mg/dl |
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Occurs when >2gdL sugar is present and color goes back to its original state if not attended carefully |
Pass-through phenomenon |
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To prevent pass-through phenomenon, use ____ urine |
2gtts |
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1+ glucose oxidase negative clinitest |
small amount of glucose is present |
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4+ positive glucose oxidase negative clinitest |
Possible oxidizing agent interference on reagent strip |
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Negative glucose oxidase Positive clinitest |
Non-glucose reducing substance present |
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Result from increased fat metabolism due to inability to metabolize carbohydrates |
ketones |
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percent of beta-hydroxybutyric acid |
78% |
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Major ketone but not detected in routine reagent strip |
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid |
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Parent ketone (1st ketone body formed) |
Acetoacetic acid/Diacetic acid |
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Percent of acetone |
2% |
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Color of positive result in acetest |
purple |
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Toxic to renal tubules |
Myoglobinuria |
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Seen in intravascular hemolysis |
hemoglobinuria |
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Seen in rhabdomyolysis |
Myoglobinuria |
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seen in Cholesterol-loweing statin medication |
Myoglobinuria |
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Plasma color of myoglobin |
pale yellow |
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Test to differentiate hemoglobin and myoglobin |
Blondheim test (ammonium sulfate test) |
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What chem strip have these reagent
Diisopropylbenzene dehydroperoxidasetetramethylbenzidine Dimethyldihydroperoxyhexane tetramethylbendizine |
Blood |
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Water soluble bilirubin |
conjugated bilirubin |
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Yellow foam in urine |
bilirubin |
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Color of positive bilirubin strip test |
pink to violet |
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Confirmatory for bilirubin strip test |
ictotest |
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Bile pigment that resulted from hemoglobin degregation |
Urobilinogen |
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Chem strip that have this reagent 4-methoxybenzene-diazonium-tetrafluoroborate |
Urobilinogen |
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P-aminosalicylic acid on urobilinogen strip test will yield |
false positive |
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Formalin, old spx and high concentration of nitrite on urobilinogen strip test will yield |
false negative |
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Test to differentiate urobilinogen(UBG), porphobilinogen (PBG) and other ehrlich-reactive compound |
Watson-schwartz test |
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Watson-schwartz test RED C RED B |
urobilinogen |
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Watson-schwartz test RED U RED U |
Porphobilinogen |
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Watson-schwartz test RED U |
other ehrlich reagent |
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Rapid screening test for UTI or bacteriuria |
Nitrite |
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Specimen for nitrite test |
4 hour collection or 1st morning urine |
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Chem strip that have these reagents p-arsanilic acid, tetrahydrobenzo(h) -quinolin-3-ol Sulfanilamide, hydroxytetrahydro benzoquinoline |
Nitrite |
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Improperly preserved spx for testing for nitrite will yield |
false positive |
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Large quantities of bacteria converting nitrite to nitrogen for testing for nitrite will yield |
false negative |
|
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Dietary nitrate can be found in |
green vegetable's |
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Formalin on leukocyte strip test will yield |
False positive |
|
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Ascorbic acid causes false negative on |
Blood Bilirubin Leukocytes Nitrite Glucose |
B B L N G |
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11th reagent pad |
Ascorbic acid |
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Specimen for Addis count |
12 hour urine |
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Preservative for Addis count |
Formalin |
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Used to clean the optical surfaces of the microscope |
Lens paper |
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Microscope for routine urinalysis |
Bright-field microscopy |
|
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Microscope that enhances visualization of translucent elements |
Phase-contrast microscopy |
|
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To convert bright field into phase-contrast |
Replace objective lens & condenser with phase contrast objective lens and condenser |
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Microscope that detects the presence or absence of birefringence |
Polarising microscope |
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Cholesterol in oval fat bodies, fatty casts and crystals can be identified using what microscope |
Polarizing microscope |
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To convert bright field to polarizing microscope |
Add 2 filter |
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Microscope for identification of treponema pallidum |
Dark-field microscope |
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To convert bright field to dark field, |
Replace condenser that contains an opaque disk |
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3-D microscopy image & layer by layer imaging of a specimen |
Interference-contrast microscope |
|
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2 types of bright fields that are adapted for an interference-contrast microscope |
Nomarski and hoffman |
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Stain that differentiates WBC and RTE cells |
Toluidine blue |
|
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|
Most commonly used supravital stain |
Sternheimer-Malbin |
|
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Distinguishes RBCs from WBCs, yeast, oil droplets & droplets |
2% acetic acid |
|
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Stains triglycerides and neutral fats |
Sudan III |
|
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Stain that identifies urinary eosinophils |
Hansel stain |
|
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Stains DNA |
Phenathridine |
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Stains nuclear membranes, mitochondria & cell membranes |
Carbocyanine |
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Rbc in hypertonic urine |
Crenate, shrink |
|
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Rbc in hypotonic urine |
Swell, hemolyze (ghost cell) |
|
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Rbc in glomerular membrane damage |
Dysmorphic with acanthocyte-like projection, fragmented |
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In hypotonic urine, neutrophil undergo __________ |
Brownian movement |
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Brownian movement produces a sparkling appearance (______) |
Glitter cell |
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|
>1% Eosinophils seen in |
Acute interstitial nephritis |
|
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Color of glitter cell in Sternheimer-Malbin stain |
Pale blue |
|
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Color of leukocytes in Sternheimer-Malbin stain |
Pale pink |
|
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Cell that is considered point of reference |
Squamous epithelial cell |
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S.E.C variation that is covered with G. vaginalis |
Clue cells |
|
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Most clinically significant epithelial cell |
Renal tubular epithelial cell |
|
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Epithelial cell with eccentric nucleus |
RTE |
|
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If from collecting ducts, RTE appearance are |
Columnar, polygonal or cuboidal with flat edge |
|
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|
Lipid containing RTE |
Oval fat bodies |
|
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Highly refractile RTE cell |
Oval fat bodies |
|
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Most frequently encountered parasite in urine |
T. vaginalis |
|
|
|
Agent of ping pong disease |
T. vaginalis |
|
|
|
Most common fecal contaminant |
E. vermicularis egg |
|
|
|
Urinary bladder cancer markers |
Nuclear matrix protein Bladder tumor antigen |
|
|
|
Casts are primarily formed in |
DCT and collecting duct |
|
|
|
Major constituent of casts |
Uromodulin |
Produced by RTE cells |
|
|
________ have the same significance as casts |
Cylindroids |
|
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Worst type of cast |
Waxy cast |
|
|
|
Beginning of all types of cast |
Hyaline cast |
|
|
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Cast formed from strenuous exercise and stress |
Hyaline cast |
|
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All cast in order from hyaline |
Hyaline Cellular Course Fine Waxy |
|
|
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Cast that indicates bleeding within the nephron |
Rbc cast |
|
|
|
Orange red color cast |
Rbc cast |
|
|
|
Cast from glomerulonephritis |
Rbc cast |
|
|
|
Cast from tubular damage |
Epithelial cast |
|
|
|
Cast from pyelonepthritis |
Bacterial cast |
|
|
|
Cast from nephrotic syndrome |
Fatty cast |
|
|
|
Final degenerative form of all types of casts |
Waxy cast |
|
|
|
This cast is seen in chronic renal failure |
Waxy cast |
|
|
|
Referred to as renal failure cast |
Broad cast |
|
|
|
Factors that contribute to crystal formation |
pH Solute concentrate Temperature |
|
|
|
Most pleomorphic crystal |
Uric acid |
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|
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Crystal that is rhombic, 4 sided flat plate, lemon shaped |
Uric acid |
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|
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Crystal that is fluffy orange, pink sediment due to uroerythrin |
Amorphous urates |
|
|
|
Crystal with cigarette butt appearance |
Calcium sulfate |
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|
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Alkaline crystal with yellow brown "thorny apples" |
Ammonium biurate |
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|
|
Also known as struvite |
Triple phosphate |
|
|
|
Alkaline crystal with prism-shaped, coffin-lid, fern-leaf and feathery appearance |
Triple phosphate |
|
|
|
Crystal that is a rectangular plate with a notch in one or more corners (staircase pattern) |
Cholesterol |
|
|
|
Crystal increase in nephrotic syndrome |
Cholesterol |
|
|
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Crystal that is precipitated with tyrosine after adding alcohol |
Leucine |
|
|
|
Crystal with fan shaped needles, sheaves of wheat, rosettes, arrowheads, petals |
Sulfonamide |
|
|
|
Maltese cross formation in polarizing microscope |
Oval fat bodies Fatty cast Fat droplets Starch granules |
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|
|
Failure to inherit a gene that codes for a particular enzyme |
Inborn error of metabolism |
|
|
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Phenylalanine accumulation in urine is due to defective gene in _________ |
Phenylalanine hydroxylase |
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|
|
Screening test for PKU |
Guthrie bacterial inhibition test |
|
|
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Growth in Guthrie inhibition test |
Positive |
|
|
|
Bacteria that is cultured in Guthrie inhibition test |
B. subtilis |
|
|
|
Nitroso-napthtol is screening test for |
Thyrosinemia/Tyrosyluria |
|
|
|
Absent of this gene result in aklaptonuria |
Homogentisic acid oxidase |
|
|
|
In alkaptonuria, urine darkens after becoming |
Alkaline |
|
|
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In melanuria, urine darkens upon |
air exposure |
|
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Most common Inborn error of metabolism in the philippines |
MSUD |
|
|
|
Obermayer's test is a screening test for |
Indicanuria |
|
|
|
Indicanuria is seen in |
hartnup disease (blue diaper syndrome) |
|
|
|
Patient with argentaffinoma must NOT eat the following for 3 days |
Bananas Pineapples Tomatoes |
|
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Cystinuira is a defective tubular reabsorption of |
Cystine Ornithine Lysin Arginine |
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Defects in the metabolism of methionine |
Homocystinuria |
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In Porphyrias, colorless urine can be observe in |
lead poisoning |
|
|
|
CDC recommended test for lead poisoning |
Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin(FEP) |
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Spx for screening of porphyrin disorders |
blood bile urine stool |
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Porphyrin disorder with increase coumpound of uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin |
Congetinal erthropoietic porphyria |
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|
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Mucopolysaccharide disorder Aka gargoylism or MPS type 1 MPS accumulate in the cornea of the eye |
Hurler syndrome |
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|
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Mucopolysaccharide disorder A.k.a MPS type II Sex-linked recessive, rarely seen in females |
Hunter syndrome |
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|
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Mucopolysaccharide disorder A.K.A MPS type III |
Sanfilippo syndrome |
|
|
|
Positive in acid albumin test for Mucopolysaccharide disorder |
White turbidity |
|
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Positive in CTAB test for Mucopolysaccharide disorder |
White turbidity |
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Category of aminoaciduria Increase amino acid in bloodIncrease amino acid in urine |
Overflow type |
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Category of aminoaciduria Normal amino acid in blood Increase amino acid in urine |
Renal type |
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Positive in MPS test for mucopolysaccharides disorders |
blue |
|
|
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Orange sand in diaper is associated to what disease |
Lesch-nyhan disease |
|
|
|
Renal disease ASO titer + Anti-DNase + |
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis |
|
|
|
Renal disease Disposition of immune complexes from systemic immune disorders Cresent dorm of bowman capsule |
Rapidly progression glomerulonephritis |
|
|
|
renal disease Antiglomerular basement membrane |
Goodpasture syndrome |
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|
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renal disease Anti-neutrophilic cystoplasmic auto-antibody (ANCA) |
Wegeners granulomatosis |
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Renal disease Decrease in PLT |
Henoch schonlein purpura |
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|
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Renal disease IgG immune complex deposition |
Membranous glomerulonephritis |
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|
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Renal disease Cellular proliferation |
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis |
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|
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Renal disease Presence of waxy and broad cast |
Chronic glomerulonephritis |
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|
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Renal disease Deposition of IgA |
IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease) |
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Renal disease Disruption of podocyte primarily in children |
Nil disease/lipoid nephrosis |
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Renal disease Disruption of podocyte in certain number of areas |
Focal segmental glomerulonephritis |
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renal disease Deposition of glycosylated protein |
Diabetic nephropathy |
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Renal disease Disruption of the electrical charges resulting in massive loss of proteins and lipid |
Nephrotic syndrome |
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Renal disease Urinalysis findings Oval fat bodies Fatty casts Waxy casts Albumin |
Nephrotic syndrome |
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Odor of urine in acute tubular necrosis |
Odorless |
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Tubular disorders Presence of RTE cells, RTE casts |
Acute tubular necrosis |
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Tubular disorders Normal uromodulin is replaced by abnormal forms that destroy the RTE cells |
UKD |
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|
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Tubular disorders Possible cystine crystals |
Fanconi syndrome |
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|
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Interstitial disorders WBC Bacteria NO CAST |
Cystitis |
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Interstitial disorders WBC WBC cast Bacterial cast Bacteria Infection of the renal tubule and interstitium |
Acute pyelonephritis |
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Interstitial disorders Waxy and broad casts Recurrent infection of the renal tubules and intertitium |
chronic pyelonephritis |
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Interstitial disorders Eosinophils Eosinophil casts Allergic inflammation of renal interstitium |
Acute interstitial nephritis |
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Variety of casts seen in the same specimen |
Telescoped sediment |
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|
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Glomerular filtration rate in renal failure |
<25 mL/min |
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Increased BUN & Creatinine |
Azotemia |
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Conditions favouring the formation of renal calculi |
pH Chemical concentration Urinary statis |
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Primary UA finding of renal calculi |
Microscopic hematuria |
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Major constituent of renal calculi Very hard, dark in color with rough surface |
Calcium oxalate |
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Renal calculi associated with increased intake of foods rich in purine and with UKD Yellowish to brownish red & moderately hard |
Uric acid |
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|
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Renal calculi seen in hereditary disorders of cystine metabolism Yellow-brown, greasy & resembles an old soap;least common calculi |
Cystine calculi |
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|
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Renal calculi that is pale & friable |
Phosphate calculi |
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Renal calculi associated with urea splitting bacteria Branching/staghorn calculi |
Triple phosphate |
P. vulgaris |
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Frequency of calcium in renal calculi composition |
75% |
|
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Frequency of cystine in renal calculi composition |
2% |
|
|
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Produced by the syncytiotrophoblast cells |
hCG |
|
|
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hCG peaks during |
1st trimester |
|
|
|
Principle of home based pregnancy test |
Enzyme immunoassay |
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|
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Spx for home made pregnancy test |
1st morning |
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Anti-hCG source |
Rabbit |
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Proteinuria/hematuria in hCG test will yield |
False positive |
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Diluted urine in hCG test will yield |
False negative |
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Ultimate source of amniotic fluid water and solutes |
Placenta |
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Normal amniotic fluid volume |
800-1200 ml |
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During ______, 35 ml of Amniotic fluid is derived primarily from the maternal circulation |
1st trimester |
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Major contributor to the Amniotic fluid volume after the 1st trimester of pregnancy |
Fetal urine |
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|
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Decreased fetal swallowing of urine neural tube defects |
polyhydramnios |
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|
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Increased fetal swallowing of urine membrane leakage Urinary tract deformities |
Oligohydramnios |
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|
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Method collection of amniotic fluid |
Amniocentesis |
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2nd trimester amniocentesis |
Assess genetic defect |
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|
|
3rd trimester amniocentesis |
Fetal lung maturity |
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|
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Spx handling for fetal lung maturity test |
Place on ice on delivery, kept refrigerated |
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Spx handling for cytogenetic studies |
Kept at RT or at 37C |
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Spx handling for HDN test |
Protect from light |
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|
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Test that detects premature rupture of membrane |
Fern test |
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|
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Normal color of amniotic fluid |
Colorless-pale yellow |
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|
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1st fetal bowel movement |
Meconium |
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Dark green Amniotic fluid |
1st fetal bowel movement |
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dark red brown Amniotic fluid |
Fetal death |
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|
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Turbidimetric preferred method for csf protein |
Trichloacetic acid |
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|
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Normal value of CSF/serum index |
<9 |
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|
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IgG index normal value |
<0.70 |
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|
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Multiple sclerosis electrophoresis bands is diagnose when |
2 or more oligoclonal bands in CSF but Not in serum |
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Better resolution is obtained using CSF immunofixation EP and isoelectric focusing followed by |
Silver staining |
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|
|
Oligoclonal banding but not in serum diseases |
Multiple Sclerosis Neurosyphilis Encephalitis Neoplastic disorder Guillan-Barre syndrome |
MS NENG |
|
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Oligoclonal banding in serum but not in CSF |
Leukemia Lymphoma Viral infections |
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|
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Oligoclonal banding both in serum and csf |
HIV |
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Protein component of the lipid-protein complex that insulates the nerve fibers |
Myelin basic protein |
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|
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Specimen for blood glucose should be drawn _______ in csf |
2 hours prior to spinal tap |
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|
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Normal value for blood glucose in csf |
60-70% blood (2/3) |
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|
|
Indirect ammonia test of csf |
CSF glutamine |
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|
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Normal value of csf lactate |
10-22 mg/dl |
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|
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Normal value of csf glutamine |
8-18 mg/dL |
|
|
|
>35 mg/dL of csf glutamine |
Reye's syndrome |
|
|
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CSF LDH Bacterial meningitis |
5>4>3>2>1 |
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|
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Recommended by CDC for the detection of neurosyphilis |
VDRL |
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|
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Type of meningitis where glucose and lactate is normal |
Viral meningitis |
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|
|
Limulus lysate test (+) is for ______ meningitis |
Bacterial meningitis |
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|
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Positive or web-like clot formation is seen in _______ meningitis |
Tubercular meningitis |
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|
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Limulus lysate test detects |
Gram-negative endotoxin |
|
|
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Blood is blue due to |
Hemocyanin |
|
|
|
Most frequent complication of early delivery |
Respiratory distress syndrome |
|
|
|
Reference method for alveolar stability |
Lecithin |
|
|
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Reference method Serves as a control in phospholipid testing |
Sphingomyelin |
|
|
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Ratio of L/S in Mature fetal lungs |
>2 |
|
|
|
Immunologic test for phosphotidylglycerol |
Amniostat-FLM |
|
|
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Foam/bubbles in foam stability means |
Mature fetal lungs |
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|
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Reagent in foam stability test |
95% Ethanol |
|
|
|
Type II pneumocyste produces surfactants stored in the form of |
Lamellar bodies |
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|
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Lamellar body is similar to platelets therefore can be done using___ |
Impedance |
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Optical density of _______ is equivalent to L/S ratio of >2 |
>0.150 |
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|
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____mg/dl amniotic fluid in creatinine of a 36 weeks/months |
>2 |
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O.D of HDN |
450 nm |
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|
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Liley graph Midly affected fetus |
Zone I |
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Zone of liley graph that requires careful monitoring |
Zone II |
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Zone of liley graph that requires intervention |
Zone III |
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Birth defect where there is incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord |
Spina bifida |
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|
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Is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development |
Anencephaly |
|
|
|
Screening test for neural tube defects |
AFP |
|
|
|
Confirmatory test for neural tube defects |
Acetylcholinesterase |
|
|
|
Mixture of plasma, electrolyte, mucin and water |
Tracheobronchial secretions |
Sputum |
|
|
Acceptable sputum specimen |
<10 SEC/LPF and >25 WBC/LPF |
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|
|
Most preferred sample for sputum |
First morning |
|
|
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Spx collection for debilitated or unconscious patients |
Tracheal aspiration |
|
|
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Red or bright red sputum |
TB, bronchiectasis, hemorrhage |
|
|
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Anchovy sauce or rusty brown sputum |
Old blood pneumonia gangrene |
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|
|
Olive green or grass green sputum |
Cancer |
|
|
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Rusty with pus sputum |
Lobar pneumonia |
|
|
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Rusty without pus sputum |
Congestive heart failure |
|
|
|
Currant, jelly like sputum |
Klebsiella pneumoniae infection |
|
|
|
Yellow or gray material, size of a pinhead Produces foul odor when crushed Bronchial asthma |
Dittrich's plugs |
|
|
|
Hard concentration in a bronchus Yellow/white calcified TB structure Histoplasmosis |
Broncholiths |
|
|
|
Branching tree-like casts of the bronchi |
Bronchial casts |
|
|
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Colourless, hexagonal, double pyramid, often needle-like from disintegration of eosinophils |
Charcot-leyden crystals |
|
|
|
Microscopic structure of pigmented cells |
Heart failure cells Carbon-laden cells |
|
|
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Coiled mucus strands |
Curschmann spiral |
|
|
|
Mistaken as blastomyces |
Myelin globules |
|
|
|
Clusters of columnar epithelial cells |
Creola bodies |
|
|
|
Diagnostic test for pneumocytis carini |
Bronchoalveolar lavage |
|
|
|
Most predominant cells seen in bronchoalveolar lavage |
Alveolar macrophages |
|
|
|
Spx to diagnose cystic fibrosis |
Sweat |
|
|
|
Sweat Na and CI for diagnostic for cystic fibrosis |
>70 mEq/L |
|
|
|
Sweat Na and CI for borderline for cystic fibrosis |
40 mEq/L |
|
|
|
Outer layer of menix that lines the skull and vertebral canal |
Durs meter |
Hard mother |
|
|
Spiderweb-like that is filamentous inner membrane |
Arachnoid mater |
|
|
|
Portion where CSF flows |
Subarachnoid space |
|
|
|
Innermost later of menix that lines the surface of brain & spinal cord |
Pia meter |
Soft mother |
|
|
Produces CSF |
Choroid plexus |
|
|
|
Reabsorbs CSF |
Arachnoid villi |
|
|
|
Protects brain from chemicals & other circulating in the blood that can harm the brain tissue |
Blood brain barrier |
|
|
|
Up to ___ ml CSF can be collected using a manometer attached to a spinal needle |
20 ml |
|
|
|
Method of collection for csf |
Lumbar puncture |
|
|
|
Tube 1 for CSF |
Chemistry/serology |
|
|
|
Tube 2 for CSF |
Microbiology |
|
|
|
Tube 3 of CSF |
Hematology |
|
|
|
If 1 CSF tube only Order of test |
Microbiology Hematology Chemistry |
|
|
|
Normal CSF appearance |
Crystal clear |
|
|
|
CSF appearance Increase of WBC |
Hazy/turbid/milky/cloudy |
|
|
|
CSF appearance Slight amount of oxyhemoglobin |
Pink |
|
|
|
CSF appearance Oxyhemoglobin to bilirubin |
Yellow |
|
|
|
CSF appearance Heavy hemolysis |
Orange |
|
|
|
Uneven distribution of blood in 3 tubes of csf |
Traumatic tap |
|
|
|
Clot formation due to plasma fibrinogen |
Traumatic tap |
|
|
|
Supernatant in traumatic tap |
Clear |
|
|
|
Even distribution of blood on 3 tubes of CSF |
Intracranial hemorrhage |
|
|
|
Supernatant of intracranial hemorrhage |
Xanthocromic |
|
|
|
Intracranial hemorrhage d-dimer |
Positive |
|
|
|
Reagent of Limulus lysate test |
Horseshoe crab |
|
|
|
1st stage of sperm maturation |
Spermatogonium |
|
|
|
Site of spermatogenesis |
Seminiferous tubules |
|
|
|
Nurse cell of developing sperms |
Sertoli cells |
|
|
|
Site of maturation of sprm |
Epidiymis |
|
|
|
Semen nutrients are provided by |
Seminal vesicles
|
|
|
|
Sugar that provides motility for sperm |
Fructose |
|
|
|
Sperm ACP is for |
Coagulation and liquifaction |
|
|
|
Gland that neutralizes acidity from vaginal secretions when sperm enters ir |
Bulbourethral gland |
|
|
|
Spx collection for sperm testing must abstinence of |
2-7 days |
|
|
|
Best method of collection for sperm |
Masturbation |
|
|
|
If sperm fails to liquify at 60 minutes, treat sperm with |
Amylase/bromelain |
|
|
|
sperm spx in waiting analysis should be kept at |
37C |
|
|
|
Red or brown coloration of semen |
increase rbc |
|
|
|
0 or 4 Watery semen |
0 |
|
|
|
0 or 4 Gel like |
4 |
|
|
|
Normal value of semen |
20 mil/ml |
|
|
|
Dilution when counting sperm in neubauer counting chamber |
1:20 |
|
|
|
Purpose of diluents in neubauer counting chamber |
To immobilize the sperm |
|
|
|
Diluents of neubauer counting chamber for sperm counting |
Formalin Sodium bicarbonate Saline Distilled water Cold tap water |
|
|
|
Normal value of sperm motility in 1 hour |
>50% motile |
|
|
|
Sperm motility grading Rapid, straight line motility |
4.0 |
|
|
|
Sperm motility grading Slower speed, some lateral movement |
3.0 |
|
|
|
Sperm motility grading Slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement |
2.0 |
|
|
|
Sperm motility grading No forward progression |
1.0 |
|
|
|
Determine sperm concentration, morphology, velocity and trajectory |
Computer assisted semen analysis |
|
|
|
Stain for sperm morphology |
Papaniculaou stain |
|
|
|
Hardening of veins that drain the testes |
Varicocele |
|
|
|
Test for sperm vitality |
Modified bloom test |
|
|
|
Reagents for modified bloms test |
Eosin and Nigrosin |
|
|
|
Screening test for seminal fluid fructose |
Seliwanoff test |
|
|
|
Decreased neutral-a-glucosidase |
Epididymis disorder |
|
|
|
Decreases in zinc, Citric acid and acid phosphate |
Lack of prostatic fluid |
|
|
|
Immature sperm cells |
Spermatids |
|
|
|
Test for specific spermine |
Barbiero test |
|
|
|
Semen routine aerobic and anaerobic cultures and test for
|
C. trachomatis M. hominis U. urealyticum |
|
|
|
Positive for Florence test |
Dark brown rhombic crystals |
|
|
|
Positive for barbiero test |
Yellow leaf like crystals |
|
|
|
Post-vasectomy semen analysis is done____months after vasectomy |
2 months |
|
|
|
possible abnormality for decreased motility with normal count |
Vitality |
|
|
|
Possible abnormality for decreased motility with clumping |
Male antisperm antibodies |
|
|
|
Sperms are incubated with species-no specific egg and penetration is observed microscopically |
Hamster egg penetration |
|
|
|
Viscosity is due to polymerization of ____ produces by type B synoviocytes |
Hyaluronic acid |
|
|
|
Method of collection for synovial fluid |
Arthrocentesis |
|
|
|
Normal spx volume for synovial fluid
|
<3.5 ml |
|
|
|
Spx volume of synovial fluid with inflammation |
>25 ml |
|
|
|
Why NOT use of powered anticoagulant and lithium heparin for synovial fluid |
interfere with crystal identification |
|
|
|
Why not refrigerate synovial fluid |
Produces additional crystals |
|
|
|
Normal color of synovial fluid |
Colorless-pale yellow |
|
|
|
Milky synovial fluid |
Presence of crystals |
|
|
|
Normal synovial fluid |
High; forms a string that is 4-6 long |
|
|
|
Reagent of mucin clot test |
2-5% acetic acid |
|
|
|
Diluting fluids of synovial WBC count |
Nss with methylene blue Hypotonic saline Saline with saponin |
|
|
|
For very viscous synovial fluid, add ______ and incubate at 37C for 5 minutes |
0.05% hyaluronidase |
|
|
|
Neutrophil containing ingested "round body" seen on lupus erythematosus |
LE cell |
|
|
|
Vacuolated macrophage with ingested neutrophils seen in reactive arthritis |
Reiter cell |
|
|
|
Macroscopically resemble polished rice seen in tuberculosis |
Rice bodies |
|
|
|
Debris from metal & plastic joint prosthesis "ground pepper" appearance seen in ochronotic arthropay |
Onchronotic shards |
|
|
|
microscope that detects for the presence or absence of birefringence |
Polarizing microscope |
|
|
|
A control slide for MSU polarization can be prepared using |
Betamethasome acetate corticosteroid |
|
|
|
Normal value of protein in synovial fluid |
<3 g/dL |
|
|
|
What group joint disorder
<1000 WBC /ul |
Group I |
|
|
|
What group joint disorder Presence of autoantibodies |
Group IIa |
|
|
|
What group joint disorder Cloudy or milky fluid |
GroupIIb |
|
|
|
What group joint disorder Cloudy, yellow-green fluid + gs/cs |
Group III |
|
|
|
What group joint disorder Red fluid +Rbc |
Group IV |
|
|
|
Trans/exudate Disruption of fluid production and regulation |
Transudate |
|
|
|
Trans/exudate Hypoproteinemia Nephrotic syndrome |
Transudate |
|
|
|
Trans/exudate Infection Inflammation |
Exudate |
|
|
|
Most reliable method to differentiate exudate and transudate |
Serum protein ratio Serum LD ratio |
|
|
|
Most reliable method to differentiate exudate and transudate |
Serum-ascites albumin gradient |
|
|
|
Positive for rivaltas test |
exudate |
|
|
|
Normal appearance of 3P |
Clear, pale yellow |
Pleural Pericardial Peritoneal |
|
|
Method of collection for thoracentesis |
Pleural fluid |
|
|
|
Method of collection for pericardial fluid |
Paracardiocentesis |
|
|
|
Method of collection for peritoneal fluid |
Paracentesis |
|
|
|
Tube for chemistry |
Plain/heparin |
|
|
|
Black pleural fluid |
Aspergillosis |
|
|
|
Milky pleural fluid |
Chylous Material Pseudochylous material |
|
|
|
Brown pleural fluid |
Rupture of amoebic liver abscess |
|
|
|
Cause of chylous effusion on pleural fluid |
Thoracic duct leakage |
|
|
|
Cause of pseudochylous effusion on pleural fluid |
Chronic inflammation |
|
|
|
Triglycerides level in chylous effusion |
>100 mg/dl |
|
|
|
Triglycerides level in pseudochylous effusion |
<50 mg/dL |
|
|
|
Pleural fluid is >1/2 of whole blood hct |
Hemothorax |
|
|
|
Pleural fluid is <1/2 of whole blood |
Hemorrhagic |
|
|
|
cell seen in pleural fluid with pancreatitis, pneumonia |
Neutrophil |
|
|
|
Decreased in pleural fluid with TB |
Mesothelial cell |
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pH is decreased in pleural fluid with |
Esophageal rupture |
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Level of adenosine deaminase in pleural fluid with tuberculosis |
>40 v/L |
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Tumor marker for lung cancer, breast cancer |
CYFRA 21-1 |
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Green peritoneal fluid |
Gall bladder disorder |
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Grossly bloody pericardial fluid |
cardiac puncture |
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Milky peritoneal fluid |
Lymphatic trauma |
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normal WBC count in peritoneal fluid |
<500 cells/ uL |
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Bacterial peritonitis WBC level of peritoneal fluid |
>500 cells/ uL |
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Test for >100,000 rbc/ uL in peritoneal fluid |
Peritoneal lavage |
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Glucose test for peritoneal fluid significance |
Decrease tubercular peritonitis |
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Contain concentric striations of collagen like material |
Psammoma bodies |
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Non beta islet cell adenoma of the pancreas Increased gastrin Increased HCL |
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |
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Gastric tube that is passed through the nose |
Levin |
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Gastric tube that is passed through the mouth |
Rehfuss |
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Duration of collection for basal acid output |
1 hour collection ( four 15 minutes) Single 1 hour can be used |
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Most preferred chemical stimulant for gastric stimulation |
Pentagastrin |
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Test meals for gastric stimulation |
Ewald Boa Riegel |
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Normal color of gastric fluid |
Pale gray, slightly mucoid |
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Spx for diagnex tubeless test |
Urine |
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Black stool |
Upper GI bleeding |
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Red stool |
Lower GI bleeding |
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stool from barium sulfate |
Pale yellow, white |
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Rice watery stool |
Cholera |
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Pea-soup |
Typhoid |
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Increased fat in stool |
Steatorrhea |
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In split fat stain, Sudan III + ______ |
36% acetic acid |
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In neutral fat stain, Sudan III + ______ |
95% ethanol |
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_____ droplets /hpf = steatorrhoea |
>60 droplets/hpf |
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Gold standard for fecal fat determination |
Van de kamer titration |
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Sample for van de kamer titration |
3 day stool (72 hours) |
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Normal value of van de kamer titration |
1-6 g fats/day |
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Abnormal excretion of muscle fiber in feces |
Creatorrhea |
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In determining creatorrhea, emulsified stool is added with ________ |
10% eosin |
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>10 undigested muscle fiber in stool = |
Biliary obstruction Cystic fibrosis |
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___ neutophil/hpf in stool = |
Invasive condition |
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Found in secondary granules of neutophil, (+) indicates invasive bacterial pathogens |
Lactoferrin |
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Screening test colorectal cancer |
Occult blood test |
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Principle of occult blood test |
Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin |
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positive color for occult blood |
Blue |
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alternative for occult blood, detects insignificant blood leading to false positive result |
Benzidine |
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Red meat Melon Broccoli Cauliflower Horseradish Turnip Effect of 3days ingestion prior to FOBT test |
False positive |
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Aspirin on FOBT |
False positive |
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Ascorbic acid on FOBT |
False negative |
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Reagent of apt-downey test that is added to supernatant |
1% NaOH |
|
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Pink solution result in Apt-downey test |
Fetal blood |
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Yellow brown supernatant result in APT test |
Maternal blood |
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Clearing of film in gelatin test |
Positive for trypsin |
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Absence of trypsin |
cystic fibrosis |
|
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Normal stool pH |
7-8 |
|
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CHO disorder pH stool |
5.5 |
|
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Low urine D-xylose |
Malabsorption |
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Normal urine D-xylose |
Maldigestion |
|
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>75 m0sm/kg fecal osmotic gap |
Osmotic diarrhea |
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<50 m0sm/kg fecal osmotic gap |
Secretory diarrhea |
|
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Sternheimer-Malbin stain
Pale pink with purple nuclei |
Leukocyte |
|
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Sternheimer-Malbin stain Pale blue |
Glitter cell |
|
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In UF-1000i analyzed, side scatter is specific for |
Detection of bacteria |
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